How to write a summary of the experimental report? This semester, our biology major offered three experimental courses. In the experiment class, I learned a lot that I can't usually learn, especially the physical optics experiment. It taught me more about science and learning. The seven-week college physics experiment is coming to a successful conclusion. Looking back on seven weeks of study, I feel very fulfilled. By doing it myself, I further understood the basic process and methods of physics experiments, which laid a good experimental foundation for future study and work.
I am grateful for the opportunity to study physics experiments, because every teacher has taught me a lot. Every time we have an experimental class, the teacher carefully explains the experimental principle to us. When it's our turn to do it ourselves, the teacher often gives us help and takes pains to explain it to us until we work it out. Some students had problems during the experiment, which delayed the time. The teacher stayed with us until the last student finished the experiment.
At the end of the college physics experiment class, I summed up my study this year, and summarized the gains and shortcomings of this year. Learning from each other's strengths will be useful in future study and work. The following is an overview of what I have learned this year:
1, the basic procedure of experimental class
1. 1, preview before class:
We should be prepared for every experiment that will be carried out. By reading experimental teaching materials, searching materials on the Internet and reading other instructional books, we can understand the purpose, principle and instruments to be used in this experiment, make clear the measurement method, and understand the experimental requirements and problems that should be paid special attention to in the experiment. This step is very important, it is the key to the success or failure of the experiment. I think I have done this very well, so every experiment can be successfully completed. And I found that the more prepared I am, the smoother the experiment will be. Because the preliminary preparation can help me avoid being in a hurry during the experiment, and the full preview also makes me full of confidence. Because I have made enough preparations, I won't encounter unexpected situations in the experiment and I don't know what to do. So one step at a time, no need to "start all over again", saving time.
1.2, experimental operation
We do experiments every Tuesday afternoon. First, the experiment instructor explained the experiment. The teacher's explanation is very important, so we must listen carefully. Because the teacher will talk about some possible problems and precautions in the experiment, which will help us solve many troubles and avoid many mistakes. After honestly explaining the relevant things in the experiment, we will also explain the use of experimental instruments in detail. After understanding the basic experimental equipment, we won't have a strange feeling about our own experiments, which is very beneficial for us, and we can complete the experiments with great devotion and success. Because we already know where the key points of the operation are and what may lead to the failure. In addition, physics experiments have greatly aroused our enthusiasm for learning. After the experiment, the experimental data must be reviewed and signed by the teacher, and then the instruments should be sorted out.
1.3, experimental data record
Practice is the only criterion for testing truth. Only through experiments can we get first-hand data in our research and help us draw a conclusion smoothly. At the same time, we also have a preliminary understanding of what a "rigorous and prudent scientific attitude" is: scientific experiments can not tolerate any fraud, and are always associated with the word "honesty"; Even if you encounter setbacks and failures in the experiment, you should be realistic. We can't write down the successful steps or good results in the experimental records because of a little vanity, and we don't want to leave those bad or even failed processes behind. Actually, this is not good. As we all know, many valuable experiences and unexpected discoveries just pass you by. An objective, true and detailed record is a valuable asset. We should always pursue scientific truth, so that we can have a clear conscience and the door of science will open for us!
1.3, sorting out the experimental report.
The experimental report is a written report of the experimental results and a summary of the experimental process. We handed in the report a week after we finished the experiment. The advantage of this is that we won't be in a hurry to write the report, and it will also help us review the experimental content. The experimental report is a very important step in our physical experiment during the whole university period, and it is also an important step to test the knowledge our students have learned, and it is also an important basis for examining our data processing ability. I always take experimental reports seriously and finish them carefully. The experiment report is completed, which means the experiment is completed.
2. Basic methods of physical experiment data processing (list method, drawing method, least square method, successive difference method).
List method is generally used when recording original data, and drawing method is sometimes used intuitively when processing data. The other two methods are not very common.
In the experiment, we also used many instruments that we had never touched before. We know that before using the instrument, we must adjust the initial state of the instrument to make it in a safe position, and also adjust the zero position. If it is not zero, we should make it zero. In some experiments, such as measuring the focal length of a thin lens (using a spectrometer), we need to adjust the instrument horizontally and pay attention to avoid idling error when rotating the mechanical rocker. ...
