I. Verbs
(1) (pictophonetic characters. From that voice. Yu, that is, a pen. Li Shu province "Zhe" changed to "Yue" and said: "Books are good." It's obvious when you write it. Together, it means writing clearly with a pen. The sounds of "zhe" and "zhe" are relatively close, so "zhe" has ideographic function. Original meaning: writing, recording, recording) traditional writing method
② Same as the original meaning: book, bam also. -"Shuo Wen". It is said that the preface says, "write it in a book called bamboo and silk." Example: six books in five days. -"Zhou Li bouldering" as an example: writing a book. It was recorded on bamboo and wood with a knife in ancient times, painted on silk with lacquer in the middle ages, and written on paper with ink in later generations. -Zhu's "Shuo Wen Tong Xun" example: easy-to-use book. -"Yi copula" Example: The writer writes words with strokes. -"Preface to Shangshu" is a sparse example: Zhang Zishu pays attention to God. -The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong Example: Naidan wrote "Chen" and put it in the stomach of a fish. -"Historical Records of Chen She's Family" For example, the word "Qu" in a big book exposed its poles and went to Yushitai. -qi's "Shu Bo Chicken" example: Many people say so, so the book. -Fang Bao's "Miscellaneous Notes in Prison" is another example: writing a book (writing a blessing); Book evil (recording crime); Clerk (a clerk who copies documents, etc.) ); Calligraphy and painting (commuting); Writing (writing); Book copying (referring to handwritten copying); Books (writing tools, stationery); Book coupons (writing contracts); Book inkstone (inkstone); Book prison (writing prison words); Book life (writing letters and orders); Book cover (a kind of stationery, used as an arm when writing, so that the wrist presses the paper to prevent ink stains); Simplified writing of book posts (writing simple posts)
(3) Drawing an example: Today, the general asked questions, but it made my book evil? -"Purple Tongzhi Sword". Hu Sansheng's Note: "Books are OK, so are paintings."
Second, nouns
(1) Books, binding works, such as books, books containing references. -"Zhengzitong" Example: Both Shen Zi and Zi Han have written books. -"Historical Records Biography of Han Fei" for example: Why study and then study? -"Advanced Analects of Confucius" example: books, the general name of the five classics and six books. -"Historical Records and the Book of Rites" as an example: Huang borrowed books. In the book given by the owner. —— Qingyuan Mei's "Huang Sheng Borrows Books" is an example: the family is poor and can't read books. Every time I borrow them from the library. -Song Ming Lian's Preface to Dongyang is another example: history books (history books); Books (pictures and books. Generally refers to books); Booksellers (vendors selling books and stationery); Scholarly family (a family that has been studying for generations); Shuxiang China calligraphy
One pulse (family style of knowing books and understanding); The schoolbag has turned over (referring to the poor scholar's prosperity); Book riddle (a riddle composed of words in a book); Book handkerchief (gift money. In the Ming dynasty, officialdom used to use books and handkerchiefs as gifts, called book handkerchief); Book sword (book and sword. What ancient literati carried with them. Later also refers to the literati career); Books (small book boxes); Book instrument (gift money given under the guise of buying books); Book rot (bookworm) refers to pedantic literati); Book heart (the most wonderful chapter of a book); Book robbery (book disaster); Book club (a society organized by opera writers and speakers in the Song and Yuan Dynasties); Bookworm (bookworm); Book city (books are listed as cities with many words); Book brain (the part where holes are punched and threaded in book binding); Bookstore (place where books are collected); Book catalogue (book catalogue); Schoolbag (bag for books) (2) Letters. Letters After three months of war, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold. -Du Fu's "Spring Hope" example: one person attached a book, and two people died. -Tang Du Fu's "Shi Quguan" Example: Everyone is afraid when they read the book that the water step is 800,000. It is meaningless to discuss