Zhou Enlai, a native of Yu Xiang, alias Shaoshan and Wu Hao, a native of Huai 'an, Jiangsu Province, was born on March 5, 1898.

Huai 'an, a place with developed culture and prosperous economy, has both the former residence of Wu Cheng'en, the author of The Journey to the West, and the ancestral temple of Guan Tianpei, the hero who fought against Britain in the Opium War. Zhou Enlai, who "travels less in Jianghuai and enjoys the scenic spots", loves the mountains and rivers of the motherland and the heroes in history and has a strong sense of national pride. When I was a child, I read an article published by Zhang Taiyan in the magazine quintessence of Chinese culture. "Although I didn't understand it at the time, it inspired my patriotic national thought." He once silently observed a moment of silence in front of the elegiac couplet written by Lin Zexu to Guan Tianpei. Later, when Zhou Enlai returned to Shaoxing on 1939, he talked about the unity in the Anti-Japanese War and the couplets in front of the temple, encouraging everyone not to forget Guan Tianpei's integrity.

Zhou Enlai's mother, Shiwan, is smart and capable, while Zhou Enlai has been fascinated by Confucianism since childhood. He adopted his uncle when he was less than one year old. Chen, the stepmother, is knowledgeable, has studied poetry and calligraphy, taught reading and poetry, and cultivated his rich feelings since childhood. For example, in the poem "When weeding till noon, every grain is hard under the sweat", "A millet is planted in spring, ten thousand kinds are harvested in autumn, and there are no idle fields in the four seas, and farmers starve to death", Liang Hongyu in the Southern Song Dynasty fought nomads in Huai' an, and Han Xin, a famous Huai' an star, begged for food and drifted to establish the Han industry in the Western Han Dynasty; The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, which shocked the whole country, cultivated his young mind. His wet nurse, Jiang, made him realize the hard life of working people.

When he was less than 10 years old, the declining feudal bureaucratic family fell into poverty and hardship. Two mothers died one after another, and my father worked outside for a long time to make a living. Young Zhou Enlai had to knock on a rich man's door to borrow money or send his clothes to a pawnshop.

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The country is difficult to be an enemy, so Zhou Enlai was educated from an early age.

19 10 Spring, 12-year-old Zhou Enlai went to Fengtian (now Liaoning Province) with his uncle Zhou Yiqian and went to Yin Gang College in Yinchuan (now Tieling) to study. After half a year, I transferred to Shenyang Dongguan Model Class Two Primary School. This year, Japanese militarism formally annexed China's neighbor, North Korea. On the battlefield of the Russo-Japanese War in Northeast China, there was a young Zhou Enlai's footprint.

"I am fascinated by Chen Jianian, and I am very sad to think of the Russo-Japanese War." On one occasion, when the headmaster asked everyone why they were studying in class, Zhou Enlai generously replied:

"For the rise of China!"

This oath runs through his life and all his activities. He saw that the nation was in danger and the mountains and rivers were broken, so he consciously took part in the revolution.

1965438+In the spring of 2003, Zhou Enlai came to Tianjin wearing a faded blue gown and entered Nankai School. Tianjin, formerly known as Tianjinwei, is the gateway to defend Kyoto, China. 1860 was forced to open, and nine imperialist countries had concessions here, which became typical.

Semi-colonial city. Nankai school is a private school modeled after the European and American ways, which was relatively advanced at that time. He studied here for four years and learned all aspects of modern education, which had an important impact on his life. Participate in the organization of dedication music group meetings, edit the publications Dedication and School Spirit, and publish novels and articles; Join a new troupe; Elected as the vice president of the school Toastmasters Association and the president of the Jiangsu and Zhejiang Alumni Association; Participate in the fund-raising meeting for saving the nation held by Tianjin people; Participate in the whole school speech contest; Wait a minute. In these activities, young Zhou Enlai's patriotic thought of worrying about his country was reflected. He is writing an article.

China people said: "In today's critical autumn in China, at a critical juncture, the neighbors of the same ethnic group in the East suddenly showed their ambitions, and the bad news came. The whole country is excited and thinking about World War I, thinking that it is a desperate plan to borrow the city's back. " In his poem, he said, "The countryside is green with wood, and the smoke and silkworm are thick with cloth. The Central Plains is fighting for deer, and the waves are drifting. " In response to the Japanese "Twenty-one" treaty of national subjugation and extinction, he shouted: "The vast China has fallen to the brink of national salvation, and the vast China, who is the mainstay?" The weak crown asks for itself, and I smell the chicken dancing. I really hope that the people of China will not be wrong. "He sympathizes with the poor", and then he thinks of putting himself in others' shoes, making the world as hungry as himself and drowning himself. "He pays attention to physical exercise and wants to change the face of the' sick man of East Asia'. It was he who participated in the performance of the drama, but also in order to awaken the people, "reorganize the rivers and mountains and revive the motherland." "

19 17 Summer, I graduated from Zhou Enlai Middle School and planned to study in Japan. He left a message to his classmates and said, "I would like to meet China when the world is taking off." This shows his consistent desire. But how can we make China take off? At that time, the theory of saving the country through education, saving the country through industry and even militarism was pervasive. Zhou Enlai is a reliable and cautious young man. He needs a serious investigation.

