TV University: TV University for short. It is a teaching institution for students (collectively referred to as RTVU students) to implement higher education through modern media technologies such as radio, television and computer network.

First, the five levels of higher education in China

At present, the higher education in China's national education series includes general higher education, adult higher education, higher education self-study exam, radio and television university and modern distance education. RTVU belongs to one of the five levels of higher education in China.

Since the reform and opening up, in order to meet the vast social needs, China has implemented multi-level higher education:

(1) General higher education (unified enrollment), which is commonly called regular university;

(2) higher education self-study exam;

(3) Adult college entrance examination;

(4) Distance education (network education)

(5) Radio and TV University.

Although these academic qualifications are obtained through different channels and forms, they are all recognized by the state and can be further studied: they can be promoted to undergraduate courses, take postgraduate examinations, get bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees, go abroad, apply for jobs, get promoted and get a raise. However, there are differences in social recognition. In other words, when you apply for a job with academic qualifications, the personnel section chief will definitely not treat different levels of academic qualifications equally, and generally divide the gold content of academic qualifications into grades. The highest gold content is the degree of unified recruitment, followed by self-examination, adult examination, distance education and TV University.

Diplomas at all levels are also different. There are the words "general higher education" for the degree of unified recruitment, "higher education self-study examination" for the certificate of self-study examination, "adult education" for the degree of adult education, "distance education" for the distance (network) education, and "Central TV University" or provincial TV University for the degree of RTVU.

Second, the difference between RTVU and other higher education levels.

The so-called TV University does not refer to a specific school. It is a distance education system covering Chinese mainland, which consists of the Central Radio and Television University, provincial radio and television universities, sub-branches of prefecture-level and county-level radio and television universities and workstations. Like other adult colleges and universities, it is mainly aimed at social workers who failed in the college entrance examination or lost their learning opportunities for other reasons, as well as on-the-job workers who need to improve their academic qualifications. Similar to the higher education self-study exam, it is lenient and strict, and the learning forms are full-time (that is, full-time, similar to ordinary colleges and universities), part-time (work-study program), amateur and other options. The difference is that the self-study exam is mainly self-study. RTVU studied through computer network, satellite TV and other modern media technologies, participated in the unified examination arranged by the state, and obtained a junior college degree.

Radio and TV University is an important part of higher education in China. Together with ordinary universities (so-called "regular universities"), it undertakes the task of cultivating all kinds of specialized talents and improving the quality of workers. The state also recognizes academic qualifications. RTVU has given full play to the advantages of modern distance open education and trained a large number of professionals urgently needed by China's reform, opening up and modernization. As an institution of higher learning specializing in modern distance and open education, it is essentially different from the so-called "ordinary university" and has its own characteristics different from other adult universities. For example:

? It has the characteristics of distance education. With educational technology and media as curriculum carriers, the process of teaching and learning can be carried out asynchronously or synchronously in different places, and students are mainly scattered all over the country to study independently.

? Multimedia teaching. Students mainly study independently with written materials, and at the same time make more use of audio-visual materials, CAI courseware, computer networks and other learning media.

? * * * Enjoy quality education resources. It brings together outstanding teachers and experts from universities and research institutes all over the country. They are the lecturers and editors-in-chief of teaching materials, providing high-quality courses and teaching materials for students all over the country.

? Open learning mode. Students choose courses according to their own situation. Media teaching materials, time and place, learning methods, learning progress, etc. And the methods are flexible and diverse.

Generally speaking, RTVU is a school without walls. Through the satellite TV system provided by the state, the teaching information covers the whole country, and computer networks are used to implement online teaching for the whole country. At the same time, the teaching system of modern distance open education, which is composed of TV universities at all levels and spread all over the country, can be divided and cooperated at different levels to provide necessary learning resources and learning support services for learners from all over the country. Therefore, the scale of RTVU is unmatched by any ordinary university, which also enables RTVU to extend higher education to grassroots and remote and backward areas and cultivate a large number of local professionals who can stay and use.

3. Central Radio and TV University

China Radio and TV University is an open institution of higher learning that adopts modern media technologies such as computer network and satellite TV, and develops distance education by using various media such as text teaching materials, audio-visual teaching materials, multimedia courseware and online courses. It is a distance education system covering Chinese mainland, which consists of the Central Radio and Television University, provincial radio and television universities, sub-branches of prefecture-level and county-level radio and television universities and workstations.

