The name of "seven sons" began with Cao Pi's Dian Lun Paper: "Today's literati include Lu Kongju, Guangling Chen Zhang, Wang Shen, Beihai Xu, Liu Chen Ruan Yu Yuan Yu, Runan Xingyang Delian, and Dongping businessman Liu Zhen. People who have given birth to seven children have nothing to learn and nothing to write. "These seven people generally represent outstanding writers except Cao Shi and his son during the Jian 'an period, so the theory of' seven sons' has been widely recognized by later generations. Except Kong Rong and Cao Cao, the other six ethnic groups had different experiences, but they all suffered from the rebellion at the end of Han Dynasty. Later, when he defected to Cao Cao, his position changed and he lived a stable and prosperous life. They regard Cao Cao as their confidant and want to rely on him to do something. Therefore, their poems have many similarities with Cao Shi's father and son. Because the seven sons of Jian 'an once lived together in Nakano, Weidu, they were also called "the seven sons of Nakano".
In Seven Sons, everyone has the same name. Cao Zhi, RoyceWong and Serina Liu are also called "Wang Cao" and "Cao Liu". Xiao Gang in the Southern Dynasties and Wang Shu in Xiangdong: "Yangma and Wang Cao are far away, and Pan Lu and Xie Yan are near." Zhong Rong's poem: "Cao Liu wrote before the sages." Wang Rong and Serina Liu are also called "Liu Wang". Hu's Poems: "Both Wang and Liu go down and perfunctory."
First of all, the profile of the character
Kong Rong (153 ~ 208)
Kong Rong's family background is actually a brief introduction to Xu Gan. He was the twentieth grandson of Confucius, a native of Lu Qufu, and was later used by Cao Cao. When he was young, he gave a big pear to his brother and took a small pear himself, so he was a fairy. This is the story of "Kong Rong gives pears". At the time of Lingdi, Situ Yang Cifu was appointed Emperor. Zhong Ping (185) first rose to the highest position as a counselor, which was incompatible with Zhong Cheng and resigned due to illness. Later, Sikong Fu became a subordinate, joined the China Army and became a warrior corps commander. In the first year of Di Xian Chu Ping (190), Dong Zhuo became a negotiator and went to Beihai County, Qingzhou, where the Yellow Scarf Army was the most prosperous. In the second year of Xingping (195), Liu Bei recommended him as the secretariat of Qingzhou. In the first year of Jian 'an (196), Yuan Tan, the son of Yuan Shao, attacked Qingzhou, Kong Rong fought alone and his wife was captured. Cao Cao moved the capital to Xuchang, recruited Kong Rong as the master, and moved to Shaofu. In Xuchang, many people obeyed and were dismissed because of dissatisfaction with Cao's deception. Later, I met with Dr. Taizhong, retired to idle posts, treated guests like guests, and was packed and had a high reputation. Finally, he was taboo by Cao Cao, which constituted a crime in vain, and he was imprisoned and abandoned the city. Kong Rong, the eldest son of Jian 'an, is very talented. The only existing works are prose and poetry. Prose, such as "Praise the Meter Scale" and "On Xiaozhang Sheng with Cao Gong", are flowery and full of lovers' flavor; Humor in Talking with Cao Cao about Prohibition. His second poem, Miscellaneous Poems, describes the bereavement in simple terms, which is sad and moving.
Chen Lin (? ~2 17)
Kong Zhang, a native of Guangling (now Jiangdu, Jiangsu), was one of the seven sons of Jian 'an, but he was older than Kong Rong. In the last years of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty, he served as general blades' master book. Blade was summoned to Luoyang, the capital, to punish the eunuch. Chen Lin tried to dissuade them, but blades refused to accept them. Finally defeated and killed. Dong Zhuo abused Luoyang, and Chen Lin took refuge in Jizhou and entered Yuan Shao's account. Yuan Shao has written many articles and military documents. The most famous is "Pulling Zhou Yuwen for Yuan Shao", which recounts Cao Cao's crimes and denounces his father and ancestors. It's very inflammatory. In the fifth year of Jian 'an (200), Yuan Shao was defeated in World War I, and Chen Lin was captured by Cao Jun, so Cao Cao loved it. He made a drink offering to Sikong's military adviser and put him in charge of the archives together with Ruan Yu. Later, he turned to be the supervisor of the Prime Minister. In the 22nd year of Jian 'an (2 17), Serina Liu, Angelababy and Xu Gan died of epidemic diseases. Good at playing secretary. Drinking horses in the Great Wall Cave is his masterpiece. Taking the story of Qin building the Great Wall as an excuse, it is particularly profound to expose the suffering brought by heavy corvee to the people.
