Business training objectives
Business training requirements
Major disciplines
main course
Major professional experiments
Knowledge structure requirements
Employment direction
required years of study
Business training objectives for degree awarding
Business training requirements
Major disciplines
main course
Major professional experiments
Knowledge structure requirements
Employment direction
required years of study
award a degree
[Edit this paragraph] Business training objectives
This major cultivates the basic knowledge of thermal energy engineering, heat transfer, fluid mechanics, power machinery and power engineering, and can engage in the design, manufacture, operation, management, experimental research, installation, development and marketing of power engineering (such as thermal power plant engineering, fluid machinery, hydraulic machinery, etc.) in national economy and departments. Considering the professional development of students on a generous basis, the major of thermal energy and power engineering is divided into the following four directions: (1) thermal energy and power engineering and control direction (including energy and environmental engineering direction); (2) The direction of heat engine and automobile engineering with internal combustion engine and its drive system as the mainstay; (3) The direction of fluid machinery and refrigeration cryogenic engineering mainly focuses on the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical work; (4) The direction of water conservancy and hydropower power engineering is converted from mechanical work to electrical energy.
[Edit this paragraph] Business training requirements
Students in this major mainly study the basic theories of power engineering and engineering thermophysics, and learn various theories and technologies of energy conversion and effective utilization, which are basically cultivated by modern power engineers; Have the basic ability of design, operation and experimental research of power machinery and thermal equipment. Graduates should acquire the following knowledge and abilities: 1. They have a solid foundation in natural science, a good foundation in humanities, arts and social sciences, and the ability to use their own spoken and written languages correctly; 2. Systematically master the extensive basic knowledge of technical theory in this field, including engineering mechanics, mechanics, engineering thermophysics, fluid mechanics, electrical and electronics, control theory, market economy, enterprise management, etc. 3. Obtain engineering practice training in this professional field, and have strong computer and foreign language application ability; 4. Have the necessary professional knowledge in a certain professional direction in this professional field, and understand its scientific frontier and development trend; 5. Have strong self-study ability, innovative consciousness and high comprehensive quality. Training objectives This major mainly trains senior talents with solid theoretical foundation, strong practical ability, adaptability and innovation ability, high moral quality and cultural quality in the fields of energy conversion and utilization and thermal environment protection, so as to meet the social demand for talents in scientific research, design, teaching, engineering technology and management of this energy and power discipline. Students should have extensive knowledge of natural science, humanities and social sciences, extensive theoretical foundations of heat, mechanics, electricity, machinery, automatic control and system engineering, professional knowledge and practical ability of thermal engineering, and master knowledge of computer application and automatic control technology. Graduates can engage in research, teaching, development, manufacturing, installation, maintenance, planning, management and marketing of energy and power engineering and related aspects. You can also continue your studies in this major or other related majors and pursue master's and doctoral degrees.
[Edit this paragraph] Main disciplines
Power engineering and engineering thermophysics and mechanical engineering
[Edit this paragraph] Main course
Engineering mechanics, mechanical design basis, mechanical drawing, electrician and electronic technology, engineering thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, control theory, testing technology and other major practical teaching links: including military training, metalworking, electrician, electronic practice, cognitive practice, production practice, social practice, curriculum design, graduation design (thesis) and so on. , generally should be arranged for more than 40 weeks.
[Edit this paragraph] Major professional experiments
Heat transfer experiment, engineering thermodynamics experiment, power engineering test technology experiment, etc.
