Confucianism gained official academic status from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The characteristics of Confucian scholars in the Han Dynasty are to abide by the family law and the teacher's law, and the knowledge taught by the teacher can not be worse than one word, and they pay attention to the exegesis of words. Therefore, Confucianism gradually declined after the Han Dynasty, and lost its exclusive position after the Eastern Han Dynasty. Although the decline of Confucianism is related to the prosperity of Taoism and the introduction of Buddhism, the main reason is the rigidity of its own thinking. In the Song Dynasty, many Confucian masters reformed Confucianism, and Confucianism presented a brand-new state. Zhu, a master of Confucianism, took out two books, Daxue and Zhong Yong, from the Book of Rites, which matched the Analects of Confucius and Mencius, and were collectively called "Four Books", hence the theory of "Four Books".
The opening of the Four Books is 1, and the opening of The Analects is the method of self-cultivation.
"Learning day Xi zhi, joy? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Ignorance and dissatisfaction are not gentlemen? "
For a long time, we defined the first article of The Analects as "learning from time to time", saying that it is meaningless and does not conform to Confucius' thought, because the most important thing for Confucius is "correcting the name". "It must also be justified", "the name is not correct, and the words are not smooth". Confucius looked up at the sky and told us that the first article of The Analects should be named Xuetian.
The first sentence is: I am reading intellectually. Is it a pleasure?
Isn't it a pleasure to learn from nature, take nature as a teacher, practice in life and form habits? "Time of Xi" and "time" mean often, from time to time and often. What does "Xi" mean? Generally speaking, learning means reviewing, reviewing. Yes, but this level is very low. The "habit" here should be interpreted as habit. How to form a habit? Is to do it. It is not enough to learn from nature and know the truth, but to practice it in daily life, so as to understand it; If you can't do it, you must continue to study.
The second sentence: Isn't it a pleasure to have friends coming from afar?
"Friends come from afar", and friends come from afar. If the friends next door come over and you are happy every time, it will be miserable. He comes every day, and you are unhappy when you eat it, and you turn your back on him. From here, we can find that the intentions of the ancients are unmatched by modern people.
The third sentence: people don't know and don't care, aren't they gentlemen?
"You" is just a slight anger. People don't know you, don't know how great you are, and don't know how much you have contributed, but you are not angry or happy at all. Isn't that a gentleman with good moral cultivation? This is called a normal heart. "I don't even know this kind of person, don't I not study?" You won't be happy to think like this. Any resentment, any hatred, any anger, in fact, the biggest victim is yourself. What do you mean angry? If others make mistakes, you have to bear the consequences.
2, "Mencius" begins-the law of life "How can you benefit? There is also righteousness. "
When Mencius met Liang, Liang Wenjun took Wan Li Road. What benefits can you bring to my country? Mencius answered this sentence with his mouth. In a word, it is a major proposition of Confucianism, and even a major proposition of China's culture for thousands of years-benevolence or benefit?
This is a very difficult multiple-choice question, so that few people can really choose it for thousands of years. Therefore, the cycle of "watching his tall buildings rise and watching his buildings collapse" continues to be staged. Laozi's words are like prophecies and annotations-"Forever and ever. The reason why heaven and earth can last for a long time is that they are not born by themselves, so they can live forever. "
The world is bustling, all for profit; The world is bustling for profit. After walking so far, I forgot why I started. People who get lost in the game for too long and get stuck too deeply will eventually encounter the word "value".
At this time, we can only go back to the source to find, doomed to return to the starting point established by the sages and make a new choice.
3. The beginning of "University"-the method of self-cultivation "The way of a university is clear in virtue, close to the people, and ends in perfection."
The way of university is both humane and political. There are mainly three programs, namely, morality, being close to the people and stopping at perfection. Among the three programs, according to the principle of "focusing on auspicious celebration" in the Book of Changes, "being close to the people" is between "showing virtue" and "stopping at perfection" and has become a core topic. In other words, "Ming Ming De" must be "close to the people" and "Ming Ming De", and the effect of "stop at the best" must also meet the requirements of "close to the people", so that people can feel at ease and be willing to obey.
4. The beginning of the golden mean-the law of heaven and man "The nature of destiny is the way, and the nature of cultivation is the teaching."
The doctrine of the mean is profound, and the first three sentences are even more profound.
The Nature of Destiny. Qian Mu said: What fate gives you is human endowment, which is called sex. People have this kind of nature, which means that there is a day in people, that is to say, there is a destiny in life. Isn't this a heavenly figure?
"Honesty is the way." Because people are predestined, conforming to nature is the road to life and nature. In line with human nature, they are all Tao; Against humanity, not Tao. Too many people have long forgotten what their nature is.
"Cultivation is teaching". God's talent endows people with a kind nature, develops with it, chooses goodness and persists in it, cultivates and verifies it in real life, completely removes all obstacles and restores its true colors. This is the so-called "teaching".
Keeping the nature, keeping the way and educating people is the way of harmony between man and nature.