A summary of the study of Baima Lake Literary School From the history of Chinese New Literature Society (Literary School), there are two new literature societies in Zhejiang, or Japanese Literature School: one is Lakeside Poetry Society, which is located in Hangzhou. Secondly, the modern prose "Baima Lake School" is located in Ningbo and Shangyu in eastern Zhejiang. Lakeside poetry club has long been recognized by academic circles. However, it is only in recent years that we have known the prose of Baima Lake School. (A) "genre", if inferred from the etymology, is derived from the separation of water for the separation of things. It is said that the record of river relations in Shangshu Gong Yu is "the beginning of saying goodbye". It can be seen that the concept of "parting" appeared early. Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long Jie Fu" said: "Fu comes from poetry, and there are different schools", which is a metaphor for the separation and integration of styles from the same source and different streams. If the method of "dividing" is applied to the field of academic history, it can be inferred from the Summary of Hundred Schools of Literature and History that nine schools of thought, such as Confucianism, Taoism and Law, all have the nature of schools. The method of "separation" is also widely used in literary criticism. For example, Shen Yue attributed the creative history of more than 400 years from Han to Wei to "three changes". He said: "From the beginning of its turbulence, Feng and Sao were treated differently, only appreciating different feelings and deliberately creating a paradox." If wind and Sao are water sources, then the change of three-body is like "water does not flow" and becomes "pie" Perhaps it is the school formed by "dividing water". In the history of new literature schools in China, the prose "Baima Lake School" is indispensable. Judging from the water system in eastern Zhejiang, the "Baima Lake School" occurred in Ningbo and Shangyu in eastern Zhejiang, and its context seems to be faintly visible. Among the mountains in eastern Zhejiang, Huiji Mountain, Siming Mountain and Tiantai Mountain are the most famous. Among them, Siming Mountain and Tiantai Mountain are very important to Ningbo. The remaining vein of Tiantai Mountain in the southeast of Ningbo blocked the typhoon, and the middle part of Siming Mountain in the west suddenly stopped flowing. Yaojiang River crossed the Yaojiang waterway and connected Ningbo Port with the inland river, which is probably the only one in the Yangtze River Delta. Tunxi, surrounded by mountains on three sides, was already a stream that attracted many poets in the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai went to Zhejiang four times and Tiantai Mountain two times, and wanted to be there again one year before his death. Today, people call it "the road of Tang poetry" in eastern Zhejiang. It is connected by Jianhu, Caoejiang and Tongxi, starting from Huiji Mountain in the west, reaching Tiantai Mountain in the south and Siming Mountain in the east. Its area is only 750 1 of China, but it attracts 7 poets in the Tang Dynasty, that is, 228 people to swim and sing. Tongxi River flows to Fenghua, Ningbo, which is the source of Fenghua, and then flows to Fenghua River in Ningbo, where it joins Yuyao River and Yongjiang River and enters the sea. Shangyu and Ningbo belong to the East Zhejiang River system. However, among these three mountains, there is a Cao 'e River named after the filial daughter of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but it has found another way, flowing from south to north. Before it merged into Hangzhou Bay, it suddenly turned northwest in Guanbai Town. It's this Guanbai. Go east 15. When you get to the post, you will find a foggy lake in the south, namely Baima Lake. On the south bank of the lake, Xiangshan stands tall, blocking the expansion of the lake like a barrier. Chunhui middle school by the lake, Xia Mianzun, Zhu Ziqing and Feng Zikai, who were in charge of the pointer in those years, all created excellent prose. Their prose seems to have the same characteristics or similar styles, that is, it is as light, natural, meaningful and pure as the beautiful White Horse Lake. This Guanbai town was the place where Shangyu county ruled in ancient times. There was once a famous "Cao E Monument" that praised filial piety. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the National Day Temple at the foot of Dongshan Mountain, 45 miles southwest of Shangyu County, was the residence of Taifu Xie 'an. The Taifu Mansion is surrounded by Xie Gongdiao Road, Baiyun, Yueming Hall and the so-called Rose Cave. When Li Bai traveled to Dongshan, he wrote this sentence: "If you don't stay in Dongshan for a long time, how many times will the roses bloom?" The white clouds are still scattered, whose home is the bright moon? "It can be seen that Huiji Mountain, Siming Mountain and Tiantai Mountain are places where people gather. The intersection of natural landscape and humanistic spirit makes the beauty of Baima Lake merge into a clean stream and enter the long history of new literary schools. On the shore of Baima Lake, there is a new story, that is, the prose "Baima Lake School". Genre, as a literary phenomenon, is just like the separation of water as a natural phenomenon, which is produced in a specific time and space. However, literary schools exist in specific interpersonal relationships. In this sense, Baima Lake School prose includes Xia Mianzun, Zhu Ziqing, Feng Zikai, Zhu Guangqian and Liu Xunbi. Ye Shengtao and Yu Pingbo didn't teach in chunhui middle school, but they also visited chunhui middle school for a short time to give lectures and made friends with Xia, Zhu, Feng and Liu. Compared with other literary schools, their prose style has the flavor of Baima Lake School. Ye Shengtao and Xia Mianzun also formed their children's in-laws, so they can also be classified as Baima Lake School. In this school of prose writers, Xia Mianzun is a "crown" figure, or a representative figure. On his back is a group of people with lofty ideals, the master of new literature, Comrades' Party. Xia Mianzun was born in Baima Lake, where he has lived and worked for the longest time, and his personality and literary style are the most typical. In particular, his writing style, as Zhou Qixin said in the Record of Leiqin, has the characteristics of the following factors: frankness, sincerity, simplicity, and conciseness (see Hu Pu 'an: Records of National Customs in China, Taiwan Province Qixin Bookstore, 1968 edition). (2) Write the above background materials, hoping to pave the way for the review of Baimahu College of Literature and attract enough attention. Yang Mu, a scholar in Taiwan Province Province, first put forward this proposition. 1984 puts forward the viewpoint of "Baima Lake School Prose" in the preface of his Selected Modern Prose of China (published by Taiwan Province Hongfan Bookstore), and thinks that its style is "beautiful and simple, unpretentious and unassuming". However, Yang Mu did not make an in-depth discussion. Mainland scholars have paid attention to this issue. There are two earliest scholars, one is Chen Xing and the other is Zhu Huimin. In "On Lin He, a Hong Kong and Taiwan Female Writer" (Journal of Hangzhou Normal University 199 1No. 1 issue), it is pointed out that "the style of Baima Lake prose writers is clear and meaningful, simple and plain, never artificial, and strives for natural fluency". Almost at the same time, Zhu Huimin made a concrete demonstration on this issue. In the study of modern prose schools (Journal of Ningbo University,No. 199 1 issue,No. 1 issue), he thinks that "taking Zhu Ziqing, Xia Mianzun and others as examples, from the artistic characteristics of prose, writers' creative ideas and aesthetic tastes, life experiences, times, regions, society, vice-presidents, Then, according to this theory, he selected Thirteen Chapters of Baima Lake (published by Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House) and published it in1May, 994. It should be said that Chen Xing and Zhu Huimin's pioneering research on this issue has an indelible pioneering work. Chen Xing's monograph "Pioneer of Educational Reform-Baima Lake Writers Group" published in Taiwan in 1996 (later published in Zhejiang Literature and Art Publishing House in Chinese mainland in August 1998) takes "Baima Lake Writers Group" as the core concept, which broadens the research horizon of Baima Lake School. Zhu Huimin's "Thirteen Postscripts of White Horse Lake in Mangrove Hills-White Horse Lake" has laid a good foundation for the research of this subject. (3) The research results of two mainland scholars on this subject have aroused the concern and response of scholars in Taiwan Province Province. Taiwan Province scholar Zhang also discussed this issue. His viewpoint was revealed in the article Quiet and Lively —— The Prose World of Baima Lake Writers (published in From Huang Zunxian to Baima Lake, Zhong Zheng Bookstore 1996). Regarding Zhang's research, mainland scholars said: "His argument is basically based on the prose of Thirteen Chapters of Baima Lake, but he prefers the writers' group in his point of view:" Because these writers mainly rely on the Ningbo branch of the Literature Research Association and integrate with the literary system of the American North Silk Society, it is more appropriate to form a wing of the prose school dominated by Zhou Zuoren. It is not appropriate to call it' Baima Lake