[Edit this paragraph] Knowledge structure requirements
Tool knowledge can systematically master a foreign language and master foreign language scientific writing knowledge. Master the basic knowledge of computer software and hardware technology, and have the ability of computer application development in this major and related fields; Master the knowledge, methods and tools to obtain information through the network. Be able to retrieve Chinese and foreign literature. Natural science knowledge: advanced mathematics, college physics, engineering chemistry, life science, environmental science and other knowledge. Basic knowledge of subject technology: master knowledge of engineering drawing, engineering mathematics, theoretical mechanics, material mechanics, mechanical design, metal technology, electrotechnics, electronic technology, engineering fluid mechanics, engineering thermodynamics, heat transfer, computer principle and application, automatic control principle, etc. In the direction of water conservancy and hydropower power engineering, the requirements for engineering thermodynamics and heat transfer knowledge can be appropriately reduced. Professional knowledge varies according to the training objectives and specifications of professionals and different professional directions. (1) thermal power and control engineering direction (including energy and environmental engineering direction) mainly grasps the knowledge of thermal power and power testing technology, boiler principle, steam turbine principle, combustion pollution and environment, power machinery design, thermal power plant, thermal automatic control, numerical calculation of heat and mass transfer, fluid machinery, etc. (2) The direction of heat engine and automobile engineering is to master the knowledge of internal combustion engine (or turbine) principle, structure, design, test, fuel and combustion, heat engine emission and environmental engineering, introduction to energy engineering, electronic control of internal combustion engine, heat transfer and heat load of heat engine, introduction to automobile engineering, etc. (3) Refrigeration cryogenic engineering and fluid machinery. Master the knowledge of refrigeration, low temperature principle, artificial environment automation, HVAC system, low temperature technology, thermal automation, fluid machinery principle, fluid machinery system simulation and control. Make students master the basic theory and knowledge of refrigeration and air conditioning system, cryogenic system, refrigeration and air conditioning and cryogenic equipment and devices, various axial compressors, centrifugal compressors and various positive displacement compressors involved in this direction. (4) the direction of water conservancy and hydropower power engineering, mastering the knowledge of hydraulic turbine, installation, maintenance and operation of hydraulic turbine, auxiliary equipment of hydraulic unit, regulation of hydraulic turbine, modern control theory, power station automation, electrical engineering, electrical equipment of power station, relay protection principle, computer monitoring and modern testing technology knowledge of hydropower plant. That is to say, students in this major should have the following knowledge and ability, which should be emphasized according to different training specifications: (1) Have a solid foundation in natural science and master the basic theories and application methods of basic courses such as advanced mathematics, engineering mathematics, college physics and engineering chemistry; Have a good foundation in humanities, arts and social sciences, and have the ability to use the spoken and written languages of their own nationalities correctly. (2) Master a foreign language, have good listening, speaking, reading and writing skills, and be able to read foreign language books and materials of this major smoothly. If the foreign language is English, it should reach the national level 4 or above (including level 4). (3) Systematically master the necessary technical basic theories of this major, including mechanical theory (theoretical mechanics, material mechanics, fluid mechanics) and thermal theory (thermodynamics, heat transfer, etc.). ), mechanical design theory, electrical and electronic theory, automatic control theory, energy and power engineering theory, etc. (4) Be familiar with 1 ~ 2 professional direction or related professional knowledge in this field, and understand its frontier and development trend. (5) Have the basic skills of drawing, calculation, testing, investigation, literature review, basic technology, operation and operation necessary for this major. (6) Have certain computer-related knowledge and strong computer application ability, and be able to skillfully use computer tools to solve related problems in engineering. (7) Strong self-study ability, analytical ability and innovative consciousness.
[Edit this paragraph] Employment direction
Graduates can engage in research and design, product development, manufacturing, testing, management and teaching of thermal energy engineering in large enterprises, related companies and related research institutes, design institutes, universities and management departments.
[Edit this paragraph] Length of schooling
Ichiji
[Edit this paragraph] confer degrees.
Bachelor of Engineering: Yantai University shenyang ligong university Shandong Jianzhu University China Ji Liang University xihua university University of Science and Technology Beijing Kunming University of Science and Technology Xi University of Technology Lanzhou University of Technology Beijing University of Technology (five-year program) Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin Business School Hebei University of Technology Hebei University of Engineering Hebei University of Technology Taiyuan University of Technology Liaoning University of Engineering Technology Jiamusi University Heilongjiang Business School harbin university of science and technology University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai University of Engineering Technology Nanjing University of Chemical Technology Yangzhou University Donghua Institute of Technology Jimei University Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute Nanchang University Shandong University Shandong University Shandong University of Technology and Technology Henan Polytechnic University Zhengzhou Institute of Light Industry Guangdong Ocean University Zhong Kai College of Agricultural Technology Wuyi University Guangdong University of Technology Guangxi University China Agricultural University Nanjing University of Science and Technology Shanghai Fisheries University Northwest A&F University North China Electric Power University Northeast Li Dian University Qingdao University of Technology Yanshan University Shanghai Electric Power University Wuhan University Huazhong University of Science and Technology Changsha University of Science and Technology Hohai University North China Water Conservancy and Hydropower College China Mining University Beijing Jiaotong University Southwest Jiaotong University Lanzhou Jiaotong University Wuhan University of Technology University of Science and Technology (five-year program) Harbin Engineering University Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Jiangsu Institute of Petrochemical Technology Petroleum University Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Harbin Institute of Technology (Weihai) Tsinghua University University of Science and Technology Beijing Tianjin University Dalian University of Technology Northeastern University Jilin University Tongji University Shanghai Jiaotong University Southeast University Zhejiang University Hefei University of Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hunan Central South University Zhongnan University Zhongnan University of Forestry and Technology Maoming College South China University of Technology Chongqing University Sichuan University Xi 'an Jiaotong University Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Qingdao University Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Tianjin Institute of Urban Construction Shenyang University of Technology shenyang institute of chemical technology Soochow University Nanjing Institute of Technology. Shandong Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture Zhengzhou University Wuhan University of Technology Hubei Automobile Institute Henan University of Science and Technology Jilin Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture changchun university of science and technology Yanshan University Zhongyuan Institute of Technology Xinjiang University Dalian Maritime University Dalian Ocean University Central South University of Forestry and Technology.