this. -"Purple Tongzhi Sword" is another example: book introduction (messenger who delivers letters); The end of the book (letter, the end of the letter); Book display (also known as "book flow"). Letters to superiors or elders); Calligraphy (letter); Book office (official in charge of documents); Master Shu Qi (a screen friend who manages documents); Bookkeeper (small official in charge of documents); Book ruler (letter); Book elements (letters); Book tube (ancient tube for letters) also refers to letters); Book title (referring to letters); Book cover (letter) (3) commemoration; Document: Those who write to advise me will be rewarded in the middle. -"The Warring States Policy, Qi Ce, Zou Ji's Irony Can be Trained" Example: There are twelve volumes of the art of war, each with a main name. —— "Yuefu Poetry Collection Mulan Poetry" Example: Huan Gong's illness worsened and Guan Zhong was worried. There is a book hanging on the door: "If there is a ghost who can speak openly, he should be given a third of the fief." -Feng Ming Meng Long's History of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty for example: If you want to play, write it in the book you submitted. -Liang Qing Liang Qichao's biography of Tan Sitong is another example: certificate; Letter of guarantee; Description; Books can (official documents, calligraphy approval); Books (documents); Books (documents); Bookstore (warehouse for collecting documents and pictures); Library assistant (assistant who sponsors documents); Book department (official in charge of documents) (4) fonts and glyphs. For example, the book is empty (draw glyphs in the air with your fingers) (5) Calligraphy is one of the traditional arts in China. Refers to the rules of writing Chinese characters (seal, official, correct, line and grass) with a conical brush. Online Calligraphy: "Book"
Exodus: Ask your loved ones for sweet words, play music and books to eliminate worries. —— Tao Jin Yuanming's "Gui Xi Ci" Example: It is better to drink alcohol than to learn books and paper. -Ouyang Xiu's "Learning Book Fee Paper" is another example: regular script; Official script; Book quality evaluation (judging the merits of calligraphy and articles); Book sage (refers to the calligrapher with the highest attainments); The meaning of the book (the essence of calligraphy); Books (books that comment on the merits and demerits of calligraphy; Style attainments of calligraphy); Calligraphy style (calligraphy style) (6) Abbreviation of Shangshu: Is the book not yin? "Ask and answer." -Qing Liu Kay's "Ask and Say" Example: "Book" says: "Full of loss, modest." —— Song Ouyang Xiu's "The History of the New Five Dynasties Biography of Lingguan" Example: Pang Ye entered the wood and saw a blank scroll. -"Historical Records, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Biography of Wu Qi" (7) Text example: There is a board in the bosom, and there are several lines of books on it. -Li He's "Sense of Irony" is another example: book theory (that is, arts and sciences. The meaning and context of phrasing); A scribe (a person engaged in writing and clerical work); Book traces (referring to the characters and car traces used by China); Book plan (writing and calculation); (8) Refers to the "Six Books", that is, the theoretical example of analyzing characters in ancient China: ten years, going out for education, living outside, and learning how to write books. -Book of Rites. Sun Xidan's explanation: Books and strategies are the learning of six arts, six books and nine numbers. (9) Examples of ancient imperial edicts: Today, with a large number of people in one county and one country, it is often the way to be king for those who do not reply. -Hanshu (10) storytelling, a folk art, such as book accommodation; The stylistic name of listening book (1 1) is the general name of letters in the pre-Qin period, and letters written by courtiers to the monarch and relatives and friends are all called "books". Such as: Yan Shu, Jian Zhu Shu, Zhang Shu, Zhu Shu, Wife Shu (12); Record; Writing. For example: big edition, special edition/direct edition. Exodus: When my wife comes home, she will go to the porch and ask me about the past or learn from me. -Ming Gui Youguang's "Ji Xiang Xuanzhi" (13) Liu edited this explanatory text.