RoyceWong (177 ~ 2 17)
Zhong Xuan was born in Levin, Yang Shan (now Zouxian County, Shandong Province), one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. When RoyceWong was young, he went to see Cai Yong, the left corps commander. Cai Yong was surprised to see him. RoyceWong memorized knowledge and was good at arithmetic writing. Once, I read a roadside stone tablet with a friend, read it once, and recited it word for word. Once again, watching people play go, the situation is very chaotic. Wang can reset it without missing it. Later, he was attached to Liu Biao in Jingzhou, and Liu Biao took it as a guest of honor. After Liu Biao's death, RoyceWong persuaded Liu Cong, the second son of Liu Biao, to surrender to Cao Cao. When Cao Cao arrived in Jingzhou, RoyceWong was appointed as the Hou of the Shanhaiguan Pass. The ancestral temple was built in Wei, Wang Shen, He Qia, Du Bai Middle School. * * * proposed to respect Cao Cao as "Wang Wei"; Later, Xun You was ordered by the secretariat to stop the remonstration and worried about his own death, so he decided to stop. Among the seven sons, his grades are the highest. His Seven Wounded Poems and Ode to the Building best represent the spirit of Jian 'an literature. One of the Seven Wounded Poems (Xijing Rebellion is nothing) describes the scene of starving women abandoning their children on their way to Chang 'an to avoid Jingzhou Rebellion, which profoundly reveals the terrible scene caused by the warlord scuffle at the end of the Han Dynasty and the profound disaster of the people, making people dumbfounded. Ode to the Building was written when I was in Chengtou, Maicheng, Jingzhou. It mainly expresses homesickness and sadness of failing to satisfy my talent. It is full of touching power and is a famous lyric poem.
Xu gan (17 1 ~ 2 17)
Wei Chang, a native of Beihai (now Weifang City, Shandong Province), was one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. Teenagers study hard and concentrate on reading classics. At the end of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, the children of the imperial clan formed the gate of party power and competed for fame. Xu Gan was shut out and lived in a poor place. In the early years of Jian 'an, Cao Cao called on Sikong military adviser, offered wine and sacrifices, and turned to literature. A few years later, he resigned due to illness, and Cao Cao specially commended him. Since then, he was awarded the above-mentioned Ai Chang, but he was also ill. In February of the 22nd year of Jian 'an (2 17), a plague prevailed and he died. The main work is Zhong Lun, and Cao Pi praised the book as "the words of a family, elegant and upright, which can be passed down to future generations." His love poem "Fang Si" is also written with passion.
Ruan Yu (? ~2 12)
The word Yu, Chen Liuwei (now Kaifeng, Henan), was one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. The secretary of Zhang Biao is excellent, and his masterpiece is Writing for Tsao Gong and Sun Quan. The poem "Drive Away from the Northland" is more vivid in describing the pain of orphans being abused by their stepmother. When he was young, he studied under Cai Yong, and Cai Yong called him a "wizard". The secretary of the chapter table is excellent. At that time, military books were mainly written by Ruan Yu and Chen Lin. Later, he moved to Cang as prime minister. The language of poetry is simple and can often reflect general social problems. The poem Drive Out of the North Gate describes the pain of orphans being abused by their stepmother. Ruan Yu's musical accomplishment is quite high. His son Ruan Ji and grandson Ruan Xian were both celebrities at that time, ranking among the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Ruan Yuanyu, editor of Ming Dynasty.