(Among them, bold is the national key discipline)
Catalogue of energy dynamics [hidden]
I. Development of Higher Education in Energy and Power in China 1. formative period
2. Adjustment of planned economy
3. New adjustment
4. Current situation
5. Comparison of corresponding professional settings in foreign countries
Second, the new situation and challenges faced by the discipline of energy and power
sustainable development
National defense security issues
Iii. Main features of the discipline of energy and power 1. Closely related to environmental problems
2. A high degree of cross between different disciplines.
3. Dependence on national policies and regulations and development plans
4. Wide applicability of basic knowledge
5. Professional direction.
Iv. Key points of medium and long-term energy development planning in China 1. Medium and long-term development planning
2. Training requirements for energy personnel
1. Build a multi-level and multi-specification training system.
2. Preliminary study on training objectives with different specifications
(1) General education and lifelong education system in foreign universities
(2) Opinions of some large and medium-sized domestic enterprises on personnel training.
(3) Some colleges and universities explore the construction of mechanical engineering specialty.
(4) It is suggested that the Ministry of Education promote the continuing education system.
I. Development of Higher Education in Energy and Power in China 1. formative period
2. Adjustment of planned economy
3. New adjustment
4. Current situation
5. Comparison of corresponding professional settings in foreign countries
Second, the new situation and challenges faced by the discipline of energy and power
sustainable development
National defense security issues
Iii. Main features of the discipline of energy and power 1. Closely related to environmental problems
2. A high degree of cross between different disciplines.
3. Dependence on national policies and regulations and development plans
4. Wide applicability of basic knowledge
5. Professional direction.
Iv. Key points of medium and long-term energy development planning in China 1. Medium and long-term development planning
2. Training requirements for energy personnel
1. Build a multi-level and multi-specification training system.
2. Preliminary study on training objectives with different specifications
(1) General education and lifelong education system in foreign universities
(2) Opinions of some large and medium-sized domestic enterprises on personnel training.
(3) Some colleges and universities explore the construction of mechanical engineering specialty.
(4) It is suggested that the Ministry of Education promote the continuing education system.