In short, there are many things that need to be paid attention to in the experiment, but it is precisely because of these things that we can realize that physical experiments need rigorous thinking and meticulous thinking, and every step should be done very rigorously, otherwise there will be undue errors, which will affect the final data results and lead to the failure of the experiment.
Physical optics experiment in college is the second physical experiment course I have been exposed to since I entered the university. Compared with physical and electrical experiments, this time I have the last experience, and I am more comfortable with optical experiments. Through long-term study and understanding, I have learned a lot about the methods and requirements of university experiments. More importantly, in the process of trying and contacting various experimental operations, I learned that to be a qualified experimenter, one must have various comprehensive qualities: 1, scientific and rigorous; 2. Take the initiative to solve problems; 3. Exploration of knowledge. Open experiment has taught me a lot, which is exactly what I need in my future college life and even in my future scientific research work.
The physics experiment is far from being as simple as I thought. If you want to do a good job in physics experiments, you must not be careless. College physics experiment is such a course to cultivate our patience, perseverance and confidence, which greatly improves our thinking and creativity and greatly leaps our scientific literacy. Really change students' passive learning into active learning and stimulate our enthusiasm for learning. Whether the experiment is successful or not, we can get a lot of knowledge from it that we can't get from other places, and benefit a lot!
Of course, I also have some ideas about this course. The six experiments we did all followed the designed path, and there was not much change. It would be better if this course could become an open class. Let the students explore by themselves, consult the materials by themselves, try to do an experiment by themselves, or let the students design an experiment by themselves to verify some theories. In this way, this course will become more attractive and the learning effect will be more obvious.
Looking back on the process of six experiments, on the whole, we have gained a lot. The most direct gain is to improve the basic operation ability, know all kinds of commonly used instruments and master the basic operation in the experiment. But I think the more important achievement is to cultivate my interest in experiments. Also, I have personally experienced how important a rigorous experimental attitude is. This semester's experiment has also broadened my horizons and greatly increased my knowledge. While lamenting the wisdom of our ancestors, it also inspires our understanding and exploration of unknown fields. Moreover, this experiment is another systematic training of experimental methods and skills after we enter the university. By observing and analyzing experimental phenomena and measuring physical quantities, the understanding of physical principles is further deepened, and the ability and literacy of scientific experiments are cultivated and improved. Especially for a group of science students like us, our theoretical knowledge is not very demanding, so our understanding of physics is not very thorough, and experiments give us a more intuitive opportunity to understand science and physics. Scientific experiment is the source of scientific theory and the foundation of natural science. College physics experiment provides us with such a platform and lays a solid foundation for the cultivation of our practical ability.
In addition, college physics experiments make us realize a set of scientific and meticulous experimental methods, which is of great significance for me to develop our intelligence and cultivate our ability to analyze and solve practical problems, and has positive practical significance for the formation of our scientific logical thinking.
Thanks to the university physical optics experiment, I have gained a lot. I am also very grateful to all the experimental teachers for their careful guidance.
How to write an abstract of an experimental report After experimenting with an educational phenomenon, we should make a comprehensive summary of the whole experimental process and put forward an objective, general and written material that can reflect the whole process and its results, that is, an educational experimental report. The educational experiment report can be divided into three parts: ① Introduction. ② Experimental process and results. ③ Discussion and conclusion. Basic structure of experimental report:
(1) topic. The objects, fields, methods and problems of education should be reflected in concise, general and clear sentences, so that readers can see at a glance and judge whether they are worth reading.
(2) unit and author. The work unit of the researcher should be stated, or the experimenter or team leader, team leader and writer of a certain topic should be stated, and other personnel can be written at the end of the report. To show the responsibility for the experimental report and to facilitate readers' contact.
(3) the title part. It is the starting point of experimental research and the core of experimental report. The statement of the topic should be specific and clear, clearly indicate the author's research direction and purpose, and explain the source, background, pertinence and practical significance of solving the topic.
