There are three definitions of a university: first, it refers to a school that implements higher education, which refers to a higher education institution that provides teaching and research conditions and authorizes the award of degrees, including comprehensive universities, junior colleges and higher vocational colleges. Two, especially in multi-disciplinary colleges and universities, there are generally various majors in philosophy and social sciences (liberal arts) and natural sciences (science and engineering). Third, business schools. "Book of Rites": "The primary school is in the south and the university is in the suburbs." Dai Fu Bao: "When you go to college, you learn a lot, which is a great festival." Lu argued: "The university is to the east of the palace. Tie your hair and call it a child. " History of rites and music in Han Dynasty: "The kings in ancient times took education as their major task, established universities to teach the country, and made urgent orders to change the city."

Basic information

originate from

The word university comes from three sources: first, it refers to schools that implement higher education, and refers to higher education institutions that provide teaching and research conditions, including universities, colleges and higher vocational colleges. Second, business schools. "Book of Rites": "The primary school is in the south and the university is in the suburbs." Dai Fu Bao: "When you go to college, you learn a lot, which is a great festival." Lu argued: "The university is to the east of the palace. Tie your hair and call it a child. " History of rites and music in Han Dynasty: "The kings in ancient times took education as their major task, established universities to teach the country, and made urgent orders to change the city." University, one of the four classics of three Confucianism. ...

Approved or filed by the state administrative department of education

Ordinary institutions of higher learning

Undergraduate level

Xx university

Xx college

Xx College of XX University (Independent College)

Colleges and universities are divided into: science and engineering, agriculture, medicine, military, adult, normal, forestry, finance and economics, comprehensive, political and legal, medical, ethnic and so on.

Expert level

Xx college

Xx Vocational and Technical College

Xx vocational college

Lexical translation

university

Putonghua Pinyin: dà xué[ 1]

English: University

Korean:

Japanese: universities, schools, etc.

French: University

Russian: университет

Devon: University? t

Spanish: University

Basic explanation

1, a higher education institution providing teaching and research conditions.

Usually there are many majors, and then several similar majors form departments or colleges. Specialty here refers to specialties, such as medical university, agricultural university, forestry university, pharmaceutical university, business university, high-tech university and so on.

The concept of modern university comes from British universities (universities are institutions where students study for degrees and conduct academic research).

2. An article in the Book of Rites

According to legend, it was written by Ceng Zi, and many scholars in modern times thought it was a Confucian work in Qin and Han Dynasties. This paper comprehensively summarizes the moral cultivation, moral function of pre-Qin Confucianism and its relationship with governing the country and calming the world. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu called The Book of Rites, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and The Doctrine of the Mean the Four Books.

Appendix: A summary of the University, mainly focusing on the representative works of Neo-Confucianism, such as Cultivating Self-cultivation, Keeping the Family in Order, Governing the Country and Leveling the World, etc. The author Zeng Shen (cān) is Kong Qiu's favorite student; Confucian scholars in the late Spring and Autumn Period. "University" is a study for adults, and it is also a compulsory course for future monarchs and pillars leading the world. In the past, universities were glue; Itching in primary school; The place where lectures are given is the school; Private schools are private schools and teachers are teachers.

Education service

Universities are one of the institutions of higher education, providing teaching and research conditions, and universities also include higher vocational colleges.

In feudal China, the word "university" not only refers to the "university" which is one of the four Confucian classics, but also refers to the institutions that gather in specific places to sort out, study and disseminate advanced knowledge. According to documents, universities, as institutions with higher education functions, can be traced back to Cheng Jun and Shandong during the Five Emperors. Dong Zhongshu said, "When the prestigious schools of the Five Emperors become evenly matched, it will be unbearable to itch. ".Yu Shunshi established Shangdong, meaning" institution of higher learning "; Zheng Xuan: "Shangdong is a university, in the western suburb of Wangcheng. "Later, the Eastern Preface of Xia Dynasty, Zhuan Xu of Shang Dynasty and Biyong of Zhou Dynasty were the highest institutions of learning in the capital at that time.

From the imperial era to the Han Dynasty, the central government established Imperial College as the highest institution of higher learning, and local governments began to set up local government-run institutions of higher learning for students of the same age, such as county schools, state schools, official schools and county schools, which were equivalent to public universities of different classes. Students who do well in low-level universities can enter higher-level universities. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, imperial academy was changed to imperial academy, and academies appeared after the Tang Dynasty. Academies can be divided into undergraduate departments and junior departments, some of which are not strictly distinguished, some are government-run, some are private, and many are privately run by the government. Bailuyuan Academy, Bailudong Academy, Yingtianfu Academy, Songyang Academy, Shigu Academy and Maoshan Academy are all representatives of famous academies. Traditional schools in China train officials and scholars who serve the public and political affairs, and focus on Confucian humanistic education.