[Edit this paragraph] 1. The development of higher education in the discipline of energy and power in China
1. Formation period
The major of energy and power in China was formed in 1950s. Taking Jiaotong University as an example, when the departments were adjusted in 1952, the power group set up in the mechanical department at that time set up the power mechanical department separately. Due to the influence of the education system of the Soviet Union at that time, in the development of this subject, the specialty was once more detailed. In the early 1950s, there were only specialties such as boilers, steam turbines and internal combustion engines. Later, there were refrigeration specialties and fan specialties, which were subdivided into compressor, refrigeration and low temperature specialties. In the late 1950s, the major of nuclear energy was established, and in the 1960s and 1970s, some schools opened the major of engineering thermophysics. In this way, the disciplines of energy and power include boiler, steam turbine, thermal energy of power plant, fan, compressor, refrigeration, low temperature, internal combustion engine, engineering thermophysics, hydraulic machinery, nuclear energy engineering, etc. 1 1 in turn, forming an obvious basic pattern of product-oriented teaching. The major of water conservancy and hydropower power engineering included in the major of thermal energy and power engineering was formerly the major of hydropower station. This major was formed in the 1950s. After the founding of New China, with the development of national flood control and economic construction, the state has established some specialized water conservancy institutions, such as East China Institute of Water Conservancy, Wuhan Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, and North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydropower. From 65438 to 0958, the specialty of hydropower station was set up in these colleges and the Department of Water Conservancy of Xi Jiaotong University (the predecessor of Hydropower College of Xi University of Technology) to meet the urgent demand of the country for hydropower construction talents. 1977 after the resumption of the college entrance examination, the major was renamed as Power Equipment Major of Hydropower Station. 1984 this major was renamed as water conservancy and hydropower engineering, covering raw water power engineering, hydropower plant, power equipment of hydropower station, hydropower generation and its automation, electromechanical irrigation and drainage engineering, hydropower generation and water lifting engineering, etc. Kunming University of Science and Technology, Chengdu University of Science and Technology and other universities have opened this major. 1998 According to the newly promulgated professional catalogue of the Ministry of Education, the major of water conservancy, hydropower and power engineering was merged into the major of thermal energy and power engineering. The newly-added majors of thermal energy and power engineering include nine majors, including primary heat engine, fluid machinery and fluid engineering, thermal energy engineering, refrigeration and low temperature technology, energy engineering, engineering thermophysics, water conservancy and hydropower, engineering refrigeration and refrigeration engineering.
New challenges
Energy and electric power industry is an important foundation and pillar industry of China's national economy and national defense construction, and it is also a comprehensive industry involving many fields and high technology, which has been playing an extremely important role in national economic construction and social development. In recent years, with the in-depth development of various reforms in China, including the gradual establishment of a market economy, the transformation of the mechanism of large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises, the challenges faced by China after its accession to the WTO, and the technical development in the field of energy and electricity, considering the situation and tasks faced by China's nuclear science and technology industry in the 11th Five-Year Plan and 2020, the training of energy and electricity professionals in China is facing severe challenges.
sustainable development
Energy power and environment are the most important social problems facing all countries in the world at present, and China's energy industry is facing great pressure of economic growth, environmental protection and social development. China is the largest producer and consumer of coal in the world. Coal accounts for 76% of commercial energy consumption and has become the main source of air pollution in China. The proven remaining reserves of conventional energy sources (coal, oil, natural gas, etc.). ) and the available life is very limited. Statistics in 2000 show that the remaining reserves of fossil energy in China are 92 years of coal and 20.5 years of oil, which is only half of the world's reserves. Natural gas has a history of 63 years, and high-quality energy is very scarce. China has become the second largest oil importer in the world, and its dependence on the international oil market is increasing year by year. Energy security is facing challenges and there is a very dangerous potential crisis, which is more severe than the overall energy situation in the world. At present, the international energy competition is becoming more and more fierce. A series of international issues, from the Iraq war and post-war reconstruction to the struggle between China and Japan for the direction of Russian oil pipelines, are concrete reflections of the conflicts and struggles of energy strategic interests between countries. Therefore, it is more urgent and important to develop and utilize renewable energy and realize the sustainable development of energy industry. 2. A high degree of cross between different disciplines.
The technical basic courses and specialized courses of energy and power discipline involve the knowledge of many disciplines. Taking thermal power engineering as an example, it involves the following disciplines: (1) thermal energy discipline; (2) mechanics; (3) Mechanical manufacturing discipline; (4) automatic control and computer science; (4) the discipline of hydroelectric power generation; (5) chemistry. In order to meet the needs of the development of energy disciplines in China at the beginning of the 20th century, the knowledge of related disciplines should be appropriately arranged in the professional courses. Various institutions of higher learning with mechanical departments in the United States have such a wide range of professional research (including information control, biomechanics, MEMS, etc. In addition to mechanical and heat flow science, this is also closely related to the interdisciplinary characteristics of this major. Similarly, the specialty of nuclear science and technology should not only focus on traditional heat, electricity, machinery and strong/weak electricity, but also cross with emerging information, life, biology and energy.
3. Dependence on national policies and regulations and development plans
The development of the discipline of energy and power largely depends on the national development policy. The most typical major is nuclear engineering. In 1970s and 1980s, the state didn't invest in new nuclear power projects, which made the nuclear power teachers in Chinese universities lack of students, and some even prepared to jump ship. After the country began to vigorously develop nuclear power, the situation has changed greatly, so that the number of graduates who need nuclear power exceeds the number of graduates who can be allocated.
