Chapter 1 Introduction to histology Chapter 15 Digestive gland
Chapter II Epithelial Tissue Chapter 16 Respiratory System
Chapter III Connective Tissue Chapter 17 Urinary System
The fourth chapter blood chapter 18 male reproductive system
Chapter 5 Cartilage and Bone Chapter 19 Female Reproductive System
Chapter VI Muscle Tissue Chapter 20 Introduction to Embryology
Chapter 7 Nerve Tissue Chapter 2 1 Overview of Embryogenesis
Chapter 8 Nervous System Chapter 22 The occurrence of face and limbs
Chapter 9 Eyes and Ears Chapter 23 Occurrence of Digestive System and Respiratory System
10 circulatory system chapter 24 occurrence of urinary system and reproductive system
Chapter 1 1 Skin Chapter 25 Occurrence of cardiovascular system
Chapter 12 immune system chapter 26 occurrence of nervous system and eyes and ears
Chapter 13 Endocrine System Chapter 27 Introduction to Malformation
order
Based on the tenth five-year textbook Histology and Embryology (6th edition), this syllabus sets the teaching requirements for five-year clinical medicine. Because the teaching goal of this major is to train clinicians, and histology and embryology are very basic subjects, the teaching focus of this subject is the most useful knowledge for students to learn other basic medical disciplines and clinical disciplines (especially pathology, physiology and obstetrics) in the future. According to this principle, this syllabus divides the contents of textbooks into three levels:
1. Master. It is the main content of teaching in class, the content of students' learning and the main content of exams.
2. familiarity. It is the content that is selectively taught in the classroom, the content that students must read, and the content within the examination scope.
3. got it. It is the content that students should browse and selectively teach in class, which is not within the scope of examination. The contents of the box in the book are also within this range.
In the content that needs to be mastered and familiar, if the teacher does not teach in class, students must learn by themselves. In addition, teachers can teach the new progress of the subject as appropriate. While acquiring knowledge, students should learn to analyze and summarize the contents of books and extract the essence; Attention should be paid to cultivating the ability to observe organizational form and spatial thinking.
According to the school's teaching plan, this course is 80 hours, including 68 hours of histology, embryology 12 hours, and the ratio of theoretical courses to practical courses is about 5: 4. Theoretical courses are mainly taught by teachers; Practice classes are conducted by observing specimens, watching slides and recording photos.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Histology
Master: the definition and research content of histology;
The concepts of tissue, eosinophil and basophil;
Key points of learning methods of histology.
Familiar with: paraffin section and ultra-thin section technology, the principle and main process of he dyeing.
Understanding: What is not required to master and be familiar with in the textbook is to understand the content, so I won't go into details (the same below).
Chapter II Epithelial Tissue
Master: classification of covering epithelium;
General structure of exocrine gland; Serous gonad, mucinous gonad and mixed gonad;
Special structure of epithelial tissue (microvilli, cilia, tight junction, gap junction, desmosome, basement membrane) *;
Structural characteristics of secretory cells in protein under light microscope and electron microscope.
Familiarity: structural characteristics of epithelial tissue.
(* Unless otherwise specified, the concepts of structure and cells listed in this syllabus should be mastered or familiar in terms of morphological characteristics and main functions. )
Chapter 3 Connective tissue
Master: fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells;
Collagen fiber, elastic fiber, matrix, interstitial fluid.
Familiarity: structural characteristics and classification of connective tissue;
Characteristics of loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, adipose tissue and reticular tissue.
Chapter 4 Blood
Master: the structure, function and life span of red blood cells and the concept of reticulocyte;
Structure and main functions of five kinds of white blood cells;
Light microscopic structure and main functions of platelets;
Cell names (or differentiation pathways of hematopoietic stem cells) in the process of proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into various mature blood cells.
Familiar with: normal values of various blood cells;
The structure of red bone marrow and the concept of hematopoietic induction microenvironment;
Basic laws of morphological changes during the development of red blood cells and granulocytes.