At that time, Japan developed from capitalism to imperialism after the Meiji Restoration. There is not only a bustling world with feasts, but also an army of hungry and unemployed people. The army clamored for an invasion of China. Seeing this reality, Zhou Enlai gave up the idea that militarism could save China. He is in a state of panic and depression. In his letter to others, he said: "The family and the country hate each other, and nothing in the world can be mentioned! Looking at China, I have reached the extreme! " "Bitter my people, why not!"

The socialist revolution broke out in Russia in October. Zhou Enlai read some introductions about the October Revolution in Japanese newspapers and followed the development of the Russian Revolution with great enthusiasm. He began to get in touch with Marxism, read Yukio Hatoyama's The Essence of Socialism, john reid's Ten Days that Shocked the World, and the New Society magazine founded by Xie Liyan, especially Kawasaki's works, such as The Story of the Poor and Research on Social Issues, which he founded, and left a deep impression on Zhou Enlai. Scientific socialism influenced Zhou Enlai's thought, and Zhou Enlai's thought began to change, just as.

He said in the poem:

"The truth of Vientiane in the world is becoming more and more blurred. -It is really more beautiful to see a little light in the embarrassment. "

Zhou Enlai decided to "return to China to pursue other interests". He returned to China in April 19 19, and then devoted himself to the vigorous May 4th Movement.

The May 4th Movement forced the Beiyang government not to rashly sign the humiliating Paris Peace Treaty, which also opened up a broad road for the spread of Marxism in China. Zhou Enlai took an active part in the demonstration. He founded Tianjin Student Union Newspaper, in which he shouted: "People! The dark forces are coming! " We should be ready! There must be a way! There must be sacrifices! This newspaper is full of energy and dares to speak, and its two columns of opinions and comments have their own characteristics, which dare to say that it is the top newspaper of the National Student Union. From late August of 19 19 to early October of 10/0, in order to support the mountain.

In the patriotic struggle of the people in the East, people's representatives from all walks of life in Zhou Enlai and Tianjin went to Beijing twice to demonstrate in front of the presidential palace. He is responsible for logistics, publicity and reporting. During this period, 20 male and female students, including, Deng, Chen and Ma Jun, formed the Enlightenment Society. "Class struggle" was put forward in Song of the Awakened.

"The world trend, surging, came to China,

Social revolution, class struggle, we work together. "

On June 5438+065438+ 10 this year, the Japanese consul in Fuzhou ordered gangsters to kill and injure China students and policemen, and made destroyers invade the waters of China and sent sailors to land for provocation. Tianjin people decided to boycott Japanese goods. The Japanese Consul General in Tianjin lodged a "serious protest". Yang Yide, director of Tianjin Public Security Bureau, suppressed students. Zhou Enlai and more than 20 others were arrested. In the cell, they did not give in and continued to light the torch. Zhou Enlai preached Marxism to his cellmate.

According to the "procuratorate log" at that time:

On May 1920 and 14, it was decided that "Zhou Enlai should introduce Marx's theory".

On May 28, "Zhou Enlai talked about Marx's theory, and the changes in economic organization in history are the same as those in Marx's biography."

On May 3 1 day, Zhou Enlai talks about Marxist theory and historical materialism.

On June 2nd, "Zhou Enlai is still talking about Marxist theory, the general theory of historical materialism and the history of class competition".

On June 4th, "Zhou Enlai continued to talk about Marxism-the theory of surplus labor and surplus value in economic theory."

On June 7th, "Zhou Enlai continued to talk about Marx's theory-capital and capital concentration in economic theory".

Today, Markov theory has been finished. "

This shows that during the May 4th Movement, Zhou Enlai has been systematically propagating Marx's theory. He was one of the early disseminators of Marxism in China.

After Zhou Enlai's struggle in prison and the support of patriotic students and people outside the prison, the reactionary government finally released all the detained students.

Half a year's prison life has made Zhou Enlai more firm and concise, and his observation and consideration of problems are more profound. He deeply felt that China, which suffered greatly, needed a fundamental change, and the change must have more powerful social forces, "go to the people" and launch the "movement of agricultural and industrial organizations". There must be correct ideological and theoretical guidance. When Zhou Enlai later talked about his belief in productism, he said: "His thoughts trembled in prison", a revolutionary consciousness, "that's when it started".