School' because it is a branch of the school. It is best to call it a' group' because it is less controversial. " It refers to a group of people with the same object, but there are two kinds of sayings:' prose genre' and' writers group'. The two statements are so close that dictionaries that should be authoritative (although in fact many dictionaries may not be authoritative) have to try to reconcile the two statements. The Dictionary of Modern Literary Societies and Schools in China, edited by Fan Quan, confuses Baima Lake's prose, combining writers and prose schools, saying that it is "fresh and rigorous, and Wen Ya's simple style is more mature, forming a unique prose school" among Baima Lake's prose writers. "If Zhang's single literary theory is too simple, then his brilliant masterpiece Quiet and Lively-A Group of Writers in Baima Lake (Taiwan Province Dongda Book Company, 1998, 1 1 version) is an important work. It discusses this group of literati in detail from many aspects, as the author said in the preface: "This paper is mainly divided into two parts: first, the literati form, ideological characteristics and personality strength represented by this group of writers, as well as the cultural concern, literary concept, social consciousness and life choice of the intellectual elite, or' people' as the subject; The other part focuses on their identity as writers and their performance in literature and art, especially in prose, which is also an important factor in the formation of this group. How do they practice a beautiful and elegant literary style, and how do they stir up works with similar styles, some of which reveal a strong white horse lake style. In other words, this part is centered on' works'. Based on these two general directions, we should take culture, geography, education, publishing and so on. As an "external perspective" and the aesthetic psychology and artistic characteristics of artistic creation as an "internal perspective", this paper tries to grasp the collective characteristics of these writers in thought and literature, which is the theoretical pattern and academic framework that this paper hopes to outline and complete. "This statement is true. (4) There is a consensus on the Baima Lake School of Literature, which originated in Baima Lake, developed in Lida and extended to enlightenment. This is clearly reflected in Zhu Huimin's Essays on Baima Lake Literature School (Hong Kong International Academic and Cultural Information Publishing Company, August 2006) and Wang Jianhua and Wang Xiaochu's Studies on Baima Lake Literature (Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore, June 5-4-38+ 10). Zhu Huimin said that Lida Academy was born out of Chunhui. Its classes are teachers in chunhui middle school, and some teachers are from Ningbo No.4 Middle School. Most of them are members of the Ningbo branch of the Cultural Research Association. Therefore, in a broad sense, Lida Academy can be regarded as an extension of Ningbo Branch and Baima Lake School. Similarly, some commentators, such as Lv Xiaoying, expressed the same view: Baima Lake Writers Group "originated in chunhui middle school on the White Horse Lake, developed into Lida Academy in Shanghai and matured into an enlightenment bookstore in Shanghai". It can be seen that although there are many sayings of Baima Lake School, Baima Lake Writers Group, Lida School and Enlightened School, the objects they refer to are generally the same group. The author thinks it is more appropriate to name the ethnic group after Baima Lake, the breeding place of the ethnic group. What's more, the focus of our research seems to be to grasp its essential connotation, and there is no need to exhaust its extension and reconcile its various statements. In fact, there is still great research significance and room for expansion, especially the research on its universality and regularity is not in-depth, and the deep background, creative attitude and artistic spirit of its formation need to be explored continuously. For example, Feng Zikai's research on art education thought in Chunhui has not been taken seriously, and the materials on which Feng Zikai's art education researchers are based are mostly those written by Feng Zikai after 1927, such as Cultivation of Childlike Heart, Adult Children, View of Western Painting, Waste Art, Beauty and Compassion and/kloc-0. (The fact is that during the Spring Festival, Feng had his own system of discussion on art education. The lost article "From Art to Life" recently discovered by the author can be seen. Therefore, there is also a lack of systematic theoretical combing and discussion. For another example, we need to further study the leisure prose of Baima Lake, which seems to be the basis for writing famous works of