Whether the ancestors who made this pottery bottle knew about static electricity or not, it is certain that the ancient Greeks absolutely knew about static electricity. They know that if you rub a piece of amber, you can attract light objects. Aristotle also knows that there is such a thing as a magnet, which is a kind of ore with strong magnetic force and can attract iron and metal.
1780, when Italian anatomist Gavagni dissected a frog, he accidentally touched the frog's thigh with different metal instruments in his hand, and the muscles of the frog's leg twitched immediately, as if stimulated by current, but only one metal instrument was used to touch the frog, but this reversal did not occur. Galvani believes that this phenomenon is due to a kind of electricity generated in animals, which he calls "bioelectricity". 179 1 year, Gavagni wrote a paper about the experimental results, which was published in academic circles.
Galvani's discovery aroused great interest of physicists, who competed to repeat the experiment of flail Vanni, trying to find a way to generate current. After many experiments, Italian physicist Volt thinks that Galvani's bioelectricity theory is incorrect. The reason why frog muscle can generate current is probably that some liquid in the muscle is working. To prove his point, Volt immersed two different kinds of metal sheets in different solutions for experiments. It is found that as long as one of the two kinds of metal sheets reacts with the solution, an electric current can be generated between the metal sheets.
1799, Volt immersed a zinc plate and a silver plate in salt water, and found that a current passed through the wire connecting the two metals. So he put many pieces of flannel or paper soaked in salt water between zinc and silver, and then folded them flat. When you touch both ends with your hands, you will feel a strong current stimulus. In this way, Volt successfully made the world's first battery-"Volt reactor". This "volt stack" is actually a series battery pack. It became the power supply for early electrical experiments and telegrams.
Italian physicist Volt repeated galvani's experiment many times. As a physicist, his attention is mainly focused on those two metals, not on the frog's nerves. For the frog leg twitching phenomenon discovered by Gavagni, he thought it might be related to electricity, but he thought that the frog's muscles and nerves had no electricity. He speculated that the current may be caused by the contact between two different metals, whether they are in contact with living or dead animals. Experiments have proved that as long as hard paper, linen, leather or other spongy things soaked in salt water or alkaline water are separated between two metal sheets (which he thinks is a necessary condition for the success of the experiment), and the two metal sheets are connected with metal wires, whether there is frog muscle or not, there will be current passing through them. This shows that electricity is not generated from the frog's tissue, and the frog's leg is only equivalent to a very sensitive electroscope.
1836, Daniel of England improved the "buried pile". He used dilute sulfuric acid as electrolyte to solve the problem of battery polarization and made the first unpolarized zinc-copper battery, also known as "Daniel battery". Since then, "Bunsen battery" and "Grove battery" with better depolarization effect have appeared one after another. However, these batteries all have the problem that the voltage decreases with the extension of service time.
1860, Plante of France invented a battery with lead as the electrode. This kind of battery is unique in that when the battery is used for a period of time to reduce the voltage, it can be energized with reverse current to increase the battery voltage. Because this kind of battery can be used repeatedly, it is called "storage battery".
However, no matter what kind of battery needs to be filled with liquid between two metal plates, it is very inconvenient to carry, especially the liquid used by the battery is sulfuric acid, which is very dangerous when moving.
Also in 1860, Reckling invented the precursor of the battery (carbon-zinc battery) which is widely used in the world. Its negative electrode is an alloy rod of zinc and mercury (the negative electrode of zinc volt prototype battery, which has been proved to be one of the best metals as negative electrode materials), while its positive electrode is a mixture of crushed manganese dioxide and carbon in a porous cup. A carbon rod is inserted into this mixture as a current collector. Both the negative electrode rod and the positive electrode cup are immersed in ammonium chloride solution as electrolyte. This system is called "wet battery". Reclin's battery is simple but cheap, so it was not replaced by the improved "dry battery" until 1880. The negative electrode was improved into a zinc can (that is, the shell of the battery), and the electrolyte became paste instead of liquid. Basically, this is what we now know as a carbon-zinc battery.
1887, Englishman Hellesen invented the earliest dry battery. The electrolyte of dry battery is paste-like, does not leak and is easy to carry, so it has been widely used.
1890 Thomas Edison invented the rechargeable iron-nickel battery.
1896 mass production of American dry batteries.
1896 invented the d battery.
1899 Waldmar Jungner invented the nickel-cadmium battery.
Commercial production of rechargeable iron-nickel battery in 19 10.
19 1 1 year China established a factory to produce dry batteries and lead-acid batteries (battery factory of Shanghai Ministry of Communications).
The alkaline battery was invented by Thomas Edison in 19 14.
1934, Schlecht and Akermann invented the sintered plate of nickel-cadmium battery.
1947, Neumann developed a sealed nickel-cadmium battery.
1949, Lew Urry (Energizer) developed a small alkaline battery.
Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin developed solar cells in 1954.
1956 strength. Make the first 9 volt battery.
1956 the first nickel-cadmium battery factory (Fengyun equipment factory (755 factory)) was built in China.
1960 or so, Union Carbide Company commercialized alkaline batteries, and China began to study alkaline batteries (jointly developed by Xi 'an Tsinghua Factory and other three companies).
Maintenance-free lead-acid batteries appear around 1970.
Practical application of primary lithium battery before and after 1970.
1976, scientists at Philips Research Center invented the Ni-MH battery.
The stable alloy for Ni-MH battery was developed around 1980.
1983, China began to study nickel-hydrogen batteries (Nankai University).
1987 the process of nickel-cadmium battery was improved in China, and the battery capacity was increased by 40% by using foamed nickel.
Commercial production of primary lithium batteries in China before 1987.
1989 The research of Ni-MH battery in China has been included in the national plan.
Corner (chewing gum) battery appeared before 1990.
1990 commercial production of nickel-hydrogen batteries.
199 1 Sony. Commercial production of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries
Karl Kordesch, Josef Gsellmann and Klaus Tomantschger obtained the patent of alkaline rechargeable battery in 1992.
1992 battery technology company produces alkaline rechargeable batteries.
1995 the commercial production of Ni-MH battery in China has begun to take shape.
1999 commercial production of rechargeable lithium polymer batteries
Commercial production of lithium-ion batteries in China in 2000
After 2000, fuel cells and solar cells have become the focus of new energy development all over the world.