China Radio and TV University (hereinafter referred to as RTVU) was initiated and approved by Comrade Deng Xiaoping in 1978. On February 6th, 1979, CCTV and 28 provincial TV universities started school at the same time. On February 8, CCTV broadcasted the course to the whole country for the first time. After 28 years' development, there are 44 provincial RTVUs, 945 sub-branches (workstations) of prefecture-level RTVU, 842 county-level RTVU workstations 1 .842, and 46,724 national RTVU classes (points), forming a modern distance open education teaching and teaching management system with overall planning, hierarchical management and division of responsibilities.

RTVU education strives to meet the needs of China's reform, opening up and socialist modernization, and meet the needs of scholars. Run schools for local, grassroots, rural, remote and ethnic minority areas, make full use of modern teaching methods, run schools at multiple levels, with multiple specifications, multiple functions and forms, give full play to the advantages of less investment, quick results and wide coverage, and carry out academic education and various non-academic education based on higher education to cultivate students who meet the needs of social and economic development.

In the past 28 years, RTVU has offered higher education in three majors: undergraduate (starting point of junior college), junior college and technical secondary school. Since the first batch of higher education graduates in 1982, there have been 5.59 million higher education graduates. On-the-job training, certificate education and continuing education were carried out, including large-scale socialization and re-employment training, teacher education and continuing education for primary and secondary school teachers, and a total of 6,543,800 graduates were trained from 654.38 to 0990. On the basis of providing practical technical training for "agriculture, countryside and farmers" for many years, in 2004, the Ministry of Education organized and implemented the plan of "one college student in one village", extending higher education to the front line of rural areas; Cooperate with the army to run schools, provide higher education and secondary professional education for active noncommissioned officers, and serve the cultivation of dual-use talents in science and technology; Cooperate with China Disabled Persons' Federation to carry out distance education for the disabled in China and provide educational services for the disabled to stand on their own feet; At the same time, it provides learning support services for online colleges of universities and other educational institutions to carry out distance education.

In the practice of modern distance open education, China Radio and TV University has gradually formed its own school-running characteristics and advantages. RTVU comprehensively utilizes and optimizes the allocation of high-quality educational resources at home and abroad, develops and builds a large number of multimedia teaching resources to meet the needs of distance teaching, and establishes the process and norms for the construction of distance teaching resources; A full-time teaching, teaching management, technical research and theoretical research team familiar with distance education has been set up, and tens of thousands of professors and experts have been hired as part-time teachers to ensure the teaching quality. Only the Central Radio and TV University has hired more than 1000 famous scholars as editors-in-chief of teaching materials and course lecturers. China Radio and TV University makes full use of the large-scale and reliable broadband multimedia information transmission platform provided by countries such as earth satellite, digital radio and television, computer network system and so on to carry out distance teaching; A relatively complete distance learning support service system and teaching quality assurance system have been established, with strict examination, examination and teaching evaluation, and attention paid to the management and inspection of the whole teaching process to provide students with services and guidance in the learning process.

From April 65438 to April 1999, the Ministry of Education decided to implement the project of "Training Mode Reform and Open Education Pilot of Central Radio and TV University", and the reform and development of RTVU nationwide entered a new stage. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Education and the support of local education administrative departments, the pilot work of open education is organized by the Central Radio and Television University, with the participation of the National Radio and Television University and the cooperation of cooperative universities and relevant ministries and commissions. After the mid-term evaluation of the pilot project organized by the Ministry of Education in 2002-2003, by February 2006, the pilot project had achieved the expected goal, completed the established task and achieved fruitful results. This pilot project has greatly promoted the reform and development of RTVU, and formed an open talent training mode, a teaching mode combining learning with guidance, a systematic teaching management mode and an integrated operation mechanism, which embodies the characteristics of China Distance Open University and has a great impact on the implementation of modern distance education projects in China.

At present, the pilot project of open education has passed the summary and evaluation of the Ministry of Education. Evaluation experts believe that the reform of talent training mode and the pilot implementation of open education in China Central Radio and TV University have been clear in guiding ideology, clear in thinking, effective in measures and remarkable in effect for eight years. This is a successful educational reform, and the quality of personnel training has been recognized by the society. The fruitful results and a series of distinctive features of the pilot have accumulated valuable experience for the development of modern distance education in China, and laid a solid foundation for building a lifelong education system and building a learning society in China.

