Salzburg was inhabited in the Neolithic Age, and in 45 AD, Salzburg gained urban autonomy. The first monastery, St. Peter's Abbey, was built in the 5th century. In 699, the Duke of Bavaria dedicated Salzburg, the ancient Roman city, to Bishop Rupert, the first bishop of Salzburg, so that the bishop could preach on this land and use the newly-built St. Peter's Cathedral as his residence. Rupert became the first director of St. Peter's Abbey, and later he became the patron saint of Salzburg. The name "Salzburg" (German: Salzburg, meaning "Salt Fort") first appeared in 755. It is named after the nearby salt mines and castles. Bishop Salzburg's main source of income is the monopoly of salt sales. Salzburg became the bishop's residence in 739, and the Salzburg Cathedral was first completed in 774. On April 20th, 798, at the request of King Charlemagne, Pope Leo III upgraded Salzburg to the archbishop's residence, governing almost the whole of old Bavaria, namely lower Bavaria, upper Bavaria, upper Pfalcz and most of Austria today. Since then, Salzburg has successively belonged to the Eastern Frankish Kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire and the German Holy Roman Empire after15th century.
The famous Salzburg fortress was built by Archbishop Gebhard from 1077, but he didn't see it built with his own eyes. Because Gebhard sided with the Pope in the struggle of succession to the throne in 1076, supported Rudolf and opposed King Schwaben, because he was unfaithful to Henry IV, the archbishop was expelled after the struggle. It was Gebhard's successor who finally completed the Salzburg fortress project.
As Archbishop Conrad II of Babenburg took charge of Salzburg in 1 164 without the consent of the holy Roman emperor Frederick I, Frederick I sent troops in 1 166, and Salzburg got the army of Frederick I in167. Later, in 1 168, Adal Bert III of Bohemia, the nephew of Frederick I, became the archbishop of Salzburg. However, in 1 174, Frederick I instructed the parliament of regensburg to recall him again, and Heinrich of Berchtesgaden became the opposite archbishop on June 26th, but he did not. 11After the signing of the Venice Peace Treaty in 1977, Heinrich and Adabert III gave up their archbishop at the same time and were replaced by Conrad of Wittschbach. 11After Conrad was called Archbishop of Mainz in 1983, Adabert III returned to the position of Archbishop of Salzburg until his death.
Archbishop eberhard II was a staunch supporter of Hohenstaufen dynasty, and he played a vital role in the history of Salzburg. During the period from 1200 to 1246, he combined the ruling power, judicial power and urban management power of feudal nobles, and the archbishop became the supreme ruler of Salzburg, and was known as the "father of Salzburg" for his outstanding ruling achievements.
Since then, Salzburg's influence has been growing. 1322 After the Battle of Mildorf, Salzburg began to make enemies with neighboring Bavaria. 1328 With the authorization of the Archbishop, Salzburg gradually became an independent country within the Holy Roman Empire. During the period from 1348 to 1349, Salzburg lost about one third of its population. 148 1 year, Emperor Frederick III of the Holy Roman Empire recognized Salzburg's right to freely elect the city council and mayor. 15 1 1 year, Archbishop Leonhard of Kochach took compulsory measures to arrest the mayor and councillors of Salzburg and forced them to give up all city privileges. 1524 The German peasant war broke out and spread to Austria. From 1525 to 1526, an uprising of farmers and coal miners broke out in Salzburg, which lasted for three months. Uprising peasants besieged the Salzburg fortress, demanding to reduce the burden, abolish serfdom and restore basic rights.
Just a few years after Martin Luther published "95 theses" and began the Protestant religious reform, most citizens in Salzburg were tolerant of Protestantism, and they were dissatisfied with the autocratic rule of matthaeus Langer, Archbishop of Willenburg. 1525 the peasant war made public their sympathy for Protestantism. Before 1590, almost all Protestant families in Salzburg were forced to leave their homes, and children under 15 in these families had to stay and be adopted by Catholic families. 173 1 year, Leopold Anton, Archbishop of Fermion, formulated the so-called "immigration policy" and expelled 20,000 Protestants from Salzburg again. In the late autumn of the same year, another 4,000 female slaves and farm workers were arrested and expelled. The following year, manual workers and farmers were expelled again. About a quarter of the deportees died in exile. It was not until 1740 that the surviving expellees were partially compensated after repeated negotiations by the king of Prussia. Due to the expulsion of Protestants, the population of Salzburg parish decreased greatly, leading to a disastrous economic crisis.