4. Wide applicability of basic knowledge
Energy-saving is an important part of China's energy development strategy. The knowledge about energy-saving should be mastered not only by students majoring in energy and power, but also by almost all engineering students. This requires not only to train professionals in this discipline, but also to undertake the task of teaching energy-saving technology to all engineering students.
5. Professional direction.
At present, the different professional directions of energy and power disciplines in China serve different engineering and technical fields, and are more or less branded as product majors. Not only in the cold direction and the hot direction, the working machinery and systems that dominate the major are very different (such as refrigerators and power plants), but also in the same professional direction, such as the hot direction, boilers and steam turbines are also very different. Therefore, it is of great significance to pay close attention to the needs of current economic development and industry development for majors and schools aiming at cultivating students in zero-distance mode, so that students can enter the corresponding professional units in time and give full play to their professional expertise. In the process of graduates' employment every year, they will encounter similar problems: some professional factories hope to find students who can engage in specific technical work of their major immediately after entering the factory, but the current wide-caliber training methods can not meet the needs of these units. Therefore, it is urgent to solve the contradiction between the cultivation of wide-caliber professionals in energy and electric power and the emphasis on specialization in the knowledge structure of professionals in most energy and electric power enterprises. When determining the development strategy of energy and power discipline, we must pay full attention to these characteristics.
[Edit this paragraph] 4. Key points of medium and long-term energy development planning in China
Energy is the basic industry of national economy, which plays a very important role in promoting and ensuring sustained, rapid and healthy economic development and improving people's lives. China is a big country in energy production and consumption. Facing the new century, how to maintain the sustainable development of energy, economy and environment is a major strategic issue. 2 1 century, China faces the following challenges on energy issues: (1) Low per capita energy consumption: China's primary energy consumption10.48 billion tons of standard coal is the second largest energy consumer in the world. Although the total energy consumption is large, the population is too large, and the per capita energy consumption level is very low (lower than the world average); (2) Low energy efficiency: China's energy efficiency is about 3 1.4%, which is 10 percentage point lower than that of advanced countries, and the unit energy consumption of major industrial products is more than 30% higher than that of advanced countries; (3) Insufficient per capita energy resources: China ranks first in hydropower resources, second in proven coal reserves and ranked 1 1 in proven oil reserves. However, China has a large population. The per capita proven reserves of coal in China are 70% of the world average of 208 tons, oil is 1 1%, and natural gas is 4%. Even the per capita hydropower resources are lower than the world average; (4) The energy structure dominated by coal needs to be adjusted: China is highly dependent on coal consumption, accounting for 75% of primary energy consumption. Excessive use of coal will inevitably lead to low efficiency, poor efficiency and serious environmental pollution. In view of the above-mentioned energy situation in China, corresponding measures have been taken in China's medium and long-term energy development plan. These present situations and medium-and long-term energy development plans are the basic basis for us to consider the training scheme of energy and power specialty.
1. Medium and long-term development plan
China's medium and long-term energy development strategy is to ensure supply as the main line, and to implement the sustainable energy development strategy of "giving priority to energy conservation, ensuring supply safety, optimizing structure and being environment-friendly". Combine the near and far, deploy in stages, and strive to achieve the goal of sustainable energy development in China in three years (15). (1) Energy-saving priority strategy Improving energy utilization ratio is the premise to ensure the balance between supply and demand of energy in China in the medium and long term. China has a large population base, which will exceed1500 million by the middle of next century. No matter from the availability of domestic resources or from the availability of world resources, only by creating energy efficiency higher than that of the current industrialized countries can China achieve rapid economic growth and reach the per capita level of moderately developed countries with limited resources. If the existing backward technologies and equipment are replaced by internationally advanced technologies and equipment, the total energy saving potential can reach 50% of the current energy consumption. If the existing domestic advanced technology and equipment are used to update the backward equipment, the total energy saving potential can reach 30% of the current energy consumption. (2) Optimizing the energy structure From the development trend of all countries in the world, industrialized countries have adopted the energy route with oil and gas as the main fuel, and gradually reducing the proportion of solid fuel is an inevitable choice for all countries in the world to improve energy efficiency, reduce the cost of energy systems and provide