Book three, book seven, book seven. From the voice of philosophy. Shangyu chesiwen
The history of books
Regardless of ancient and modern times, people always give the highest affirmation and special care to books. Hand-refined paper is especially suitable for China's calligraphy and painting, which can be divided into two kinds: raw and cooked. Many great creations of mankind have gone through a long process of development, condensed the painstaking efforts of countless people, and are developing and growing all the time, and books are no exception. Take China as an example, it has a history of at least 3,500 years, during which people have invested more wisdom and labor. After repeated creation and improvement, books have become what they are today. Generally speaking, in history, except some books made for special purposes, the development of books can be found in a little context. In the earliest communication, people may only use gestures or volume as a medium when gesturing to each other. Later, from the accumulation of experience, some fixed syllables were determined to represent a certain meaning, so human beings walked out of the silent era and entered a society with words and no words. With language, human beings often remember what they hear by memory and then repeat it to others; Or spread your ideals and personal experiences through language. This purpose and method are similar to the functions of future books, so it can be called oral living books. People's memory is limited in the end, and sometimes it will go out of shape. Spoken movable type books must have many defects. As a result, intelligent human beings have invented many ways to help memory, among which knotting is the most representative. We can call it a rope book, which expresses different meanings through the size, tightness, quantity and different colors of knots. Rope books can be spread far away and preserved for a long time, which has some advantages over language. However, due to the limited change of its style, it can not meet the needs of the rapidly progressing human society. Therefore, human beings began to improve again, that is, by imitating nature, simplifying the external image, transforming it into a simple image, and then serving as a symbol of the image. This kind of picture, that is, the embryonic form of existing characters, is generally called character painting. Later, after further improvement and evolution, it gradually became a stereotyped hieroglyph. After a long period of development, countless fonts have finally been achieved for people to apply. The appearance of characters not only opened up a new realm for human civilization, but also laid a solid foundation for books. China's memorial was developed before the memorial. Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty was mostly a question, but he could remember very little. In the past two weeks, Jin Wen has mainly memorized words. It was not until the Warring States period that chronicles made great progress. Ancient language and writing are probably integrated, and what is said and written can be called "words". Oracle Bone Inscriptions is called "Ci", and most of "Shangshu" are actually "Ci". We think these words are all "elegant words" at that time, that is, Mandarin or Mandarin at that time. However, when it spread to later generations, this Mandarin or Mandarin became an ancient expression.
Original font
With words, you need to find materials to write and engrave first. The earliest writing materials were taken from nature, such as stones, bark, leaves, skin, animal bones and animal shells. However, these materials all have their own defects, which can not give full play to the recording function of words. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, knowledge became more and more popular, and books became popular. In order to meet the needs, simplified books and silk books came out one after another. Jane is a long and narrow strip made of bamboo or wood. When writing, one piece is connected from top to bottom, and then arranged from right to left in turn, and connected with a rope. Only in this way can the works be coherent and complete. Silk books are books written with silk fabrics. Because they are soft and light, they are easy to carry and read. It's just that simple books are cumbersome and silk books are expensive, which is not conducive to the popularization of knowledge and the long-term development of books, so people invented paper instead. The appearance of paper was about the Western Han Dynasty, and it was officially recorded in the history books in A.D. 105. Because of its softness and low cost, paper has quickly become the most important material for making books. After the appearance of paper, although many problems in book making have been solved, book making still stays in word-for-word copying, which is time-consuming and laborious, but it is still inconvenient. From the long-term experience of using seals and hammering inscriptions, people inspired the combination of block printing technology, made books conveniently and quickly, and finally invented books. Demonstration of ancient papermaking technology. Engraving printing appeared in the early and prosperous Tang Dynasty. Because it was a good way to make books in the handicraft era, it was quickly popularized and used, and became the main force to make books after the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty. In order to make printing technology more convenient and beautiful, Song Renzong invented movable type typesetting printing in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 104 1 ~ 1048). At the end of Yuan Dynasty, it advanced to the printing field of color overprint. Since then, the printing technology is not only mature and comprehensive, but also the printed products are exquisite and moving. Besides writing, paper and printing, how to bind books? It is also one of the elements. Since the strategy of bamboo and wood simplicity, the decorative skills of China's books, that is, continuous improvement and upgrading, have evolved towards simplicity, practicality and elegance. From ancient times to the present, the restriction of book binding has evolved into many ways, such as volume, leaf, folding, butterfly, treasure quilt, thread and so on. Although modern books are bound in paperback and hardcover forms by mechanical operation, some photocopied and published ancient books often use lines to enhance the ancient meaning, which can quite arouse nostalgia for the ancients. There were early books on copper protection in China. However, no matter how the book making method changes, its basic principle can not be separated from the old method. Today, the elements of making books, such as plate making, printing and paper making, can be said to have evolved from the old inventions of the Chinese people. Therefore, when we remember the progress of human civilization and the history of book development, it is always difficult to suppress a nameless sense of excitement and glory. Of course, it will be more meaningful to encourage ourselves and reflect on the glorious heritage of our ancestors.
pocket book
There is no complete and accurate definition of pocket books, which generally refers to books with a size of less than 32 sheets and a printed sheet of no more than 10. The rise of pocket books can be traced back to the Penguin series published in London in July 1935, which sold more than 25 million copies in three years and achieved great success. Pocket books swept the world and triggered a "paper book revolution", which had a far-reaching impact on the publishing industry in Europe and America. They were even included in human inventions, human adventures and unusual events in the 20th century together with Kodak Colom color film invented in the United States.