The development ideas of China Radio and TV University during the 11th Five-Year Plan period are: concept leading, orientation first, solid foundation and development first. Gather the strength of the national RTVU and continue to realize the core values of RTVU education: the ladder of civilian progress, the weight of educational fairness, and the supply station for learners to enrich themselves and enhance their motivation; Always adhere to the school-running concept that reputation and quality are life, quality service is the foundation, strengthening opening up and system construction is the future, and efficient operation is the guarantee; Committed to gathering high-quality learning resources, providing caring support services, running an efficient school network, carrying out fresh scientific research, creating a learning environment for distance and open education of vocational education, and building a big platform for serving lifelong learning for all.

Fourthly, the present situation of RTVU and other adult colleges and universities.

With the expansion of enrollment in colleges and universities and the abolition of age restrictions, most people who have full-time time choose to study in colleges and universities. Getting into a "regular university" is getting easier and easier, and the threshold is getting lower and lower. It is generally believed in the society that only a few people can go to college before the expansion of university enrollment, and the role of the college entrance examination is to select "elites". After the expansion of university enrollment, only a few people can't go to college, and the role of college entrance examination has become to eliminate "garbage". Adult colleges are demonized as "garbage shelters". This prejudice has its realistic objective reasons, but it is an indisputable fact that the number of students in RTVU is getting worse and worse. The university is so good at exams. "Adult education shows that the quality can't be worse." "It is not surprising that companies discriminate against adult education diplomas." Teacher Zheng Bin of Beijing Education Society thinks so.

In the interview, the reporter found that problems such as violation of discipline and uncivilized exist in general enrollment, and even there are vicious cases similar to the Ma Jiajue incident, but these problems are only concentrated on a few individuals, and the frequency of occurrence is very low. However, violation of discipline and uncivilized phenomenon is quite common among TV university students. Even the best students are sometimes late and absent from class, but for those students with poor grades, small mistakes and big mistakes happen from time to time. There are many students with excellent academic performance in general enrollment, and there are also many "all-excellent students" with excellent professional achievements and other specialties who abide by school rules and disciplines. Among TV University students, it is not difficult to find students with special skills or even outstanding special skills, but it is almost impossible to find a "straight A student". In RTVU, "straight students" are very different and even become the object of ridicule by others. Some are short-lived, and they are quickly affected by bad atmosphere. Students who perform well often have outstanding advantages and obvious disadvantages.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) RTVU's status and social recognition

Radio and TV University belongs to the national education series, and the state recognizes academic qualifications. The Ministry of Education emphasizes that the graduation certificate (bachelor's degree) obtained by adult college graduates has the same effect, the same gold content and the same purpose as the graduation certificate of ordinary colleges and universities. However, in today's market-oriented academic qualifications, the social recognition of RTVU is the lowest. The highest gold content is college education, followed by self-taught examination, adult examination, distance education and TV University.

Historically, before the age limit of college entrance examination was relaxed, adult education received higher re-education for some older people and played an important role in cultivating talents for state-owned enterprises. But now the adult education of RTVU has been deformed and lost its practical significance. The original intention of adult education in RTVU is the continuing education for on-the-job adults, including pre-job education, post-job continuing education, job transfer and re-education for laid-off workers. The 1980s and 1990s were the golden age of adult education. Now the situation has changed: firstly, the working adults who are the main targets of adult higher education have basically completed the task of obtaining academic qualifications, and the target level gradually fades out with the growth of age, while the subsequent supplementary employment generally has a certain academic level.

At present, the training objects of adult colleges and universities are gradually investing in non-working personnel, and they are getting younger and younger, so adult education gradually loses the essential significance of adult on-the-job learning, and adult education is not much different from ordinary colleges and universities in the identity of education objects.

Someone once bluntly said, "I went to college to get a college diploma." But after four years, I seem to have gained nothing except a diploma that is discriminated against everywhere. The reporter found that in addition to the bottleneck brought by the expansion of enrollment, people's prejudice against adult education and the impracticality of adult university courses have made adult education difficult to survive in recent years.