Angelababy (? ~2 17)
De Lian was born in Runan (now southeast of runan county, Henan), one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. He is good at creating Fu, and his masterpiece is Poems with Five Senses of Zhang. At first, he was appointed as the prime minister of the Cao family, and later he became the son of Hou Pingyuan. When Cao Pi was the commander of the five senses, he wrote dozens of articles for the literature of the general office (responsible for proofreading classics and offering articles). Poetry is also good.
Liu Zhen (? ~2 17)
Word Shang, a native of Dongping (now Dongping County, Shandong Province), was one of the seven sons of Jian 'an. Look at your value with literature. During the Jian 'an period, Serina Liu was called a subordinate of the Prime Minister by Cao Cao. I have a good relationship with the Cao Pi brothers. Later, due to the brief introduction of Zhen Shi and Pi's wife, Xu Gan, she served hard labor for disrespectful crimes, and was later appointed as a petty official by the Ministry of Exemption. In the 22nd year of Jian 'an (2 17), Chen Lin, Yu Xu and Yang Ying died of epidemic disease. His literary achievements are mainly manifested in poetry, especially the creation of five-character poems. There are fifteen poems today, three of which are representative works. They are concise, easy to understand and good at comparison and comparison.
Second, literary achievements.
poetic sentiment
Qizi mainly writes five-character poems. Five-character poetry is a new style of poetry that emerged in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. The appearance of "ancient poetry" in Huan and the spiritual world marks the initial maturity of five-character poetry. However, the excellent five-character poems of "Qizi" are full of emotions and changes, which make the five-character poems more exquisite in art. For example, Xu Gan's "Thinking about the House" is more delicate and profound than "Grass by the Green River" or "Lonely Bamboo in Ran Ran". Chen Lin's Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave and Ruan Yu's Driving Out the North Gate were both written before the end of the Han Dynasty, and their writing time was not necessarily later than that of Ancient Poems, so their importance in the development history of five-character poems deserves more attention.
Literary forms like Fu.
The "Seven Scholars" wrote a lot of Fu Xiao, who made contributions to the further prosperity of Fu Xiao on the basis of the achievements of Zhang Heng and Cai Yong. There are three points worthy of attention in the Xiao Fu of Seven Sons: ① The range of materials is expanded, and the generalization and daily theme further dilute the aristocratic nature of the previous Da Fu; ② The function of reflecting social reality has been strengthened, and the number of works directly describing political events has increased; ③ The colors expressing * * * are getting stronger and stronger. Cao Pi once spoke highly of the seven sub-poems in Dian Lun Wen, and Liu Xie also expressed the same view in Wen Xin Diao Long Shi Fu. In particular, he thinks that RoyceWong and Xu Gan are the "fu capitals" of Cao Wei, saying that they can be juxtaposed with Song Yu, Sima Xiangru, Zuo Si and Pan Yue.
essay
Kong Rong's Zhang Biao, Chen Lin and Ruan Ji's secretaries, and Xu Gan and RoyceWong's essays were all unique at that time. Their * * * same advantage is that Cao Pi said that "literature is based on qi" (a classic paper), which embodies the author's unique temperament. The famous essays of "Qizi" include Kong Rong's Letter of Recommending Secrets, On Cao Gong, Chen Lin's Moving to Yuzhou Class, Writing for Cao Hong and Wang Wei, Ruan Yu's Writing for Cao Gong and Sun Quan, Wang Shen's Shang Yang and Jingzhou Literature. Seven-Zi prose tends to be parallel prose in form, especially in Kong Rong and Chen Lin. Some of their works are arranged in antithesis and often use allusions, which has become an indispensable part in the process of parallel prose in the late Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty.
works
All the original collections of "Seven Scholars" works have been lost, and only Xu Gan's monograph on political ethics "On China" is left. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Qian compiled Confucius' Shaofu Collection, Wang Shizhong Collection, Chen Jishi Collection, Ruan Collection, Gong Liu □ Collection and Yingdelian Xiulian Collection, which were collected in 103 books in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. In Qing Dynasty, Yang compiled Seven Chapters of Jian 'an.
Third, historical evaluation.