1920165438+10, Zhou Enlai went to France by sea to study Marxism and learn the experience of proletarian revolutionary struggle in Europe. He said: "The pious examination aims to understand the social truth of his country and solve various problems. The thinking is suitable for people between our nationalities."

When Zhou Enlai first arrived in Europe, he had not finally decided what theory to adopt to save China. Is it a violent means of the October Revolution in Russia? Or adopt the British social reformist way? His ideological understanding at that time was: "If we were in our country, the accumulated disadvantages would be very deep, as if we were not imitating the Russian revolution, and it would be difficult to achieve the effect of reform;" However, strong neighbors are easy to control, especially riots, and the theory of striving for progress in stability is powerful. Holding both, taking Russia and Britain, my brother has no prejudice, but he thinks that if he goes to extremes, he will get the middle way to guide the people. At the time of implementation, with the strength of forging ahead, my brother finally thought that courage should be the first. "After the First World War, Europe was devastated by the adjustment of production.

Prices are high and people's livelihood is difficult. 192 1 year 1 month, he went to London to inspect Britain. At this time, Britain was in the first post-war economic crisis. Capitalists exploited workers crazily, and coal miners held a large-scale alliance strike. All these make Zhou Enlai feel that "there is no other way to solve the labor war without giving up the fundamental solution". He returned to France in February, analyzed the thoughts of various factions such as trade unionism, guild socialism and anarchism, and finally decided that China would take the socialist road.

This spring, Zhou Enlai was introduced by Zhang Shenfu and Liu Qingyang, and joined the Paris production team. This is one of the eight founding groups of China * * * Production Party, and Zhou Enlai became one of the founders of the party. From then on, Zhou Enlai became a staunch Marxist, and fought for * * * productism all his life.

192 1 At the end of the year, Zhou Enlai and Zhao Shiyan began to brew a * * * production organization for young people living in Europe. They asked Li to meet in Paris to discuss, and then split up. Zhou Enlai traveled frequently between Germany and France, conveying and carrying out the opinions of European party organizations, and inspiring revolutionary consciousness among young people. After many preparations, in June, 1922, the inaugural meeting was held in the Burun forest in the western suburbs of Paris, and the China Young Producers Party was established in Europe. Zhao Shiyan is the secretary, responsible for publicity, and Li is responsible for organization. This organization later came from China.

Approved by the Central Committee of the Socialist Youth League of China and the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, it became the European branch of the Socialist Youth League of China.

In the past four years in Western Europe, Zhou Enlai has enriched his theoretical knowledge and various practical experiences.

192 1 in July and August, China students studying in France, together with French workers and overseas Chinese from all walks of life, successfully launched a struggle against the secret borrowing of Beiyang government, forcing it to stop the 500 million franc loan contract signed with the French government and capitalists at the expense of selling state sovereignty. Zhou Enlai actively supported this struggle and made a detailed report to China. The French government took retaliatory measures and decided to stop work-study programs from September 15.

Health maintenance fee. At the same time, the University of China and France in Lyon, which is about to start school, deprived students of their right to enter school. The work-study students were cornered and they took action to occupy the university. Lyon police arrested the starting players of the work-study program and escorted them back to China.

Since then, the work-study program movement in France formed after the May 4th Movement has basically ended.

1923 in may, a carjacking occurred in Lincheng, Shandong province. Bandits detained more than 30 western passengers, and the imperialist countries took the opportunity to jointly manage China's railways. By June 12, all the hijacked passengers were released. However, in July, the French "Paris Times" revealed that the China Railway, which is managed by a big country, is "about to be implemented". After reading the newspaper, Zhou Enlai decided to mobilize Chinese living in France to fight for national sovereignty. On July 3, he presided over a joint meeting of Chinese groups living in France to discuss the action plan. On the 8th, representatives of 22 organizations traveling to China were convened to form a "temporary committee" and sent a telegram to people from all walks of life in, pointing out that "managing the railway is tantamount to national subjugation, and all French people traveling to France oppose it. I hope that all sectors of agriculture, industry and commerce will strive for it quickly. " Domestic people are also strongly opposed to this matter. The Herald, the central organ newspaper, has successively published articles by Cai Hesen and Zhang. Imperialism saw that public anger was hard to commit, and later had to shelve the plan of "* * *". In this struggle, Zhou Enlai has always been the organizer and leader of Chinese living in France.

During the First World War, 50,000 laborers from China crossed the ocean and came to France, "replacing soldiers with workers", indicating that China participated in the war. When Zhou Enlai arrived in France, more than 2,000 China workers stayed in France. They ate brown bread, lived in tents and wooden sheds and were enslaved. Party organizations in Europe attach great importance to Chinese workers, and have established a unified organization, the General Association of Chinese Workers, to provide patriotic education, class education and * * * education to Chinese workers and help them run the workers' ten-day newspaper well. Zhou Enlai often goes to Biyang Valley, a suburb of Paris where South China University of Technology is located, and goes deep into factories and sheds to talk with the person in charge of the office of South China University of Technology to understand the work situation, give guidance and help, and sometimes make a report. During his stay in Europe, he himself

Worked as a worker. Under his drive and call, European party groups and subordinate units often hold various meetings of South China University of Technology, resulting in party member and members going deep into South China University of Technology activities. Yuan Zizhen and Ma Zhiyuan, leaders of South China University of Technology, successively joined the European Youth League and the Chinese Production Party.