Chapter V Cartilage and Bone
Master: bone tissue (bone matrix, bone progenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts);
Osteon, periosteum.
Familiarity: the general structure of long bones;
General structure and classification characteristics of cartilage.
Chapter VI Muscle Tissue
Master: the light and electron microscopic structure of skeletal muscle fibers, the concepts of myofibrils and sarcomere, and the molecular composition of myofilaments;
Light and electron microscopic structural characteristics of myocardial fibers, electron microscopic structure and function of intercalated disc.
Familiar with: the structural characteristics of smooth muscle fibers under light microscope;
Muscle satellite cells.
Chapter VII Nerve tissue
Master: the structural characteristics (dendrites, axons, Nissl bodies, neurofibrils), functions and classification of neurons under light and electron microscope;
The concept of neural stem cells;
Structure, function and distribution of synapses;
Structural and functional characteristics of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers (the concept of myelin sheath).
Familiarity: the composition of nerve tissue;
Classification of glial cells; Morphological characteristics and main functions of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and Schwann cells;
The structure of nerve;
Motor nerve endings (motor endplate); Sensory nerve endings (free nerve endings, tactile corpuscles, annular corpuscles).
Chapter VIII Nervous System (Self-study)
Proficient: blood-brain barrier.
Chapter 9 Eyes and ears
Master: the structure and physiological characteristics of cornea;
Structure and function of iris;
The function of ciliary muscle and the adjustment of eye focal length, the formation of ciliary epithelium and aqueous humor, and the way of aqueous humor circulation;
Cell stratification of retina, electron microscopic structural characteristics and functions of two kinds of visual cells, and structural and functional characteristics of macula.
Familiar with: the general layered structure of the ocular wall;
Changes of lens structure and age.
(Note: The "ear" part is self-taught)
Chapter 10 circulation system
Master: the layering of the core wall and the main structure of each layer; Heart valve; Endocrine function of atrial myocytes;
Structural and functional characteristics of four kinds of arteries;
The general structure of capillary, the structural and functional characteristics of three kinds of capillary.
Familiar with: the composition of cardiac conduction system, the structural characteristics of pacemaker cells and Purkinje fibers;
Structural characteristics of veins.
Chapter 1 1 Skin
Master: the general structure of skin.
Familiarity: the keratinization process of epidermis;
Melanocytes and Langerhans cells;
The basic structure of hair, sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
Chapter 12 immune system
Proficiency: the composition of the immune system;
Classification of lymphocytes and their main functions;
Composition and function of mononuclear phagocyte system;
Composition and function of antigen presenting cells;
The morphology, main cellular components and functions of diffuse lymphoid tissues and lymphoid nodules;
The main structure and function of thymus (endocrine function of thymic epithelial cells, blood-thymus barrier);
The main structure and function of lymph nodes and spleen.
Familiar with: microcirculation and lymphocyte recirculation after capillary;
Tonsils.
Chapter 13 endocrine system
Master: the structure and function of thyroid gland (thyroid follicles, parafollicular cells);
Function of parathyroid gland (main cell);
Structure and function of adrenal gland (corticospinal zone, chromaffin cells in medulla);
The general structure of pituitary gland, the cell composition and function of distal part, the functions of neuroendocrine cells in supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus and their relationship with pituitary nerves, the functions of arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus and portal system of pituitary gland;
Function of pineal gland.
Familiarity: the composition of endocrine system;
The concept of paracrine;
Structural characteristics of steroid hormone secreting cells under light microscope and electron microscope.
Chapter 14 Digestive tube
Master: the structure of esophagus;
The layered structure characteristics of the stomach, the surface mucus cells and mucus-bicarbonate barrier, the cell composition and function of gastric fundus gland;
The layered structure and function of small intestine (intestinal villi, small intestine glands, duodenal glands, aggregated lymph nodes);
Structural characteristics of large intestine mucosa;
Lymphoid tissue of gastrointestinal tract and its immune function (microfold cells, secretory immunoglobulin A);
Gastrointestinal endocrine cells and their functions (ECL cells, D cells, G cells, I cells, S cells).
