Qin Hui, from Tsinghua University.

Professor, School of Humanities and Social Sciences

□ Qin Hui

one

In the modern history since the Enlightenment, apart from traditional textual research and "preaching by history",

However, the continuous and isolated "national history", "dynasty history" and "character event history" are still not.

Those who recognize any overall concept and macro generalization recognize the long-term macro history of the world.

There are four main views among students:

First, the global evolutionary view of history. This is a rationalism that originated from the Enlightenment.

The typical historical model of the concept of "progress" is the well-known "social formation in turn"

On the law of the development of human history. Whether it is "five-paragraph theory", "syllogism", or

Both "one-line theory" and "multi-line theory" are based on the belief basis of the overall evolution of human society.

I'm going. In addition, the traditional Marxist historiography is the most prominent in this respect, from Vico, condorcet,

Since Trepka, many non-Marxists have also had this viewpoint of evolutionary history of stage theory. Of course, he

Unlike Marxists, scientists don't take economic basis as the main stage.

Second, the historical view of cultural types A. As a cultural type, the theory is similar to the cultural category mentioned below.

Like the historical view B, all kinds of "cultures" in the tense of * * * are juxtaposed horizontally to deny all kinds of diachronic states.

The vertical evolution of "social development stage" is different from B. This historical view advocates "culture"

There are advantages and disadvantages, so it is often from the standpoint of a certain cultural standard, even from the perspective of cultural advantages and disadvantages

Towards the theory of racial superiority and inferiority. Fascist "Aryan historical view" and "imperial historical view" are

This is typical. There is no obvious historical view of racial superiority and inferiority in contemporary times, but the theory of cultural superiority and inferiority and

The historical view of cultural determinism, which determines the different processes of national history, is still popular today.

Third, the historical view of cultural types B. It also emphasizes the temporal juxtaposition of various cultures or civilizations.

On the "stages" of the development of the whole human society. However, unlike the cultural type historical view A, it

There is a tendency of cultural relativism, not emphasizing the advantages and disadvantages of culture or explicitly denying the advantages and disadvantages of culture.

Therefore, it is possible to express a universal humanism against racism and self-interest in a particular culture.

Value. Because of this, it may also think that (using historical view A often emphasizes the eternity of an excellent culture.

On the contrary, different cultures will have similar "life course", that is, they all experience origin and complexity.

Prosperity, decline and extinction have many mechanisms in the life course of each culture.

* * * Same or similar. Different from the viewpoint of evolutionary history, the cultural life course here is not

The meaning of "progress". Therefore, if one culture declines and another culture rises, it is not.

It means evolution from backward to advanced, but it is just another cycle of life cycle. also

Although culture or "civilization" has a chronological order in experience, they are "in the philosophical sense"

They can still be regarded as * * * tense.