Magnetic superconducting materials refer to superconducting materials containing magnetic ions, which can be used to accelerate particles in the Large Hadron Collider and build magnetic levitation vehicles. At present, the main problem in the development and mass production of magnetic superconductors is the use of complex and expensive cooling equipment. For the first time, researchers at the Russian Quantum Center obtained magnetic superconducting materials at room temperature. With this technology, quantum computers without complicated and expensive cooling equipment can be manufactured in the future. Relevant experiments were carried out on yttrium iron garnet single crystal thin film, and the film has spontaneous magnetization characteristics at a certain temperature.
A unique silicon nanocomposite was developed by the Russian National University of Research and Technology and the Institute of Microelectronics Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences by depositing graphene coating technology. This research and development will accelerate the development of "micro power device" technology directly placed on the printed circuit board of electronic products.
Porous silicon structures are increasingly used in microelectronics and biomedicine. One of its important characteristics is that holes with different sizes are evenly distributed throughout the material. In medicine, porous silicon membrane acts as a filter, for example, for hemodialysis. In portable electronic products, they are used as electrodes of micro fuel cells, which are a promising hydrogen source and can be integrated into printed circuit boards. However, when it comes into contact with working liquid (water or weak alkaline solution), nano-porous silicon will be gradually destroyed. Due to the new method of treating silicon structure, its surface resistance is reduced by hundreds of times, and its stability to weak alkaline solution is significantly improved. In addition, due to the formation of extra protrusions on the inner surface of the channel, the effective surface area of the material is more than doubled. All these greatly improve the performance of micro fuel cells and the durability of expensive catalysts used in them.
In addition, the Far Eastern Federal University of Russia and the Institute of Automation Process Control of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences have developed the technology of laser printing silicon nanoparticles. The advantages of this technology are high speed and low manufacturing cost, and it can cover a large area with particles. This will make VR glasses and other electronic products smaller and cheaper to manufacture. Silicon nanoparticles are the basic materials for producing miniature photoelectric switches, ultra-thin computer chips, microbial sensors and shielding coatings. With the help of laser printed silicon nano-blocks, the main characteristics such as amplitude, spectrum and propagation direction of light waves incident on them can be controlled.
Researchers at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom imitated the characteristics of spider silk, one of the strongest materials in nature, and created a sustainable and extensible polymer film based on plants. This new material is as strong as many ordinary plastics used today and can replace disposable plastics in many ordinary household products. At the same time, the material can be safely degraded in most natural environments, and industrial large-scale production can be realized without industrial composting equipment.
Researchers at Cambridge University combined soft robot manufacturing technology, ultra-thin electronic technology and microfluidic technology to develop an ultra-thin inflatable device, which can treat the most serious limb pain, such as leg and back pain that painkillers can't cure, without invasive surgery. This device may become a long-term effective solution to treat intractable pain of millions of people around the world.
A cooperative research team led by the University of Liverpool has discovered a new inorganic material, which has the lowest thermal conductivity in history. This discovery represents a new breakthrough in material design to control heat flow at atomic scale, which will accelerate the development of new thermoelectric materials that convert waste heat into electric energy and effectively use fuel, and find a new way to build a sustainable development society.
Cambridge University has found a way to produce a sustainable, non-toxic and biodegradable glitter substance from cellulose (the main component of plant, fruit and vegetable cell walls), and can use self-assembly technology to produce color films.
Researchers at Cambridge University have developed a soft and strong new material, which looks and feels like soft jelly, but it can bear the weight equivalent to an elephant standing on it, and when compressed, it looks like an ultra-hard unbreakable glass. It can be completely restored to its original shape, although its composition is 80% water.
In the field of new materials, American scientists have exerted their whimsy and made many breakthroughs. Graphene, the king of new materials, came out in 2004, and people have been trying to design new two-dimensional materials since then. Boron ketone is considered to be stronger, lighter and more flexible than graphene, or it will become another "magic nano-material" after graphene.
Argonne National Laboratory and other institutions have developed borohydride composed of boron and hydrogen atoms. This two-dimensional material is only two atoms thick and stronger than steel, which is expected to show its talents in the fields of nano-electronics and quantum information technology. Engineers at Northwest University have created a kind of boron alkene with diatomic thickness for the first time, which is expected to bring revolutionary changes to solar cells and quantum computing.
For the first time, scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, developed an ultra-thin magnet with a single atomic thickness that can work at room temperature, which is expected to be applied to the next generation of memory, computers, spintronics and quantum physics.
In addition, scientists at Carnegie University have developed a new method to synthesize a new type of crystalline silicon with hexagonal structure, which may be used to manufacture a new generation of electronic and energy devices. The performance of the new equipment will exceed the existing equipment made of ordinary cubic silicon. Researchers at Princeton University have developed the purest gallium arsenide in the world so far, which contains only one impurity per 65.438+000 billion atoms, paving the way for further exploration of quantum phenomena.
