First, encourage childbearing, deal with declining birthrate, promote women's participation in the labor market, and ensure the continuous supply of labor.
Aging and declining birthrate coexist in an aging society, which are closely related and affect the labor supply. Therefore, dealing with the declining birthrate is an important aspect to solve the aging problem. Countries that entered the aging stage earlier abroad have solved the problems of declining birthrate and labor shortage from two aspects: improving welfare benefits to stimulate childbirth and ensuring female workers who have temporarily left their jobs due to childbirth to return to the labor market. On the one hand, the government provides certain medical care, nutrition, wage subsidies and allowances to women who leave their jobs to give birth by means of childcare allowance and paid vacation, so as to stimulate women's desire to give birth. On the other hand, the government has increased public welfare investment in children's education, nursing and medical care, promoted and extended "Father's Day", shortened the working hours of parents of young children, and implemented parental insurance (that is, enterprises give both parents paid holidays to take care of young children; Ensure that women who temporarily leave their jobs due to childbirth can return to their original jobs or provide similar jobs. ), so as to reduce the pressure on families to take care of their children, enable both parents to take care of their dual responsibilities of work and childcare, and ensure that female workers can return to the labor market.
Second, extend the retirement age, ensure the source of elderly labor, and ease the pressure on government pension payment.
Major aging countries abroad generally reform the retirement age system by extending the retirement age. There are generally two ways to extend the retirement age: one is to raise the minimum age for receiving pensions, delay the current age for receiving pensions, and extend the working years accordingly; The other is to establish a flexible retirement age system, that is, to give different amounts of pensions to the elderly at different retirement ages. The older the retirement age, the greater the pension amount. Japan, Germany and France mainly adopt the first way to extend the retirement age. For example, in 2006, the Japanese government raised the minimum age for receiving old-age pension from 60 to 65, France raised the minimum retirement age from 60 to 62 in 20 1 1 year, and the German government plans to gradually raise it in 20 165438 and 20 18 years. Sweden and the United States mainly adopt flexible retirement age system. For example, the legal retirement age in Sweden is 65, and the pension for employees aged 60-64 who retire early will be reduced by 5% every year; Delayed retirement at the age of 65-70 will increase the pension by 0.6% for each delayed retirement 1 month; For retirees who are experienced and capable of continuing to work, the government provides them with opportunities for voluntary service, and grants a certain proportion of pensions according to the number of services they provide.
Three, improve the social service support system, the implementation of the "home community pension, supplemented by social pension" pension model.
According to the different places and ways of living, the ways of providing for the aged can be divided into home-based care and institutional care. Affected by the increase of the elderly population, the increase of female employment rate and the migration of young labor force, the number of empty nesters is increasing, and the traditional home-based pension model is difficult to meet the needs of the elderly, while institutional pension is difficult to be accepted by the elderly in reality because of the influence of their economic situation and traditional concept of providing for the elderly. At present, the old-age care model in foreign aging countries is mainly based on home-based community-based old-age care service model, supplemented by social old-age care. Family-based old-age care plays a fundamental role in the service system of home-based community-based old-age care, which is based on family, supported by community and supported by institutions, but social services are introduced when individuals and families are powerless. The government is responsible for adopting relevant incentive policies, introducing market mechanisms, realizing the socialization and industrialization of project construction and service activities, and coordinating the interests of all subjects involved in construction and service; The community is responsible for training home service personnel, constantly expanding the scope of services and providing help to the elderly. Services mainly include house maintenance, daily care, medical care and spiritual comfort. The sources of funds needed for the aged care service will be different in different countries: for example, Sweden's aged care service has a great welfare nature, and the service cost is mainly borne by the government, but if the elderly want to get better services, they must pay a certain proportion of their own expenses, which belongs to the "national burden type"; The funds needed for the aged care service in the United States are mainly borne by individuals, which belongs to the "personal burden type", that is, "investors are also beneficiaries". This "personal burden" source of funds also makes the development of "housing for the elderly" in the United States the most representative in the world.
Fourth, establish a diversified old-age security system to ensure the basic livelihood of the elderly.
After continuous reform and adjustment, the old-age security system in major aging countries in the world has gradually changed from a single old-age security system to a multi-pillar system. At present, the old-age security system in these aging countries mainly includes three basic security systems: basic pension system, enterprise annuity system and personal savings pension insurance system. Among them, the basic pension system is an important foundation of the old-age security system, which is generally paid by the state to qualified personnel in accordance with the unified policy; The enterprise annuity system is the second pillar of the old-age security system; Personal savings pension insurance is an important supplement to the social pension security system. The latter two systems have played an important role in alleviating the pressure of state pension payment. All the funds for basic pensions in major aging countries come from the government to ensure the basic needs of employees after retirement. The state also attaches great importance to the construction and improvement of the enterprise annuity security system. For example, the U.S. government launched the "Comprehensive Enterprise Annuity Plan" to coordinate the pension provided by the enterprise annuity plan with the basic pension provided by the public pension system. At present, the scale of enterprise annuity in the United States has exceeded the scale of social pension managed by the state.
Five, the development of the elderly market, the development of the elderly industry, to meet the material and spiritual and cultural needs of the elderly.
In addition to coping with a series of challenges brought by population aging to population sustainable development, labor supply and social security system, developing the elderly market and "elderly industry" is another effective way to solve the aging problem and promote economic development. The pension industry in developed countries generally follows the development model of "government guidance and market operation", that is, the government establishes market norms and industry standards, takes relevant preferential and supportive measures, guides enterprises to invest in the pension industry according to the consumption needs of the elderly, and promotes the socialization and industrialization of the pension industry. At present, there are mainly the following categories of industries for the aged abroad: the first category is industries that develop around the daily needs of the elderly, such as catering for the elderly and the production of articles for the elderly (health care products, cosmetics, clothing, transportation AIDS, sports and fitness products, and living AIDS, etc.). ) and real estate development for the elderly; The second category is industries formed around providing for the aged, including apartments for the elderly, nursing homes, endowment insurance, production of medical rehabilitation products for the elderly, long-term care industry, and training of medical staff. The third category is industries developed to meet the spiritual and cultural needs of the elderly, including universities for the elderly, tourism for the elderly, psychological counseling, libraries for the elderly, and television and radio programs for the elderly. In addition, in some areas with good natural environment and suitable for the elderly to live in, the pension industry driven by cross-border pension in different places has gradually emerged.
Six, pay attention to the construction of the legal system, protect the legitimate rights and interests of the elderly.
In order to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the elderly and ensure the effective implementation and operation of welfare security and industrial development policies related to the elderly, major foreign aging countries have established relatively complete legal systems and related management institutions. At present, Japan's legal system related to the elderly consists of three pillars: national pension law, elderly welfare law, elderly health care law and nursing insurance law. The American government has successively promulgated the Social Security Law (since the implementation of 1935, it has been revised and improved many times, and now it has formed a relatively complete old-age security system, mainly including the old-age insurance system, medical insurance and assistance system, etc. ), the American elderly law and the law prohibiting discrimination against the employment of the elderly. The main function of the management organization is to use state power to supervise and manage the operation and implementation of the law. For example, the agencies set up by the US government to manage the aging problem include the Administration for the Elderly, the Government Advisory Committee on Aging and the General Administration of Social Security. The Swedish government has three "local public insurance courts" and one "advanced public insurance court". When citizens' right to social welfare cannot be realized or violated, they can sue in the local public insurance court; When citizens are dissatisfied with the judgment of the local court, they can continue to appeal to the High Court.