1922 In August, Sun Yat-sen appointed Wang to organize the China Kuomintang branch in France. Earlier, on June 15 this year, China's * * * production party put forward in its opinion on the current situation that it was willing to establish a democratic United front with "revolutionary Democrats and revolutionary socialist groups such as the Kuomintang". As soon as the king arrived in France, he got in touch with him according to the instructions of the Central Committee. On June 1923 and 16, Yin Kuan and Lin Wei reached an agreement with Wang on behalf of the European Youth League, and more than 80 members all joined the Kuomintang organizations in Europe in their personal capacity. This is the domestic United front.

Before its formal establishment, Europe had achieved cooperation between countries and became the forerunner of cooperation between countries during the first Great Revolution. Since party member was born in Europe, the members of the Youth League spread all over France, Germany and Belgium, and the Kuomintang headquarters changed the French branch to the European branch. 1923165438+1October 25th, Zhou Enlai was elected as the director of the General Affairs Section of the Executive Department at the inaugural meeting of the China Kuomintang European Branch. During Wang's return, the Minister of Administration was the Acting Minister.

Position, in fact, responsible for the work of the European branch of the Kuomintang.

In the United front, Zhou Enlai emphasized that we should follow the revolutionary program, unite with other revolutionary forces and actively engage in national revolutionary work. However, we must never "throw away capitalism and don't believe it", forgetting that "after the national revolution, there was a" class revolution "from the proletariat to the proletariat". He cooperated with Wang, one externally and the other internally, and the relationship was very good. Later, when he was transferred back to China, Wang deeply felt that "now the central government (Guangdong) has taken it from the east, and European party affairs have a great influence."

Socialist Youth League organizations in China and Europe attach great importance to the study of capitalist theory, and specially run the theory-based Youth magazine. During this period, Zhou Enlai read a lot of Marxist books, and combined with the struggle practice in Europe, he wrote many articles and put forward many outstanding opinions.

He said: "If China wants to survive, it must overthrow imperialism. Imperialism will not fail, and neither will the Chinese nation. Imperialist powers, old and new warlords, remnants of feudalism and the abuse of officials by foreign companies are "our enemies". "

He said that only the workers, peasants and business students in China unite and carry out the national revolution can China be saved. The working class is "the most reliable main force".

He advocated that the China revolution should be divided into two steps. The first step is the national revolution, the proletariat and the proletariat cooperate to overthrow the ruling feudal class, and the second step is the "class revolution" from the proletariat to the proletariat. "If you don't take the first step, how can you take the second step?"

In Workers' Work, he systematically discussed the nature, task, function and organization of trade unions, and the relationship between trade unions and proletarian political parties. He said that before the proletariat seized power, the trade union mainly "promoted the consciousness of the working class, publicized proletarian education and spread revolutionary seeds", that is, "prepared to destroy" the old system. After seizing power, the main function of trade unions is "construction". The relationship between the trade union and the Party is "extremely close and does not deceive each other", and the Party is "the pioneer of the workers' movement and the guide of the social revolution"

. The goal of the workers' movement should be to "improve the workers' situation, guide them to fight for the economy, assist the workers' political parties in plotting to liberate the working class and abolish slavery in ICBC, so as to achieve the final victory of capitalism".

Regarding the world situation, Zhou Enlai analyzed the contradiction between Japanese and American imperialism after World War I and pointed out that "they are preparing for an imperialist war". He foresaw that "the imperialist war in the Pacific will break out one day", and after the Sino-American war, the soldiers seeking Japanese independence "should really be prepared to take the opportunity to set off a revolutionary wave in the Pacific".

During his stay in Europe, Zhou Enlai not only laid a solid practical and theoretical foundation for his future leadership of the China Revolution, but also gathered a large number of like-minded comrades in the organization and trained many leading cadres for the China Revolution. Among them are Zhu De, Li Fuchun, Wang Ruofei, Chen Yannian, Chen Qiaonian, Deng Xiaoping, Nie, Li, Cai Chang, Fu Zhong, He Changgong, Li Zhuoran, Liu Ding, Zhang Bojian, Lin Wei, Guo Longzhen, Xiong Xiong, Sun Bingwen, Mu Qing, Ouyang Qin, Yuan Zizhen, Ma Zhiyuan, Li Dazhang and Xing Xiping.