high-quality energy services. Due to historical reasons, China has always maintained the structure of taking coal as the main energy source, but with the increase of consumption, its disadvantages have become increasingly obvious. It will take several decades for China to change the state that energy consumption is dominated by coal, but we should make efforts in this direction from now on. Because China's total energy consumption is huge, and the proportion of high-quality energy is too small, oil and gas in advanced countries accounts for more than 60%, and now it is 20% in China. By 2020, hydropower and nuclear power can account for 10% and 3.7% of primary energy respectively. It can be seen that the quality of energy supply is a very arduous task, and various measures need to be taken to develop all kinds of high-quality clean energy. From a national perspective, it will take a long time to change the energy structure dominated by coal, but can some big cities take the lead in achieving high-quality energy supply? (3) Developing clean coal technology Coal will still be the main energy source in China in the next few decades, so the clean utilization of coal is bound to be one of the important tasks of the energy industry. In the long run, we should reduce the direct utilization of coal in the terminal, increase the proportion of coal converted into electricity and gas and liquid fuel, and must develop clean coal combustion technology. (4) Properly develop nuclear power, accelerate the localization of nuclear power, make full use of the nuclear power design, manufacturing, construction and operation capabilities that have been formed in China, focus on China, cooperate with foreign countries, and achieve the localization of nuclear power with competitive electricity prices as the goal. At the same time, actively support China to independently develop a new generation of nuclear power plants, so as to lay the foundation for the development of nuclear power in the 11th Five-Year Plan and beyond. The National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the Ministry of Commerce jointly issued the Guide to Key Areas of High-tech Industrialization (2004), which also listed nuclear power and nuclear fuel equipment and civil non-power nuclear technology as key areas. (5) Ensuring the safety of energy supply In order to ensure the safety of energy supply and reduce the import risk, the following measures are suggested to replace oil: First, coal water slurry is used to replace oil, and this technology should be actively promoted; Second, coal is synthesized into liquid fuel, and now China cooperates with the United States, Japan and Germany in research and development; Third, biomass liquefaction can introduce technology or cooperate in production; The fourth is to develop natural gas vehicles and electric vehicles. (6) Providing preferential policies to promote the development of renewable energy. Fundamentally speaking, only renewable energy is clean energy. Therefore, renewable energy is our ultimate goal. In recent years, the world's renewable energy has developed rapidly, the technology has gradually matured and the economy has gradually been accepted by people. Some European countries plan to make the proportion of renewable energy in primary energy reach 65,438+00% in 2065,438+00, and the government of China has also formulated the development plan of new energy and renewable energy for 65,438+00, requiring the actual use of renewable energy to increase from the current nearly 300Mtce to 65,438.
2. Training requirements for energy personnel
The above Medium-and Long-Term Energy Development Plan of China puts forward the following requirements for the development strategy of energy and power discipline in the next 5 ~ 10 years: (1) Vigorously cultivate talents with knowledge of clean coal combustion technology. (2) Vigorously cultivate talents engaged in nuclear power and hydropower technology. (3) Training talents engaged in new and renewable energy technologies. (4) Make all trained personnel master the energy-saving theory and basic energy-saving technology. (5) Vigorously strengthen the training of talents in energy forecasting and planning. Five, China energy and power discipline personnel training objectives and models.
1. Build a multi-level and multi-specification training system.
(1) Multi-level-According to the current situation of universities and disciplines in China, the talent levels of energy and power disciplines can be divided into: doctor-master-undergraduate-specialist. (2) Multi-specification-at the undergraduate level, according to the different orientation of the school, it can be divided into the following four talent specifications: 1) graduates of research universities (more precisely, research majors). 2) Graduates of teaching and research universities. 3) Teaching-oriented university graduates. 4) Higher vocational college graduates.
2. Preliminary study on training objectives with different specifications
(1) Graduates of research universities-training academic and compound talents (research and application) is the main source of graduate candidates; Professional teaching content can be biased towards general education (detailed requirements and specifications to be supplemented). (2) Teaching and research university graduates-mainly cultivate academic and applied talents, and some students constitute the source of graduate candidates; The teaching content is mainly wide-caliber majors. (3) Teaching-oriented university graduates-training applied students, some of whom are compound, and the professional teaching content can be combined with wide caliber and large modules. (4) Higher vocational college graduates-training applied students, with professional modules as the main teaching content. Six, research and construction of the development of energy and power discipline.