(4) Experimental methods. This is one of the main contents of the experimental report. The purpose is to make people know under what conditions and circumstances, with what methods, according to what facts, to judge the scientific nature of experimental research and the authenticity and reliability of the results, and to carry out repeated verification accordingly. The experimental methods should mainly be explained as follows: ① How to choose subjects, the conditions, quantity, sampling method, experimental time and the scope of application of research results. ② The organization type (method) of the experiment and the basis for adopting this organization type. Namely: single group experiment, equal group experiment or wheel group experiment; What is the basis for adopting such experiments, such as test scores and grading standards; Basic measurement and measurement content. ③ Specific steps of the experiment; Experimental treatment of experimental classes. (4) Verification of causality (note that the cause variable must appear before the result variable, or both, but not after the result variable, otherwise the experiment will not be established because of the first reason and the second reason). Here, two variables are to be measured. The method of determination should also be stated: oral determination, written determination or operational determination; Whether it is personal determination or collective determination; Whether there is time for after-effect measurement, etc. Therefore, before the experiment, the cause variables related to the content of the effect variables should be measured in order to compare with the effect variables. Only through such comparison can we find the relationship between * * *. ⑤ Control of irrelevant factors. Only by strictly controlling the role of irrelevant factors can we eliminate the role of accidental factors by statistical test.
(5) Experimental results. The most important thing of the experimental results is to present data and typical examples. The data should be strictly verified and the chart format should be correct. Statistical test is used to describe the relationship between experimental factors and experimental results; Typical examples can make people better understand the experimental results and make the experiment more convincing.
(6) Analysis and discussion. That is, using the theory of education and teaching to discuss and analyze the related problems of experimental results. The main contents are as follows: ① Answer the questions raised at the beginning of the article from the experimental results; ② Theoretical analysis and demonstration of experimental results; ③ Compare the experimental results with similar research results to find out the advantages and disadvantages; ④ Put forward the problems that can be further studied and the problems existing in this experiment, so as to make the future research direction more clear and avoid detours.
(7) conclusion. It is the summary of the whole experiment, which comes directly from the experimental results and answers the questions raised in the experiment. Conclusion The language should be accurate and concise. Reasoning should be strictly logical. Conclusion The scope of application should be the same as that of sampling.
(8) Appendices and references. Appendices refer to some important materials, too much and too long to be included in the research report, but they must be explained to the readers. Such as test questions, grading standards, raw data, research records, statistical tests, etc.; Reference refers to the reference and quotation of other people's information and discussion in the experimental report. The source, author, literature, book title, book title or publication name and publication time shall be indicated. If you quote uncompiled foreign materials, please use the original comments for verification.
How to write the third part of the abstract of the experimental report? Experimental content of "software technology foundation"
1. Creation, insertion and deletion of sequence table.
2. The establishment (tail insertion method), insertion and deletion of the first node single linked list.
Second, the submission content and deadline personal 10m hard disk space.
1. Create two folders, named sequential table and single linked list respectively.
2. In these two folders, the relevant documents of the above two experiments are stored respectively. There should be three files in each folder. C file,. Obj files and. Exe file).
3. Deadline: 65438+February 28th (Saturday, 18), when the server will be closed.
Iii. Requirements and delivery time of the experimental report (printed on a4 paper)
1. format:
Basic experiment report of computer software technology
User name se____ _ _ Student number Name College
① Experimental name:
② Experimental purpose:
(3) Algorithm description (text description or flow chart):
④ Source code: (. C file)
⑤ User screen (that is, the screen that appears on the machine when the program is running):
2. Requirements of the C document:
The program should have the following characteristics: readability: annotation.
B interactivity: there are input prompts.
C structured programming style: hierarchical indentation and staggered writing.
3. Hand-in time: 65438+ 65438 on February 26th+0 -6 pm, teaching group on the third floor of the Engineering Design Center. Please note: out of date!
Fourth, the content of the experimental report
0. Insertion of sequence table.
1. Delete the sequence table.
2. Insert the single linked list of the leading node.
3. Delete the single linked list of the first node.
note:
1. Everyone only needs to complete one of the above four projects in the experimental report. The specific arrangement is: divide their serial number by four, and the number obtained is the serial number of the project to be completed.
For example, for students with serial number 85, 85%4= 1, that is, the sequence table should be deleted in the experimental report.
