So the Lushun massacre was really caused by the Japanese spontaneous "revenge" caused by the so-called "Qing army humiliating the corpse" in the Tuchengzi campaign?
The Tuchengzi campaign was originally a small battle, and the reason why it became a big event that sensationalized world public opinion has a lot to do with the "humiliation of corpses" hyped by the Japanese side.
There are two main ways to "humiliate the corpse": one is to cut off the enemy's body; One is to "cut the nose, gouge out the eyes and break the belly" on the enemy's body. The first item should be true. "Leaning on the head" is a barbaric custom left over from ancient wars, but it has not been completely abolished in modern times.
It turned out that the Qing army in Lushun once issued an order that "beheading is not allowed, and those who behead will not be rewarded in case of delaying the March by mistake", but Gong Weijun's soldiers cut down 1 1 head except captain Zhong Wande, regardless of the military regulations. After Zhong Wan died in battle, his sergeant "was afraid that the lieutenant's head would fall into the hands of the enemy, cut it off with tears, and brought it back to the army for a smooth fake burial."
Therefore, some people in Japan say that "it is said that the head of Captain Zhong Wan was discovered after entering Lushun", which can be said to be groundless. It's really uncivilized for the Qing army to chop up enemy bodies.
As for the fact that the Qing army "cut off the nose, gouged out the eyes and cut off the belly" on the enemy's body, its true degree is doubtful. After the Japanese cavalry search team was repelled by Gong Weijun, who saw the Qing army "cutting nose and digging eyes" on the bodies left by the enemy, there was no direct witness record.
Now that the body has been beheaded by the Qing army, how can you still see it being "cut nose and gouged eyes"? Is it not contradictory? In fact, after the Japanese invaded Lushun, some chopped heads were found. There is no shocking scene of "cutting your nose and digging your eyes", only the horror of "being bitten by a wild dog" It can be seen that the theory of "cutting nose and digging eyes" lacks evidence.
The body was "broken", and it is hard to say that the Qing army did it. Because the seriously injured Japanese committed suicide by raising a knife, by cutting their throats, or by caesarean section; Especially after a night of sudden death in the wild, local wild dogs flock to forage everywhere, and they will bite and eat when they smell blood. This is described by some western journalists embedded in the army.
In any case, the fact that 1 1 the Japanese army was beheaded does not lead to the conclusion that the Japanese army can kill civilians indiscriminately.
There are indications that the so-called "corpse abuse" incident was completely rendered by the Japanese military. The main force of the Japanese attack on Lushun was the First Division, and the division commander Lieutenant General Genji Yamamoto was the maker of this so-called incident.
In order to boost morale, Shan deliberately used the topic to publicize it as a "humiliating" incident. Its means can be described as despicable. But Shan was proud of it and took the opportunity to encourage him: "It's a pity that enemy soldiers like rats and thieves are still fighting today. Tomorrow I will personally direct the battle! "
19, on the second day of the battle of Tuchengzi, when health guards were seen carrying the bodies of soldiers killed in Tuchengzi near Shuangtaigou on the mountain, they shouted, "Hey! Why did the Qing soldiers eat so badly? From now on, if you meet the Qing soldiers again, no one will be spared! "
His emotions not only directly infected all officers below the joint captain, but also greatly incited all soldiers.
After the massacre, Japanese officials became "Lushun Qing soldiers who took off their military uniforms, put on civilian clothes and hid in empty houses at home to resist." "Some residents were also ordered to resist by force." In other words, the Japanese army slaughtered either plainclothes soldiers who continued to resist or residents who were ordered to fight.
Some Japanese scholars also claimed that "(Lushun defeated soldiers) took off their military uniforms and put on plain clothes, lurking in residents' homes." "It is difficult for the Japanese army to distinguish between defeated soldiers and residents in the sweeping. As a result, all the able-bodied men, presumably soldiers, were killed without mercy. ..... It is against international law to slaughter a large number of prisoners, but so is the plainclothes of China's regular army. " .
On the one hand, the debater admitted that the Japanese army "slaughtered a large number of prisoners in violation of international law", on the other hand, he accused the Qing army of "plainclothes soldiers", which was even more unreasonable. Even if a few Qing soldiers didn't have time to withdraw with the team to the north, they had no choice but to wear casual clothes, which was neither a violation of international law nor a reason for the Japanese army to "slaughter a large number of prisoners" and a large number of civilians.
In fact, before the Japanese attacked Lushun, they had already determined the policy of not leaving prisoners.
The Japanese spy who entered Lushun with Yamagata Genji confessed to Noichi: Yamagata issued an order to "destroy all women, children and adults, so Lushun was really miserable, which caused the feeling of rivers of blood in Lushun Port".
General ōyama Iwao, commander of the Second Japanese Army, is an adviser on international law. He Changxiong also admitted in front of western journalists in Lushun: "We captured hundreds of prisoners in Pyongyang, but we found that it was both expensive and troublesome to feed them and take care of them. In fact, we didn't catch any prisoners here. "
Japanese officials are also well aware that the Japanese army slaughtered civilians in Lushun.
Privately, Foreign Minister Luo Zongguang made no secret of the Japanese massacre of civilians in Lushun. A week after the Lushun massacre, he called Vice Foreign Minister Lin Dong and said:
I met a Times reporter who came back from Lushun today. According to him, after the Japanese victory, there were quite rough actions, tying up prisoners and killing them alive, even civilians and even women. It seems that this is a fact. These facts were witnessed not only by European and American journalists, but also by non-commissioned officers of various countries' fleets, especially vice admiral, England. ..... The Times reporter has asked the Japanese government many times what kind of aftermath policy it will adopt ... Please understand the minister's views. Even if the above facts are made public, you can't make any statement, that is, after the Japanese government announces how to punish, it will be passive if it doesn't punish.