Familiarity: morphological characteristics of each segment of small intestine;
Hierarchical structure characteristics of large intestine and appendix.
Chapter 15 Digestive gland
Master: the general structure of pancreas, the structure and function of pancreatic acinus, and the cell composition and function of islet;
The general structure of the liver, the structure of hepatic lobules (including cellular components);
Light and electron microscopic structural characteristics of hepatocytes and their relationship with function;
Morphological characteristics and functions of liver macrophages, large granular lymphocytes and fat storage cells.
Familiar with: the structural and functional characteristics of three kinds of large salivary glands;
Characteristics of liver blood circulation and ways of bile excretion.
Chapter 16 respiratory system
Master: the layered structure of trachea and main bronchial wall, the cell composition and function of epithelium;
The general structure of the lung, the air guiding part and the breathing part;
The concept of pulmonary lobule;
Alveolar epithelium, qi-blood barrier, pulmonary macrophages.
Familiarity: structural evolution of lung airway wall;
Interstitial lung.
Chapter 17 urinary system
Master: the general structure of kidney (cortex, medulla, cortical labyrinth, medullary radiation, etc. );
The composition of nephron, the distribution of each part, the structure of renal corpuscle and its original urine-forming function (filter membrane); Structure of renal tubule and its reabsorption function (including electron microscopic structure of proximal convoluted tubule);
Morphology and function of dense plaque and peribulbar cells.
Familiar with: structure and function of manifold;
Function of mesangial cells in glomerulus;
Patterns and characteristics of renal blood circulation.
Chapter 18 Male reproductive system
Master: the composition of spermatogenic cells, the morphological and karyotype evolution during spermatogenesis, and the light and electron microscopic structure of sperm;
Function of sertoli cells in testis, blood-testis barrier;
Structure and function of leydig cells in testis.
Familiar with: the general structure of testis;
Name of the section from seminiferous tubule to vas deferens;
General structure and function of epididymal duct;
General structure and function of prostate.
Chapter 19 Female reproductive system
Master: the morphology, ovulation and endocrine function of follicles at various stages of development and maturity;
Structure and function of corpus luteum;
Periodic changes of endometrium.
Familiar with: the general structure of ovary and uterus;
The general structure of cervix, vagina and breast.
Chapter 20 Introduction to Embryology
Master: the definition and research content of embryology;
The concept of teratology;
Embryonic development stage.
Chapter 2 1 Introduction to Embryogenesis
Mastery: the main links in the process of fertilization (sperm capacitation, acrosome reaction, zona pellucida reaction) and their significance;
The early development of fertilized eggs (cleavage, morula) and the structure of blastocysts;
The concept and normal position of implantation, decidual reaction, placenta previa and ectopic pregnancy;
The main differentiation results of each of the three germ layers;
The general structure and function of placenta, the concept of placental barrier;
Causes of twins and conjoined twins.
Familiar with: the general process of the evolution of inner cell population into three germ layers, the cause of teratoma;
General structure and function of fetal membranes (chorion, amniotic membrane, yolk sac, allantoic sac, umbilical cord).
Chapter 22 The appearance of face and limbs
Master: the cause of cleft lip and palate.
Familiarity: the general process of face, palate and limbs.
Chapter 23 Occurrence of Digestive System and Respiratory System
Master: the etiology of digestive tract atresia or stenosis, Michael's diverticulum, umbilical fecal fistula, congenital umbilical hernia, tracheoesophageal fistula and hyaline membrane disease.
Familiarity: the general evolution process and results of primitive digestive tract;
The evolutionary result of pharyngeal sac;
The general process of hepatobiliary pancreatogenesis;
The general process of trachea and lung development.