The "diamond battery", also called "Beta Volt battery", which was trial-produced by Japan Institute of Materials, is a kind of "nuclear battery" made of radioactive substances. The nucleus of radioactive materials is unstable, which will release all kinds of radiation and decay. Among them, carbon 14 and the radioactive isotope nickel 63 of nickel will release β rays. The half-life of carbon 14 is about 5700 years, and the half-life of nickel 63 is about 100 years, which can realize long-life batteries. The "diamond battery" uses this radioactive substance to release beta rays to generate electricity. The life of "diamond battery" made in Japan can reach 100 years, and it can be used as power supply for space and underground equipment.
The research team of Kochi University of Engineering in Japan has developed a sponge structure "nano-porous super-multi-component catalyst" which contains 14 element uniformly and has randomly connected nano-pores. This catalyst is realized by preparing aluminum alloy containing 65,438+04 elements, firstly dissolving aluminum in alkaline solution for dealloying, and then aggregating elements other than aluminum. Because the alloy can be produced on a large scale only by dissolution.
Japan Institute of Quantum Science and Technology, Tohoku University and Institute of High Energy Accelerator have improved the alloy composition and found that hydrogen can be stored by using aluminum and iron without using rare metals. It is found that although aluminum and iron are metals that are not easy to react with hydrogen, they can store hydrogen and become new metal hydrides when they react with high temperature hydrogen above 650 in an environment of more than 70,000 atmospheres. Japan has developed this hydrogen storage alloy without using rare metals, which can realize the low-cost transportation of hydrogen storage materials.
Tokyo institute of technology, Kumamoto University and other research teams have developed a new substance "14 yuan ring iron complex" to help fuel cells remove platinum. The research team made an aromatic 14 yuan cyclic iron complex, the iron atom was fixed by 14 atom, and its structure was smaller than that of 16 yuan cyclic complex. The oxygen reduction catalytic activity of the newly prepared catalyst was evaluated by potential scanning method, and it was found that it had better catalytic activity and durability than iron phthalocyanine. The goal of the team is to improve the catalytic activity to about 30 times by optimizing the peripheral structure of the 14-membered ring, so as to make platinum substitute catalyst practical.
In nanotechnology, the solid state physics laboratory of the University of Paris-Sud in France and the Institute of Physics of the Technical University of Graz in Austria have carried out three-dimensional imaging of nano-surface phonons for the first time, which is expected to promote the development of new and more effective nanotechnology. In order to develop new nanotechnology, we must first visualize the surface phonons on the nanometer scale. In the new research, scientists use electron beam to excite lattice vibration, measure it with special spectral method, and then reconstruct it through tomography.
In the aspect of hydrogen energy, researchers from French National Scientific Research Center and German technical university of munich have developed a new hydrogen catalyst. Hydrogenase is an enzyme that can not only catalyze water electrolysis to produce hydrogen, but also realize the reverse reaction of hydrogen to electricity. The researchers put the hydrogenase into the "redox polymer" so that the hydrogenase can be grafted onto the electrode. Based on this, researchers have created a system that can catalyze the reaction in two directions, that is, the system can be used as a fuel cell or perform the opposite chemical reaction to generate hydrogen by electrolyzing water.
In the aspect of nano-materials, the French National Center for Scientific Research and the Center for Sustainable Development of Concrete of Massachusetts Institute of Technology have successfully used nano-carbon black to make cement conductive. The researchers introduced cheap and easy-to-produce nano-carbon materials into the mixture and verified its conductivity. By adding 4% nano-carbon black particles into the cement mixture, the obtained sample has electrical conductivity. When a voltage as low as 5 volts is applied, the temperature of the cement sample can be increased to 465 0 degrees Celsius. Because it can provide uniform heat distribution, it is possible to provide indoor floor heating and can replace the traditional radiation heating system. In addition, it can also be used for road deicing.
According to the implementation plan of 20021nanotechnology development and the implementation plan of 20021seventh industry technology innovation plan (2019-2023), the research funds of nanotechnology provided by the Korean government have increased rapidly for three consecutive years.
Sungkyunkwan University in Korea showed a new direction of coating graphene on nickel-rich oxides, thus preparing highly conductive active cathodes without using traditional conductive agents, further revealing the application feasibility of Gr nanotechnology.
The South Korean research team has developed the nano-film cathode with the best performance at present, using titanium disulfide as the active material and not using solid electrolyte.
Korea Institute of Science and Technology has completed the mass production technology of metal nanoparticles as catalysts for hydrogen fuel cells by using the metal thin film deposition process used in semiconductor manufacturing engineering. Special substrates are used in the manufacturing process to avoid metal deposition into thin films.
A joint research in South Korea successfully constructed a conductive channel with a line width of 4.3 angstroms. In this study, transparent two-dimensional black phosphorus with single atom thickness is used as conductive material. This material is expected to replace graphene as a new generation of semiconductor devices. The research results are verified by transmission electron microscope with atomic resolution.
The ultrafast pulse laser developed by Korea Institute of Science and Technology inserted an additional resonator containing graphene into the fiber-optic pulse laser oscillator working in the femtosecond range, which increased the pulse frequency of the existing laser by 654.38+0.0000 times.