2. The source code in the experimental report should be run by compiling links.
3. The content submitted to personal space should be all the contents of computer experiments.
How to write a four-part introduction to the abstract of experimental report
Paramagnetic * * * vibration (EPR) is also called electron spin * * * vibration (ESR), because the paramagnetism of matter mainly comes from the spin of electrons. Electron spin * * vibration is a phenomenon that electron spin vibrates between magnetic energy levels in a constant magnetic field under the action of radio frequency field or microwave field. With the rapid development of paramagnetic vibration technology, it has been widely used in physics, chemistry, biology and medicine. Electron spin vibration method has the advantages of high sensitivity and high resolution in high frequency band, which can go deep into substances for ultra-low content analysis, but it does not destroy the structure of samples and interfere with chemical reactions. It is of great significance to study the structure and evolution of materials and the properties of materials in various reaction processes. Study and understand the phenomenon of electron spin * * * vibration, measure the G factor value of organic radical DPPH, understand and master the application of microwave devices in electron free * * * vibration, and further understand the standing wave of resonant cavity from the change of rectangular resonant length.
main body
First, the experimental principle
Spin orbital magnetic moment and spin magnetic moment l of (1) electron
Electrons in atoms have orbital magnetic moment due to orbital motion, and its value is:
L means the direction is opposite to Pl. In quantum mechanics, PePl2me is negative, so lB 1)B2me is called bohr magneton. E has spin motion besides orbital motion, so it also has spin magnetic moment, and its value is expressed as sePsme.
Since the magnetic moment of the nucleus can be ignored, the orbital magnetic moment and spin magnetic moment of the electrons in the atom synthesize the total magnetic moment of the atom: jgej (j1) l (l1) s (s1) pjg12me where g is Lund factor: 2j (j/kloc-0).
In the external magnetic field, the atomic magnetic moment is stressed, and the function is that the magnetic moment precesses around the magnetic field direction, that is, Pj precesses around the magnetic field direction. When diamagnetism ratio is introduced, atomic angular momentum Pj and total atomic magnetic moments Pjm, mj, j 1, j2, e2me can be expressed as jPj. The j direction is quantized. The projection of Pj in the direction of external magnetic field is: where m is called the magnetic quantum number, and the corresponding magnetic moment is in the direction of external magnetic field J, and the projection of PJ is: jmmgBmj, j 1, j2,
(2) Electron paramagnetic vibration j * * *.
If an alternating magnetic field perpendicular to the atom is superimposed in the stable magnetic field region, and the angular frequency meets the condition gBB, that is, EB, which just meets the difference between two adjacent energy levels of the atom in the stable external magnetic field, there will be a * * * vibration transition between the two adjacent energy levels, which is called electron paramagnetic * * vibration. P When atoms combine into molecules or solids, the angular momentum of electron orbital motion is often quenched, that is, J is approximately zero, so the magnetic moment in molecules and solids is mainly the contribution of electron spin magnetic moment. According to Pauli principle, an electron orbit can only accommodate two electrons with opposite spins at most. If electron orbitals are filled with pairs of electrons, their spin magnetic moments cancel each other, and there is no inherent magnetic moment. Most of the compounds we usually see belong to this situation, so the paramagnetic vibration of electrons can only study the special compounds with unpaired electrons.
(3) Relaxation time
The experimental sample is a system composed of a large number of unpaired electron spins. Although each particle has a magnetic moment, under the disturbance of thermal motion, the orientation is chaotic and the external synthetic magnetic moment is zero. When the spin system is in a constant external magnetic field H0, the magnetic moment of each particle in the system is oriented in the direction of the magnetic field H0 at different angles and precesses around the direction of the external magnetic field, thus forming a macroscopic magnetic moment m consistent with the direction of the external magnetic field. In thermal equilibrium, the number of particles distributed in each energy level obeys niels bohr's Zmann law, that is, n2ee1eexp () n1ktttt, where k is Boltzmann constant and k =1.3803×10-/kloc. This shows that it is necessary to realize the macroscopic vibration absorption phenomenon, that is, the number of particles jumping from low energy state to high energy level is more than that jumping from high energy level to low energy level. It is this slight difference in the number of particles in the upper and lower energy levels that makes it possible for us to observe the phenomenon of electron paramagnetic oscillation.