The life of "seven sons" can basically be divided into two periods. In the early stage of the great social war at the end of the Han Dynasty, although their social status and life experiences were different, they could not escape the fate of sharing weal and woe. In the later period, they were all attached to Cao Cao, Kong Rong was a big official in Shaofu, RoyceWong was a servant, and the rest were close ministers of Cao Shi and his son. But Kong Rong later clashed with Cao Cao and was killed. Because these seven people joined Cao Cao at different times, there is no unified boundary between their early and late periods. Kong Rong was in the first year of Jian 'an (196), Xu Gan and Ruan Ji were in the early period of Jian 'an, Chen Lin was in Jian 'an for five years, RoyceWong was in Jian 'an for thirteen years, and Serina Liu and Angelababy were in Jian 'an for thirteen years. Corresponding to their life trajectory, the creation of "Seven Sons" can also be divided into two stages. The early works mostly reflect the reality of social unrest and express the feelings of worrying about the country and the people. His main works include RoyceWong's Seven Wounded Poems, Ode to the Building, Chen Lin's Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave, Ruan Ji's Driving Out of the North Gate, and Serina Liu's Gift to My Brother. All of them have practical significance and certain ideological depth; However, some works are too deep and sentimental, such as Ruan Ji's Seven Wounded Poems and Serina Liu's anonymous "Heaven and Earth Never Meet". His later works mostly reflect his support for Cao Shi's regime and his ambition to establish his own political achievements, and the content is mostly banquets and answers. However, some praises to Cao Shi and his son are accompanied by followers, showing vulgar attitudes. However, whether before or after, the creation of "seven sons" is mainly based on positive and healthy content.
The creation of Seven Sons has its own personality and unique style. Kong Rong is good at reciting prose, and his works are full of vigor. RoyceWong's poems, words and essays are famous for their kindness, and his works are lyrical. Serina Liu is good at poetry, and his style is desolate. Chen Lin and Ruan Ji, who are famous for their Zhang Shibiao, also made some achievements in poetry creation at that time. The difference in their styles is that Chen Lin is more vigorous and Ruan Ji is more natural and fluent. Xu Gan has both poetry and prose, exquisite writing style and soothing body. Lian Ying can also write poems and songs, and his works are harmonious and literary. There are also similarities in the creative styles of "seven sons", which is the era style of Jian 'an literature. The specific content of this style of the times and the reasons for its formation are what Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long: Time Series": "When you look at the time, you are elegant, good at leaving the world, the wind is declining and vulgar, and your ambition is deep and long, so your outline is rich."
"Seven Scholars" have a very important position in the history of China literature. Together with the "Three Caos", they formed the main force of Jian 'an writers. They all contributed to the development of poetry, prose and prose.
Fourthly, Jian 'an literature.
In the ninth year of Jian 'an (204), after Cao Cao occupied Yecheng, he created a relatively stable political situation centered on Yecheng in northern China. Cao Cao advocated "respecting the name of punishment" and "being proficient in detachment", being good at literature and loving the scribes. After suffering from the war, many scribes rushed to Yecheng to join Cao Shi. Here, a huge group under Yemen, led by "Three Caos" and represented by "Seven Sons", has been formed. Most of them joined the army in wartime and returned to China to study literature, write poems, discuss literature, sing praises, express their feelings, describe social chaos, criticize each other and consult. * * jointly improved their writing level, developed and prospered Jian 'an literature, and left a precious spiritual wealth of "Jian 'an Style" to future generations. Jian 'an literature occupies a very important position in the history of China literature development.
"Jian 'an" was a title of Xian Di Liu Xie at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, after Dong Zhuo's rebellion, warlords became independent and wars were frequent. Chang 'an and Luoyang were destroyed. Xian Di went from Chang 'an to Luoyang and was greeted by Cao Cao to Xuchang. This year (196) was changed to Xingping as the first year of Jian 'an.
In 220, Cao and Zen were both located in Cao Pi. Jian 'an literature usually refers to literature from the end of Han Dynasty to Wei Chu, but it is not limited to these 25 years.
Jian 'an period is a glorious period in the history of Chinese literature, with numerous talents, writers and diverse styles, and it is a golden age in the history of Chinese literature. The Eastern Han Dynasty was in the midst of great division, turmoil and warlord melee, but it radiated brilliant glory in literature. This is related to various social factors at that time.