baroque
The Bishop Fountain in Salzburg is the largest baroque fountain in Central Europe. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, Wolff Dietrich, Archbishop of Letnau, thought Salzburg was an ideal and representative city, so he built a lot of buildings on it, leaving the face and style of the old city of Salzburg. He ordered the reconstruction of Salzburg Cathedral, which was burnt down for the eighth time in 1598. He also built the Baylor Palace in Milla. In order to compete with Bavaria for salt and customs duties, Wolff Dietrich instructed him to occupy Berchtesgaden in Bavaria at 16 1, and Bavaria immediately occupied Salzburg, and decided to let Malcus Sitikus of Hochner Moss succeed Wolff Dietrich. He completed the cathedral preserved to this day in 1628. Malcus Sitikus's successor, Count Paris of Lodelon, adopted a wise and cautious political neutrality strategy in the Thirty Years' War, which saved Salzburg from the suffering of the war and shared the title of "Father of Salzburg" (German: Vater des Vaterlandes) with eberhard II.
16 17 established a middle school in Salzburg. 1622 was transformed into Salzburg University, and the Department of Theology and Philosophy was established. The establishment of Salzburg University is an important measure of the archbishop's anti-religious reform, which greatly improves the education level of priests. Mozart 1756 was born in Salzburg, and worked for the Archbishop from 1769 to 178 1 year. During the reign of Archbishop Hieronymus von Colloredo (1772- 1803), Salzburg became the center of the Enlightenment, and the education system was reformed based on Austria. Salzburg attracts countless scholars and artists.
After the separation of church and state
Salzburg was an independent archdiocese during the Holy Roman Empire. Until 1803, the Holy Roman Empire passed the law of separation of church and state, and the Archbishop of Salzburg lost his dominant position. Salzburg merged with Freising and Paso, and was placed under the jurisdiction of Franz Ii's brother, Ferdinand III, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and was eligible to become the elector. 1805 After Austria was defeated in the Battle of Austerlitz, Tyrol of Austria was ceded to Bavaria. In exchange, Salzburg and Berchtesgaden were transferred to Austria. Salzburg changed hands again and became a part of Bavaria in 18 10. 18 16 Salzburg returned to Austria after the Vienna conference, while Berchtesgaden continued to belong to Bavaria. This situation continues to this day. 1850 Salzburg gained autonomy from Linz. The first democratic election was held in 19 19.
Nazi Germany and World War II
Under the rule of Nazi Germany, the Nazis burned books and arrested Jews and dissidents in Salzburg on April 30, 1938. In the same year, the Salzburg synagogue was destroyed on October 9, 1938. Nazi Germany established a concentration camp for war criminals in Salzburg in 1942, and built a bomb shelter on the hills of the city in 1943. From 1944 to 1945, the US Air Force destroyed or damaged 46% of the buildings in Salzburg in a total of *** 15 air strikes, 7,600 houses were destroyed,14,563 people were displaced, and more than 550 people were killed in the air strikes. The most severely damaged areas are near the railway station and the central city, including the dome of Salzburg Cathedral and Mozart's former residence. However, except for cathedrals and bridges, most baroque buildings are well preserved, so Salzburg is the only city that retains the original baroque style.
Since the Second World War
1On May 4th, 945, American troops captured Salzburg, and Colonel Hans Leperdinger, a Nazi German, surrendered to Salzburg without fighting. The US military appointed Richard Hilterman as the mayor of Salzburg, Adolf Chemel as the governor of Salzburg, and established the Austrian Social Democratic Party, the Austrian People's Party and the Austrian Production Party. After the liberation of Salzburg, homeless refugees, Jews and Germans living abroad poured into Salzburg. In February, 1946 13200 refugees from Eastern and Central Europe gathered in Salzburg and its surrounding areas. In order to accommodate these refugees, Salzburg built eight refugee camps. On August 1945, 1 1 day, citizens ushered in the first Salzburg Music Festival after World War II. This music festival, founded in 1920, was held every summer and was forced to stop during World War II.
1On September 26th, 945, Salzburg became the first federal state to express its support and recognition for the government of karl renne in Vienna after the reconstruction of the Austrian Republic. Salzburg, together with parts of Upper Austria and Styria, formed the occupied area of the US military in Austria after World War II, and the headquarters of the US military was located in Salzburg. In the first few weeks, the occupation authorities unilaterally raided many buildings in Salzburg, but then cooperated with the state government and the municipal government. With the help of Marshall Plan and the economic assistance of the occupation authorities, Salzburg quickly recovered its economy.