An important humanitarian principle is that people are born with the right to education, and this right is equal before the law. However, in a capitalist society where the polarization between the rich and the poor is very serious, it is difficult to implement this article. Only on the premise of establishing a complete and effective national education system and implementing compulsory education within a certain school age range in the form of legislation can this humanitarian principle be realized.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Napoleon established a centralized bourgeois government in order to consolidate the achievements of the French bourgeoisie, and accordingly implemented a highly centralized leadership system in education. 180 1 year, Napoleon founded the University of France as the highest administrative institution in charge of all schools in France. The head of the university is the director, who is actually the minister of education of the empire. He has thirty advisers, all of whom are directly appointed by the king. Under French universities, the whole country is divided into 27 university districts, each of which is in charge of the educational administration and leadership of several provinces. There are general directors and school district councils in the university district, as well as school district inspectors by province. Members of French universities and university districts, as well as teachers of universities and middle schools, are state officials and have a strict appointment system. This strict centralized system has been used to this day.
On Napoleon's theory that the government put primary education under the control of the church again. Napoleon said that although the government allowed the existence of private secondary schools, it absolutely controlled secondary education in the hands of the state through decree 1802. At this time, there were two types of middle schools in France: one was the national middle school, which was mainly funded by the government, and all students had to pay tuition. They are aristocratic boarding schools that teach classical humanities. Second, municipal secondary schools established in smaller administrative regions and mainly funded by local residents are not as good as national secondary schools. The law also stipulates the establishment of institutions of higher learning to teach professional knowledge such as liberal arts, natural science, theology, law and medicine, and a national education system has basically taken shape.
The national education system established by Napoleon provided more opportunities for children and adolescents to receive education, but it did not legally guarantee every child's right to receive education. It was not until the Third Republic of France established and promulgated the Law on Ferry Education that the humanitarian principle was finally implemented. Ferry is a member of the French bourgeoisie and a faction. During his tenure as Minister of Education, he presided over the formulation of two education laws, 188 1 and 1882, collectively known as the Ferry Education Law. The law stipulates that children start learning at the age of six, and primary education is compulsory. Primary schools receiving compulsory primary education and alma mater receiving pre-school education are free of charge. In view of the fact that the children of the rich have been receiving primary education at home and in the preparatory classes of middle schools, the decree decided to recognize both as forms of compulsory education, but they must be inspected by the state, that is, they must take a unified national examination every year before they can be recognized. The decree also reaffirms that teachers must obtain certificates issued by the state before they can obtain qualifications. The decree exempts boarding fees from normal schools, abolishes the privilege of the church to supervise public primary schools and alma mater and priests as teachers, and stipulates that ethics and citizenship classes replace religious classes. Therefore, French national education has established three principles, namely, compulsory, free and secular.
France, like Britain, has a dual-track education system. Primary education is limited to the exploited class, while secondary education is the privilege of the bourgeoisie. After the 20th century, high schools, technical schools and business schools came into being. Children of the lower classes can enter these schools to receive higher education, but middle schools are still the world of the upper classes. This reflects the bourgeois nature of French education and reveals the limitations of bourgeois humanism.
State-run education is an inevitable trend of capitalist political, economic, scientific and cultural development, and it is also an inevitable trend of humanitarian development. Although liberalism is deeply rooted in Britain and the United States, the two governments have to conform to this historical development trend. 1893, Britain passed a law stipulating that all children under the age of eleven must study. Compulsory education has become a national task, and the system of nationalization of education has finally taken shape in Britain. The United States promulgated the Compulsory Primary Education Act in Massachusetts as early as 1852, and other states followed suit. By the end of 19, 34 states had made regulations on compulsory human learning. The southern States accepted compulsory education slowly, and it was not until the beginning of the 20th century that compulsory education was implemented. By 19 18, all the federal states have promulgated laws on compulsory enrollment.