In addition, there are specialized discipline departments or specialized higher education institutions. In the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, there were museums of Confucianism, metaphysics, literature and history. After the merger, it is divided into five parts: Confucianism, Taoism, literature and history, Yin and Yang. There was a law school, a calligraphy school and an arithmetic school in imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, there was an overflow pavilion dedicated to training diplomatic translators. In addition, there are specialized scientific research and application service institutions with talent training functions, such as Taiyiguang in the medical field, Si or Qin in the astronomical calendar field, etc. There are also comprehensive academic research institutions, such as Hualin Research Province established in the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, which is equivalent to the later Academia Sinica.

China

In ancient China, higher education institutions similar to universities included Sinology (Jixia Xuegong, imperial academy, imperial academy) and later institutions of higher learning, which gathered in specific places to sort out, study and disseminate advanced knowledge. The ancient institutions of higher learning in China can be traced back to more than two thousand years BC. For example, in Yu Shun, it means "going to school" or "going to school". However, there are differences between ancient universities in China and modern universities in the west. Government-run schools, in particular, mainly train government officials and literati engaged in cultural education, and natural science subjects are particularly lacking. Therefore, the whole traditional education system is facing changes and innovations in modern times.

Since the communication with the west in modern times, the early western "universities" have been translated into "academies".

/kloc-At the end of 0/9, He Ziyuan and Qiu, the founders of modern education in China and veterans of the Revolution of 1911, started the trend, eliminated the interference of stubborn conservative forces, successfully introduced western learning (American education), established new schools, and brought civilian education into the vision of the Manchu court. Under the pressure of the situation, the Qing government had to open a new door to educational innovation, promulgated a new academic system at the end of 1905, abolished the imperial examination system, and popularized new schools throughout the country. Western learning has gradually become the main form of school education. The new academic system divides the school into several levels, including primary school, middle school, higher school and university, all of which belong to higher education. In the year of Xuantongyuan (1909), after the local imperial examination really stopped, modern education in China developed rapidly.

Japanese schools became the main reference objects of government institutions at that time. Beiyang Western School (now Tianjin University) is the first university in China's modern history, which was founded in 1895. 19 12 "Republic of China" was founded, and it changed to imitate the American university system and continues to this day. After the Republic of China, "University" and "College" became official titles.

In the early days of the People's Republic of China, education was Soviet-style. 1978 After the reform and opening up, the road of the Republic of China was gradually restored, making the American university education model the main reference for China.

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occidental

The word "universe" is the Latin word for "Universus", which consists of "Unus" for "one" and "Universus" for "along a specific direction", so the literal meaning of "universus" is "along a specific direction". "Universum" is the neutral singular form of "Universus". Similarly, the derivative word "Universitas" also refers to "a consortium of individuals, a community". In the Middle Ages, Latin was used in government, religion, education, medicine and other fields, such as Salerno, Paris and Oxford, which are the original forms of universities today. Today, the word university can be traced back to Latin. The earliest record is around 1300, which was used to refer to this kind of consortium. Earlier, Plato, a Greek philosopher, founded a "Academy" in 387 BC in Akkadmos near Athens to teach philosophy, mathematics and physical education, which was regarded by some as the pioneer of European universities.

Medieval universities in Europe developed from schools run by the church similar to guilds, which combined instruction with apprenticeship. In the 1 1 century, the words "university" and "guild" were also used to describe trade associations.

There are three main forms of universities in Europe:

Church universities, students and teachers are led by a principal.

1350 teaching scene in European universities

Under the guidance of a closely coordinated group, such as universities in Paris, Oxford and Cambridge. National universities were established by the emperor with the approval of the Pope, such as the University of Naples founded by Frederick II of Sicily and the University of Salamanca founded by Ferdinand III of Castilla. The University of Bologna, 1088 was founded in Bologna, Italy, and is considered as the first university in Europe. Paris University, known as the "mother of European universities", was organized by teachers before enrollment.

18 10, william von humboldt established Berlin university, which is considered as the beginning of modern university. This model was first imitated by Johns Hopkins University in the United States and widely adopted by universities all over the world.

Since the communication between China and the West in modern times, the so-called western universities (English: University, French: Université, German: Université) have been translated into "academies" at an early stage and later renamed as "Universities".

Other fields

Taksila, an ancient city 30 kilometers northwest of Islamabad, Pakistan, was officially listed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980, because it was the earliest institution of higher learning in this area as early as the 7th century BC.