Polaris Solutions, an Israeli company, said that it cooperated with the Ministry of National Defense to develop a thermal vision stealth material called "Kit 300". This material is composed of metal, polymer and superfine fiber, which is mainly used to help soldiers avoid being discovered by thermal imaging equipment at night, but it can also customize colors and patterns according to the needs of combat environments (such as Gobi and jungle) to help soldiers camouflage under visible light conditions. In addition, the material has waterproof function, high strength and flexibility, and can be bent into a U shape as a temporary stretcher.
Researchers from the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of Israel Polytechnic University wrote in Science that they have developed an ultra-thin "two-dimensional material (consisting of only one layer of atoms)", which can "capture" light, and scientists can use a special "quantum microscope" to observe the propagation of light in it. This material is expected to pave the way for a new generation of micro-optical technology. Professor Kamina of Israel University of Technology said that this discovery may reduce the fiber diameter from 1 micron to 1 nanometer.
The research team of Israel Institute of Technology wrote that removing an oxygen atom from the original structure can significantly improve the conductivity of ferroelectric materials. The researchers found that the atoms of the ferroelectric material barium titanate formed a lattice structure similar to a cube. By removing an oxygen atom from the lattice structure, a unique topological structure called "quadrupole" can be formed, and the conductivity of the material will be significantly improved. This research will help to reduce the energy consumption of electronic equipment in the future.
The Berlin Energy and Materials Research Center in Helmholtz, Germany, took 1 0,000 tomographic images in 1 s by using X-ray microscopy technology, which created a new world record in the field of materials research. The center invented a self-assembled methyl monolayer material between silicon and perovskite, which improved the filling performance and stability of solar cells and created a world record for the efficiency of calcium-titanium-silicon series solar cells. Ulrich Research Center and others synthesized and characterized the so-called two-dimensional materials. It is proved that this material is the topological insulator of the magnetic oscillator. Based on the principle that quantum effect hinders magnetic order, the University of Augsburg has developed a stable compound, which can replace paramagnetic salt to realize ultra-low temperature.
Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces has developed a carbon nitride nanotube film, which can catalyze various photochemical reactions with high conversion rate. These carbon nanotubes act as spatially isolated nano-reactors, which can convert sewage into clean water. German electron synchrotron radiation accelerator uses high-intensity X-rays to observe the working state of single catalyst nanoparticles, which is an important step towards better understanding the real industrial catalytic materials. Using the particle accelerator facility in darmstadt, Germany, German scientists successfully synthesized and studied dysprosium 1 14. The results show that dysprosium nucleus is not a so-called "stable island".
Fritz Haber Institute found that the surface of semiconductor zinc oxide can be turned into metal by laser irradiation, and then back to metal. Technical university of munich and others found that coating nano-coating on the interface of solid-state batteries can stabilize the batteries. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology found that coating and drying two layers of electrodes at the same time can shorten the drying time to less than 20 seconds and increase the production speed of lithium-ion batteries by at least one third.
The German Federal Institute for Materials Testing certified the standard for measuring fluorescence quantum efficiency for the first time in the world, which can reliably and comparably characterize new fluorescent substances and their measurement techniques. The injection molding glass process developed by the University of Freiburg can be used for mass production of complex glass structures and glass devices, replacing previous plastic products. Flawn Hof Institute of Architectural Physics has developed a demineralization process, which can completely separate industrial carbon black from mineral ash of vehicle tires.
In recent decades, the scientific community has become more and more interested in the use of nanotechnology and the opportunities it provides in the fields of science, engineering and biomedicine. Compared with their bulk counterparts, nanocrystals have unique physical properties, and because of their small size, they can easily enter living cells or even single organelles. This enables nanocrystals to be successfully used as drug carriers, which greatly promotes their targeted delivery to single cells and has great potential, especially in cancer chemotherapy.
What is more interesting is nanocrystals, which can not only be used as passive agents for targeted drug delivery, but also actively participate in biological processes in living cells. 202 1 10, the Institute of Scintillation Materials of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine announced that a new type of bioactive nanocrystals (nanoenzymes) have been studied in the field of nano biomaterials. These nanocrystals have enzyme-like characteristics and have the function of controlling the rate of biochemical processes in cells. They found that the properties of these nanocrystals mainly depend on their strong antioxidant activity.
As we all know, the so-called reactive oxygen species (ROS) is constantly formed in living cells. Because of its extremely high oxidation ability, it can destroy various components of living cells, thus having a negative impact on the body. With the increase of age, these diseases will continue to accumulate, and many scientists believe that the accumulation of structural changes in the human body is one of the key reasons leading to aging. In other words, effectively regulating the level of reactive oxygen species in living cells can be one of the factors to prevent many diseases and even delay aging. Enzyme molecules can control the level of active oxygen in living cells, and cerium oxide nanocrystals are one of the types of nanocrystals with enzyme-like antioxidant activity, which have been studied the most. The research of scientists in the institute confirmed that nanocrystals can slow down the aging process of mice. In the course of research, scientists also established the specific mechanism of promoting oxidation activity of nanocrystals in different acidic environments.