Chapter XXIV Occurrence of Urinary System and Reproductive System
To master the etiology of polycystic kidney, ectopic kidney, urachal fistula, cryptorchidism, congenital inguinal hernia and hermaphroditism.
Familiar with: the general process of post-renal change;
General process of gonad and reproductive duct.
Chapter 25 The occurrence of cardiovascular system
Master: the concept of blood island;
Causes of atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, aortic or pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot and patent ductus arteriosus.
Familiarity: the general process of heart development;
Patterns, characteristics and changes of blood circulation after birth.
Chapter 26 The nervous system and the occurrence of eyes and ears (self-study)
Familiar with: the etiology of anencephaly, spina bifida and hydrocephalus.
Chapter 27 Introduction to Deformity (Self-study)
Familiarity: genetic factors and environmental teratogenic factors leading to congenital malformation;
The concept of teratogenic sensitive period.
June 5438, 2005+10 month
★ Introduction to the author
Essentials of medical postgraduate entrance examination series
editor in chief
Peng Yuwen
histoembryology
editor in chief
Zhou Guomin Zhong Cuiping
Associate editor
Tang Guo Junmin Shungen Lihe
Liu Houlai and Liping Li Yan
Author (sorted by last name strokes)
Wang Fang Liu Hou Li He, Liu Liyun
Zhou Liyan Guo Min Zhong Cuiping He Liping
Tang Shungen Tree Yin Xiu
foreword
In the minds of many candidates, postgraduate entrance examination is a daunting door. Faced with a mountain of teaching materials and supplementary books, many candidates feel that they can't grasp the key points and have no way to start. After the exam, there are always some candidates who lose points because they don't grasp the essentials, don't answer questions comprehensively, or don't highlight the key points, and feel annoyed. In order to help candidates solve these difficulties, successfully pass the postgraduate entrance examination and realize the ideal of further study, we organized experts and professors from the main disciplines of basic medicine and clinical medicine of Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University to compile this set of Essential Series for Medical Postgraduate Entrance Examination. This set of books *** 14 includes human anatomy, histology and embryology, physiology, biochemistry, cell biology, pharmacology, pathophysiology, pathology, internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, oncology and dermatology. The experts and professors in these disciplines we invited have been engaged in the teaching of basic medicine and clinical medicine for a long time, and have rich teaching experience and in-depth research on the proposition of postgraduate entrance examination.
Each volume of this book is divided into two parts: the essentials and the examination questions. The essence part is based on the textbooks currently used by medical undergraduates in Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College and other medical colleges in China. According to the scope and difficulty of the postgraduate entrance examination questions, this paper systematically summarizes the relevant contents of the teaching materials and puts forward the basic theories and knowledge points that must be mastered. Collected the basic content and key content of each chapter that candidates want to master, which is convenient for candidates to review and consolidate comprehensively. In the part of examination questions, the real or simulated questions of the entrance examination for master of medicine in some medical colleges in China in recent years, including Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, are collected, and each set of questions is accompanied by reference answers or key points. Candidates can carefully read and study the relevant test questions and their reference answers or key points, and have a deep understanding of the types and styles, the depth and breadth of the content, the requirements and methods of answering questions in the entrance examination for graduate students in medical colleges.
I hope this set of books can open the door for students to take the postgraduate entrance examination and make a modest contribution to becoming a master of medicine.
Peng Yuwen
July 2005
catalogue
The first part is the essence of content.
The first chapter is the research contents and methods of histology and embryology.
The first section is the research content of histology and embryology.
Section 2 Research Methods of Histology and Embryology
Chapter II Overview of Human Activities
Section 1 Germ cells and fertilization
Section 2 Early Embryogenesis
Section III Overview of Congenital Malformations
Chapter III Epithelial Tissue
Section 1 covers epithelium.