Lu Ao knows that Lushun killed civilians, but it can't make any public statement. In particular, punishing the responsible person is tantamount to admitting the facts, and not punishing the responsible person is very passive in the face of international public opinion.
In the diaries of Japanese soldiers who participated in the battle, the bloodiness and cruelty of the Lushun Massacre were particularly clear.
The account of Japanese Second United Front Infantry and Tadashi Tian;
Kill every soldier who sees China, leaving no one in Lushun, so the streets are full of corpses, making it extremely inconvenient to walk. People who live at home are not immune. Usually three or five or six people are killed, and the blood flowing out is disgusting.
Six stories of Xiao Ye, the trench of the first United front of Japanese field artillery;
Our first team was allowed to go out and took a walk in Lushuncheng Street. We saw dozens of "enemy corpses" in every household. The white-haired old man and the baby were killed together, and the white-haired wife and daughter-in-law died hand in hand on the ground, which was terrible.
In contrast, Bao Shaowu, a China person who participated in the corpse lifting, said:
When we collected the body, we witnessed the horror of our compatriots being killed. In a shop in Shanggou, Mr. Fang, who was stabbed to death by the devil, was still lying on the account table. To make matters worse, there was a dead mother and four or five children lying on the kang. The oldest is eight or nine years old and the youngest is only a few months old. She was still nursing in her mother's arms and was stabbed to death by the devil. Many people died in front of their own homes. When I opened the door, I was killed by the devil. Most of the dead were old people, women and children.
Wang Hongzhao said:
Japanese soldiers forced us to carry four bodies to Lushun with bayonets. When I went to Lushun, I saw that every household was open. Some people were beheaded, some were lying on the counter, and some were disembowelled. There are a lot of intestines outside, blood is sprayed all over the wall, and there are bodies all over the street. At that time, the people in Lushun, who did not escape, all died by the sword of the devil.
By comparing the oral accounts of the corpse carriers with the diaries of Japanese soldiers, it can be fully explained that the Japanese army killed everyone when they entered Lushun, and most of the victims still included a large number of unarmed peaceful residents. The non-Japanese side advocates "civilian soldiers" and "residents with armed resistance".
The Lushun massacre was a war crime committed by Japanese high-level organizations.
The Lushun massacre was not a crime committed by ordinary Japanese soldiers in violation of international public laws and regulations, but a massacre atrocity organized by the Second Army of Japan from top to bottom, which was more serious in nature.
Some Japanese records do not deny that Lieutenant General Genji Yamamoto, head of Japan's First Division, gave the order for the massacre. This is true and credible.
Japanese spies attacked Lushun with the first division of the second Japanese army. After witnessing everything, they admitted in their memoirs that Genji Yamamoto issued the order that "all women, children and the elderly should be eliminated, which made Lushun really miserable and miserable, and caused the feeling of rivers of blood in Lushun Port".
Because of this, the officers in the division ordered the soldiers: "When you see enemy soldiers, don't leave any!" Kenichi Kono also recorded in his diary that Genji Yamamoto saw soldiers of the Third United Front break into people's homes and kill two civilians. "Blood splashed all over the yard." Instead of stopping it, he told the Japanese soldiers who killed civilians not to tell anyone.
The records of the Japanese army also prove that Major General Nogi Maresuke, head of the first brigade, and Major General Hirojiro, head of the second brigade, were both active executors of the Holocaust order.
So, as the commander of the Second Japanese Army, General ōyama Iwao didn't know that the Second Division had committed such a serious war crime. Can he stay out of it? The answer is no. Because ōyama Iwao didn't know about the Holocaust, it was absolutely impossible in terms of military discipline and significance.
At that time, The Times of London pointed out: "When Japan captured Lushun, it slaughtered the people for four days, and the soldiers could not be temporarily banned, fearing that it would be a lifelong embarrassment." Even Hulander, a professor at Oxford University in the UK who was originally inclined to Japan, said: "At that time, the behavior of Japanese officials was indeed out of line." It is emphasized that the responsibility for the Lushun massacre mainly lies with the unified army officials.
Because the westerners in Lushun were very clear at that time: "The Japanese commander and all his generals knew that the massacre was going on day after day." ōyama Iwao, the supreme commander of the Japanese army in Lushun, certainly didn't know about the four-day massacre. This is a ...
1894165438+1October 2 1 Sunday afternoon, the Japanese massacre in Lushun began. ōyama Iwao held a farewell party in the parade ground, ordered the military band to play "Dai Jun" and listened to the gunfire that killed civilians outside. Keliman saw that he was "clinking glasses frequently with the noise of music and bullets, and pedaling with measured steps with a smile". It can be seen that he is not only fully aware of the Japanese massacre, but also satisfied. The second is.
The most telling thing is that during the Lushun massacre, he specially sent his legal adviser He Changxiong to work as a western journalist to persuade them not to report on the Japanese massacre. If there is no ghost in his heart, why bother? Third.
And so on, enough to show that ōyama Iwao was the chief culprit and the highest responsible person of Lushun Massacre.
The Japanese massacre in Lushun was neither a "spontaneous" retaliation caused by the "revenge" provoked by the "humiliation" of the Qing army. What's more, what the Japanese army defended was to eliminate the fighting behavior of "plain clothes Qing army" and "armed resistance to residents". It was a brutal massacre of innocent ordinary people in China under the direct orders and indirect orders of senior Japanese generals. Perhaps, as the American newspaper said, at this moment, they "shed the mask of civilization and exposed the savage noumenon."