Second, the experimental device
The microwave paramagnetic oscillation experimental system consists of a 3cm solid-state signal generator, an isolator, a variable attenuator, a wavelength meter, a magic T, a matched load, a single-screw tuner, a crystal detector, a rectangular sample resonant cavity, a coupling piece, a magnetic oscillation experimental instrument, an electromagnet and the like. In order to facilitate the connection, elements such as H-plane curved waveguide and waveguide bracket are added.
(1) 3 cm solid-state signal generator;
It is a kind of signal generator using body effect tube as oscillation source, which provides microwave oscillation signal for paramagnetic oscillation experimental system.
(2) isolator:
Some ferrite materials located in the magnetic field have different absorption of electromagnetic waves from different directions, and after proper adjustment, they can have the characteristics of unidirectional propagation of microwaves. Isolators are often used between oscillators and loads for isolation and unidirectional transmission.
(3) Variable attenuator:
An absorber that can absorb microwave energy is inserted into the waveguide perpendicular to the wide side of the rectangular waveguide to partially attenuate the transmission power, and the attenuation can be changed by moving the absorber along the wide side. Attenuator plays the role of adjusting microwave power and decoupling in the system.
(4) Wavelength table:
The wave enters the cavity of the frequency meter from the waveguide through the coupling hole. When the cavity of the frequency meter is detuned, the electromagnetic field in the cavity is extremely weak. At this time, the wave transmission in the waveguide is basically not affected. When the frequency of electromagnetic wave meets the resonant condition of the cavity, resonance occurs, and the impedance reflected in the waveguide changes dramatically. Accordingly, the intensity of electromagnetic wave signal passing through the waveguide will be weakened, and the output amplitude will be obviously reduced. The scale of input microwave resonance can be read from the scale sleeve, and the input microwave resonance frequency can be known by looking up the table.
(5) Matching load:
The waveguide is equipped with a resistor or absorbing material, which can absorb microwave energy well, and it can absorb almost all the incident power.
(6) Microwave source:
The microwave source can be a reflective klystron microwave source or a solid-state microwave source. This experiment uses a 3cm solid-state microwave source, which has the advantages of long life and stable output frequency. When used as microwave source, the experimental device of ESR is simpler than klystron. Therefore, solid-state microwave sources are widely used at present. The natural frequency of the resonant cavity can be changed by adjusting the tuning screw in the center of the resonant cavity of the solid-state microwave source. The microwave output power can be changed by adjusting the working current of the diode or adjusting the screw in the center of the front flange of the resonant cavity.
(7) magic t:
Magic T is a kind of bridge with similar characteristics to low frequency bridge.
The characteristics of microwave elements are shown in Figure (2). It has four arms, equivalent to an E ~ T and an H ~ T, so it is also called double T. It is a reciprocal lossless four-port network with the characteristics of "two arms are isolated and the other arms are equally divided". Using the four-port S matrix, it can be proved that as long as 1 and 4 arms are matched at the same time, the 2 nd and 3 rd arms will automatically match; Or conversely, there is inherent isolation between E-arm and H-arm from Dallas to the auditorium, and the opposite 2-arm and 3-arm are isolated from each other, that is, the signal input by either arm can not be output from the opposite arm, but only from the side arm. The signal is input from H arm, which is divided into 2 and 3 arms. E-arm input is divided into 2 arms and 3 arms. Due to the principle of reciprocity, if the signals are input from the opposite arms 2 and 3 in the same phase, the E arm will get their difference signal and the H arm will get their sum signal. On the other hand, if the input phases of 2-arm and 3-arm are opposite, the E-arm will get the sum signal and the H-arm will get the difference signal. When the output microwave signal enters the H arm of Magic T through isolator and attenuator, it is divided into 2 and 3 arms on average, but it cannot enter the E arm. 3-arm single screw adapter and terminal load; 2. The arm is connected with an adjustable reflective rectangular sample cavity, and the position of the sample DPPH in the cavity can be adjusted. The e arm is connected with the isolator and the crystal detector; The reflected signals of 2-arm and 3-arm can only be equally distributed to E-arm and H-arm. When the three arms are matched, the microwave power on the E arm is only taken from the reflection of the two arms.