E-books/e-books/e-books
E-books in simple text form can no longer meet the requirements of readers, so e-books in CHM and HLP formats came into being. CHM and HLP formats, as the standard formats of Windows system help files, can support the insertion of pictures, and can also facilitate readers to read by making directories, indexes and other functions. Both formats can be read directly in Windows system without any third-party software support. CEB format CEB format is an e-book format independently developed by Founder Company of Peking University. Due to the adoption of "high fidelity" technology in the document conversion process, CEB e-book format can maintain its original style to the maximum extent. Based on this feature, many e-book publishers and digital libraries have begun to adopt this format, and relevant state departments have also adopted CEB format as the standard format for electronic document delivery. Founder Apabi reader (Apabi) is the designated reading software in CEB format. Apabi reader also has the functions of font scaling, bookmark, note-taking, book management, translation, text partial copying and so on, which can conform to readers' traditional reading habits as much as possible. PDF format PDF is an electronic reading file format developed by Adobe company, which can truly reflect the format, font, layout and pictures in the original document and ensure that the printing effect of the document is not distorted. Therefore, PDF format has become an internationally recognized electronic document format. The special reading tool for PDF files is Adobe Acrobat Reader software. In order to enable readers to read the original pages, the electronic versions of many newspapers are in PDF format, such as Xinmin Evening News in Shanghai and Beijing Youth Daily in Beijing. By the way, the Founder Apabi reader mentioned above can also read PDF documents, so you can choose any one when installing PDF reading software. Superstar Company in PDG format has collected about 300,000 books from libraries all over the country, scanned them and stored them in PDG digital format, and stored them in Superstar Digital Library. If you want to read these books, you must use a superstar reader. After installing the reader, open the superstar reader and click "Resources". We can see the classification of books according to different themes. After classification, every specific book is presented to us. During reading, you can also choose to download this book. WDL and WDF formats WDL and WDF formats solve the problem of incompatibility between different software platforms and language systems. Because these two formats are particularly effective in supporting Chinese characters and pictures in documents, when you read these two formats with DynaDoc Reader, there will never be font deformation and garbled characters. Judging from the current usage, most computer-programmed e-books like to use WDL format. If you are interested in programming, then DynaDoc Reader is one of your necessary software. ABM and BOK formats ABM and BOK are two new digital publishing formats, and you may be a little unfamiliar with them. The biggest feature of these two formats is that they can organically combine text content, pictures, sounds and even video animations into a whole. When reading, it can bring you all-round enjoyment in vision and hearing. As the designated reading software in ABM and BOK formats, the use of Tibetan paintings is quite simple. After opening the software, just drag the file to the play window with the mouse, and the file will run automatically (for the specific use method of Tibetan paintings, please refer to the Digital Software in the Digital Age-DigiBook of Tibetan Paintings in the software). China Computer Education News, No.1 19 this year). Txt and Jar format txt are both text documents. TXT file is a text format attached to Microsoft operating system, and it is the most common file format. It mainly stores text information, that is, text information. JAR(Java ARchive) is a platform-independent file format, which can combine multiple files into one file. At present, it is mainly used in mobile phones, and it is one of the most common and widely used mobile phone reading formats. The editor of this paragraph says that books are the key to wisdom. Politicians say that books are the life of the times. Economists say that books are the information to get rich. The writer says that books are a supplement to people. Historians say that books are the ladder of progress. Strugglers say that books are the guide of life. The explorer said: books are ships that lead to the other side. The lost say: Books are the stars in the heart. Students say: Books are silent teachers. Knowledge seekers say that when you are hungry, books are a "good meal". The heaviest book [English] Edited this paragraph weighs 2.5 tons, covers an area of 4 1 m2, and the table of contents alone reaches 520,000 pages, which was compiled in 12 years. The smallest book area is less than 1 cm2. This book is The Chameleon written by Russian writer Chekhov. The first paper book "The History of the Three Kingdoms" is the largest book. This huge book is 2 meters high and 3 meters wide. It is a famous saying of the editor of Dudende Orthography Dictionary. This book is the life of our times. -belinsky studied in thousands of books and took Wan Li Road. -Liu Yi read it a hundred times, and his meaning is self-evident. -History of the Three Kingdoms Lenin