Baima Lake directly, such as Winter in Baima Lake by Xia Mianzun, Spring January by Zhu Ziqing, Baima Lake, Life between Mountains and Waters by Feng Zikai, Recalling the Old Tour of Baima Lake by Yu Pingbo and Looking at Baima Lake by Wang Shiying. Baimahu's leisurely prose pursues elegance and is "Tao Jun's literary thought" in the realm of "quietness and emptiness". Writers strive to make themselves feel natural and quiet after this kind of "static and empty" filter, so as to have a rest after work and then get the feeling of creation. Another example is the formation of the Baima Lake School. Their "gathering of comrades-in-arms" is obviously not a party or a tangible society, but completely like-minded. They used to have a close relationship and a profound friendship, and the relevant texts made people feel like spring breeze. They may have regular meetings and tea parties; Or meet and talk for three or five nights. Say goodbye and greet each other to celebrate birthdays. There are harmonious discussions and heated debates between them. The two of us care about each other and forget the Jianghu. However, there are few acts of intrigue and hitting people when they are down. The main value of the Collection of Comrades in Baimahu College of Literature seems to show a group of respectable and lovely cultural people in this particular era and group-the New Culture Movement. (5) Scholars pay more and more attention to the study of Baima Lake literary genre, and the establishment and summary of related topics have enhanced the value of this study. Fu of Shaoxing University of Arts and Sciences undertook and presided over one of the research results of the routine project of Zhejiang philosophy and social science planning in 2005, "Baima Lake Writers Group and China New Literature", which was published in the fifth issue of zhejiang academic journal in 2007. In addition, it is reported that the 2006 national philosophical and social science planning project "Research on the Evolution from Baima Lake to Enlightenment School" hosted by Chen Xing of Hangzhou Normal University has been completed, and the project achievements "Tracing the Source of Baima Lake Writers" and "From Lakeside to Jiangwan" were first published in the book "Academic Notes on Feng Zikai's Research" (Taibai Literature and Art Publishing House, July 2007). It seems that Baima Lake School has been confirmed. Congratulations. As early as 199 1 when the author wrote "Study on Baima Lake School of Modern Prose", he said: "Baima Lake School" is an objectively existing literary school, and the whole writer group not only has the same literary concept, but also has the same style characteristics. Even if it is not discovered and recognized in time, it cannot be erased and will be confirmed sooner or later. After more than ten years, the existence of this literary school has become a * * * knowledge. It is not far away for the author to strive for a "seat" for China's new literature in the historical picture of various schools. Many new literature researchers have recognized the existence of this literary school on different occasions and in different literary theories. This is just its big end. 1995, Shang Jinlin (Peking University) confirmed this view in Zhu Guangqian's Modern Literature in China (Anhui Education Press) with his article Zhu Guangqian and Baima Lake School. 1997, Xu Yan (Nanjing University) wrote Thirteen Essays of Baima Lake, praising the "Baima Lake School" prose. This article was included in his book Deng Lu of Yanzhai Book Department (Shaanxi Normal University Press 1998No. 1 Edition). Yao Wang (Suzhou University),1published in August, 1997, is the author of "Essays on Pingzhai", in which it is mentioned that "in recent years, some scholars believe that there is" Baima Lake School "among the schools of modern prose. Earlier, Qian Liqun and Fuhui Wu noticed this literary phenomenon in 1987' s Thirty Years of Modern Literature in China (published by Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House), and called it "Lida School". Later, it was renamed as "Enlightened School" in the revised version 1998, while Fuhui Wu was in 1996 65438+ February. In August 2006 (Fudan University Press), Li Shutong's Farewell to My West Lake Becoming a Monk (edited by Fuhui Wu and Chen Zishan) once again mentioned the White Horse Lake writers in the introduction. In July, 2006, the biography of apartment owner Xia Mianzun (Zhejiang People's Publishing House) edited by Wang Limin of Nantong University described the Baima Lake School in a whole chapter. In addition, in their correspondence with Zhu (Beijing Normal University) and (Institute of Literature, Shandong Academy of Social Sciences), they all agreed with the viewpoint of "Baima Lake School".