Glandular epithelium and glands in the second section
Section III Renewal and Regeneration of Epithelial Tissues
Chapter IV Blood
Section 1 Hematopoietic Organs and Hematopoietic Functions
Section 2 Blood
Lymph of the third section
Chapter V Connective Tissue Ontology
Section 1 loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue in the second quarter
The third quarter adipose tissue and reticular tissue
Chapter VI Cartilage and Bone
First cartilage
The second bone
Chapter VII Muscle Tissue
Formation of the first muscle tissue and adult regeneration
Skeletal muscle in the second quarter
The third quarter myocardium
Smooth muscle in the fourth quarter
Chapter VIII Nerve tissue
The appearance of the first section of nerve tissue
Neural stem cells in the second quarter
Third neuron
Synapse of the fourth quarter
Section 5 Glial cells
Section 6 nerve fibers and nerves
Section 7 nerve endings
Section 8 degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers
Chapter 9 Nervous system
The emergence of the first nervous system
The second spinal cord
Section 3 cerebral cortex
Fourth cerebellar cortex
Section 5 Cerebrospinal meninges, Cerebrovascular and Choroid Plexus
Sixth ganglion
Chapter X Circulation System
Section 1 Occurrence of Cardiovascular System
Section II Composition and General Structure of Vascular Wall
The third artery
Section 4 Capillary
Fifth vein
Section 6 Blood vessels of microcirculation
Section 7 Heart
Section 8 Lymphatic system
Chapter II XI Immune System
Section 1 Introduction
Lymphatic organs in the second quarter
Chapter XII Endocrine System
Section 1 Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Second pineal gland
Section 3 Thyroid gland
Fourth parathyroid gland
Section 5 Adrenal gland
Section 6 Diffuse neuroendocrine system
Chapter 13 Skin
Section 1 The occurrence of skin and its appendages
The structure of the skin in the second quarter
Section 3 Skin Accessory Structure
Section 4 Blood vessels and nerves of the skin
Section 5 Changes of skin with age
Chapter 14 Eyes
First eye wall
Section 2 eyeball contents
Accessory structure of third eye
Chapter 15 Ears
Chapter 16 Oral cavity
Oral genesis
Section 2 Oral Mucosa
Section 3 Tongue
Section 4 Salivary glands
The fifth tooth
Periodontal tissue of the sixth section
Chapter 17 Digestive duct
The occurrence of the first digestive tract
Section 2 General Structure of Digestive Tract
Third esophagus
The fourth stomach
Section 5 small intestine
Section 6 Large intestine
Chapter 18 Pancreas, Liver and Gallbladder
The first pancreas
Section 2 Hepatobiliary
Chapter 19 Respiratory system
The first section the occurrence of respiratory system
Second nasal segment
Third larynx
Section 4 Trachea and Bronchus
Fifth lung
Chapter 20 Urinary system
Section 1 Occurrence of Urinary System
Renal parenchyma in the second quarter
Section III Renal Interstitial
Section 4 Urination pipeline
Chapter XXI Male Reproductive System
Section 1 the occurrence of reproductive system
Testis in the second quarter
Section III Reproductive Duct
Accessory gland of the fourth section
Section 5 penis
Chapter XXII Female Reproductive System
Section 1 The occurrence of female reproductive system
Second ovary
The third section fallopian tube
Fourth uterus
Section 5 vagina
Section 6 Mammary Glands
The second part is the real question and the main points of answering questions.
Zhenti 1 peking university health science center organized the examination questions of embryology for the postgraduate entrance examination in 2003.
True Question 2 peking university health science center organized the examination questions of embryology for the postgraduate entrance examination in 2005.
Question 3: Histology and embryology of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine in 2002.
Question 4: Histology and embryology of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine in 2002.
Zhenti 5 Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology 200 1 Exam of Histology and Embryology for Postgraduate Entrance Examination
Question 6: Histology and embryology of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in 2002.
Question 7: Histology and embryology of the Second Military Medical University in 2004.
Question 8: Histology and embryology of the Second Military Medical University in 2005.
Question 9: Examination questions of histology and embryology of South China University in 2004.
In 2005, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University took the postgraduate entrance examination on histology and embryology 10.