Books are great power. -Lenin Books are the ladder of human progress. -Gorky Books are the presidents of human knowledge. Shakespeare's books are a treasure trove of human thoughts. -ushinski's book.-The treasure of the world. Thoreau A good book is the most precious wealth. -belinsky Books are the only thing that never dies. -Chutchev Books make people the masters of the universe. -Pavlenko's book lies the soul of the whole past. -Carlyle's influence is short and weak, while books have a wide and far-reaching influence. Pushkin can't live without books just as he can't live without air. -Korolev's books are not only life, but also the source of cultural life in the present, past and future. -Kufayev's books introduced us to the best society and made us know the great wise men of all ages. -Smiling books are such a tool to transform the soul. What mankind needs is enlightenment nutrition. And reading is this kind of nourishment. -Hugo Books are lighthouses that stand in the sea of time in Wang Yang. -whipple's book.-The real university of our time. Carlisle's books inspired my wisdom and soul. They helped me out of trouble. Without them, I would drown in them and suffocate in stupid and despicable things. -Gorky books are like a magic lamp, illuminating people's farthest and darkest life path. -Upit books have immortal power. They are the fruits of human activities for the longest time. -smiles's ideal book is the key to wisdom. -lev tolstoy Except for barbaric countries, the whole world is ruled by books. -Voltaire Books are the ever-burning lamps for accumulating the wisdom of the world. -Curtis books can lead us into an aristocratic society and meet the greatest figures of all times. -Smiling books make people think freely. -Grakov Only books are immortal. Joe's books make us inheritors of the spiritual life of the previous era. -Chinninger Books are the legacy left by genius to mankind, passed down from generation to generation, and even more, they are gifts for the unborn. -Edison Books are mentors for young people and nurses for old people. When we are silent, books make us happy and stay away from all the pain. -Messenger books are teachers who train us. There is no need for flogging, no need for words and reprimands, no need for tuition, and no need for form ... Love for books is love for wisdom. -The Book of Durbeyfield is a consultant who is always by your side, can provide you with the knowledge you need at any time, and can repeat this consultant as many times as you like. Keller, a person who loves books, will never lack a loyal friend, a good teacher, a lovely companion and a warm comforter. -Barroso is a friend. Although they are not enthusiastic, they are loyal. -Hugo Books are the experience of predecessors. Labor books are inseparable life partners and mentors for young people. -Gorky books are the nourishment of the whole world. Life without books is like the earth without sunshine; Wisdom without books is like a bird without wings. -Shakespeare's books are the food for teenagers, making the elderly happy, but also the decoration of prosperity and the refuge of danger, comforting people's hearts. At home, it becomes a seed of happiness, and it will not be an obstacle outside, but when traveling, it is a companion at night. Cicero's books are best friends. When you encounter any difficulties in life, you can turn to it for help, and it will never abandon you. -Dodd Books are ships of ideas sailing in the waves of the times. They carefully transported precious goods to generation after generation. -Bacon Books are tools for making souls. -Hugo Books are the most patient, patient and enjoyable companions. It won't abandon you at any difficult time. -The Book of herzen-This is the spiritual legacy left by one generation to another, this is the advice given by the dying old man to the young people who have just started their lives, and this is the command given by the guards who are about to rest to the guards who are about to take over. -herzen Books-The window to see the world through the mind. A house without books is like a room without windows. -Wilson Books are the foundation of any kind of knowledge and also the foundation of any subject. -Zweig books are not inanimate things, they contain a potential of life and are as active as the author. Not only that, it is also like a vase, which preserves the purest essence of the author's energetic wisdom. Milton's books are tools to cultivate wisdom. -Comenius's original works spread in dark times, just like some sunshine shining on a desolate desert, in order to turn darkness into light. These books are epoch-making works in the history of human spirit, and people are moving towards various new discoveries by virtue of their principles. Books are faithful mirrors that shine the hearts of sages and heroes into our hearts. Gibbon