(8) Sample cavity:
The structure of the sample cavity is a rectangular resonant cavity with an adjustable terminal piston. At the end of the resonant cavity is a movable piston. When the position of the piston is adjusted to make the length of the resonant cavity equal to an integer multiple of lpg/2 of the wavelength of the half waveguide, the resonant cavity will resonate. When the resonant cavity resonates, there are P/2 standing wave half waves of length g along the length L of the resonant cavity, that is, TE 10P mode. The closed magnetic field lines in the cavity are parallel to the wide wall of the waveguide, the half-wave magnetic field lines of the same standing wave are in the same direction, and the half-wave magnetic field lines of adjacent standing waves are in opposite directions. At the junction of two adjacent standing wave half-wave spaces, the microwave magnetic field is the strongest and the microwave electric field is the weakest. It meets the requirements of strong magnetic vibration absorption and low dielectric loss without vibration, and is the most ideal place for placing samples. In the experiment, the applied constant magnetic field B should be perpendicular to the width of the waveguide to meet the requirements of ESR*** vibration conditions. There is a narrow slot in the center of the wide side of the sample cavity. The sample can be positioned at any position in the resonant cavity by mechanical transmission device, and can be read directly from the scale on the narrow side. The wavelength of the waveguide can be measured by adjusting the cavity length or moving the position of the sample.
Third, the experimental steps
(1) Connect the system, turn the variable attenuator clockwise to the maximum, turn on the power of each instrument in the system, and preheat it for 20 minutes.
(2) Adjust the instruments to the working state according to the instructions.
(3) Adjust the microwave bridge, measure the frequency of microwave signal with a wavemeter, make the resonant cavity in a resonant state, and place the sample in the place with the strongest alternating magnetic field.
(4) Adjusting the output of the crystal detector is the most sensitive, roughly determining the length of the resonant cavity and the position of the sample from the calculated value of the waveguide wavelength, and then fine-tuning the length of the resonant cavity to make the resonant cavity in a resonant state.
(5) Search for * * * vibration signal, press the scan button, adjust the scan knob, and change the scan current. When the magnetic field meets the * * * vibration condition, the * * * vibration signal can be seen on the oscilloscope. Adjust the instrument to make the amplitude of * * * vibration signal maximum and the waveform symmetrical.
(6) Measuring the numerical relationship curve between the output current of the magnetic oscillator and the magnetic field intensity with a Gauss meter to determine the magnetic field intensity during vibration.
(7) Calculate the G factor according to the experimental data.
How to write a summary of an experimental report (choose the most rewarding and emotional experimental content you have ever done)
The title of the comprehensive experiment report (which can be different from the experiment name)
First, the purpose and requirements of the experiment.
Second, experimental instruments and equipment.
Third, the experimental design and debugging:
(1) experimental content.
(2) Experimental circuit: Draw a simple experimental circuit related to the experimental content.
(3) Experimental design and debugging steps:
(1) Analyze the experimental contents and circuits, and sort out the design ideas for completing the experiment. (2) List the allocation list of special flag bits, stack sp, internal ram, working registers and other resources required for program design. When allocating the linked list, we should pay attention to the possible conflict of resources during the execution of the program.
(3) draw the program design flow chart, including the main program and each subroutine flow chart.
(4) Write the experimental program according to the contents of (2) and (3).
(5) Debugging program (analog simulator can be used).
A, according to the program to determine the purpose of debugging, that is, the results of the content to be observed during debugging.
B, according to each debugging purpose, select the methods needed for debugging, such as single step, breakpoint and other commands, and list the contents that should be paid attention to in each debugging method.
C. Debugging the program, and recording the corresponding contents according to various debugging methods.
D, analyze the contents and results of debugging records, find out possible errors in the program, then modify the program and continue debugging, recording and analysis until debugging is successful.
(4) Problems encountered in the process of experimental debugging, ideas and methods to solve the problems.
Fourth, summarize the experience and lessons after the experiment.
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