6. How do RTVU students find jobs?

After the expansion of university enrollment, higher education has changed from "elite" to "popular", and you can go to university almost as long as you pay money, as if knowledge can be estimated by quantity and price overnight. As a result, the average quality of college students has generally declined, and many employers have to raise the threshold and adopt high standards to make college students unnecessary. Undergraduate students think about it, and the strange phenomenon of graduate students making do is endless. RTVU students are not as popular as famous universities, and they are often beaten at job fairs.

The quality of the five major students (non-in-service graduates from TV University, Vocational University, Night University, Correspondence University, Adult Education or other types of education recognized by the national education administrative department have obtained college education or above) has deteriorated year by year, and the lack of management mode has led to the social discrimination of the five major students as "black five categories". The recruitment announcements of many units are impressively marked as "except for the top five students". In fact, there is such a "hidden rule" not only in recruitment, but also in civil servant recruitment.

The comprehensive competitiveness of RTVU students is not strong. When many units saw RTVU students, they put up a discriminatory slogan "Don't be RTVU students" and immediately refused to accept them. The units that don't "dislike" RTVU students are small and medium-sized enterprises and individual units. They don't recruit students with high academic qualifications and high ability, they just want to recruit a few practical and capable students, and they will work for a long time without raising their wages very high, which is more practical for employers and avoids "high consumption of talents". In some positions, some undergraduates refuse to do it just to save face, while RTVU students are aiming at small and medium-sized enterprises and the front line of production, not afraid of being dirty or tired. As long as there is a unit to do it, they are willing to do it, not picky, looking for a job, working hard and cherishing job opportunities. RTVU students are more professional than senior high school students and more diligent than ordinary college graduates. They are also very popular in some low-level job markets. As long as they are not picky, the employment rate of RTVU students is above 90% every year, and the employment rate of some majors such as beauty and architecture is 100%.

Seven. Alternative voice: Is adult education still necessary?

"There is nothing but a questionable certificate."

"Only students who are not wanted by other schools go to RTVU"

"The purpose of RTVU is to get a diploma. If I really want to learn something, I will choose to take the test myself. "

This kind of voice has always been heard, and with the abolition of the age limit and the annual enrollment expansion of ordinary colleges and universities, this prejudice has intensified. Generally speaking, it is easy to get into a "regular" university, but the quality of adult education and RTVU students is unimaginable. So does adult education still exist in China? What's more, the adult education system has become a freak under China's higher education system, and it is suggested to cancel the adult education system.

Some insiders say that higher education is a whole, and it is artificially divided into ordinary full-time education and adult education, which is the product of planned economy. Adult education has played its due role when "elite education" cannot meet the needs of more people to go to college. However, under the condition of market economy, in the process of popularization of higher education, if we still follow the old road, we will naturally "fade out".

8. Returning to the original intention is the only way out.

Adult education is mainly aimed at social workers who have lost their learning opportunities for various reasons and on-the-job workers who need to improve their academic qualifications. "Now adult education has deviated from its original direction," said Fang Zhaokang, Party secretary of Guangdong University of Adult Science and Technology and vice chairman of Guangdong Adult Education Association.

"Under the existing school-running system, it is normal for adult colleges and universities to reduce the number of students, but adult education will not fade out because of this, and it will coexist with ordinary higher education for a long time." Fang Zhaokang believes that it is normal and necessary for adult education to focus on academic education in a specific historical period, but with the development of the situation, adult education will return to its original significance. The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly puts forward the requirements of building a lifelong education system and a learning society. Adult education is the meaning of lifelong education. The difference between adult education and ordinary higher education lies only in the training level and professional content, but it plays a particularly important role in lifelong education in terms of time span, educational content and educational form.

Wei Lizhen, editor-in-chief of Guangdong Vocational and Adult Education, who has been engaged in adult education for 3 1 year, pointed out that most adult colleges and universities in China are still operating in accordance with the system and mode of ordinary colleges and universities, which not only has indifferent brand awareness, but also is slow to respond to the needs of adult education, resulting in the loss of a large number of adult "non-academic education" markets. Under the historical opportunity of "learning society", more and more urban residents need to "recharge", farmers need higher education (only 9% of the agricultural labor force has received professional skills training at present), the disabled need survival education, the elderly need community education, and foreigners need to study in China. Most of these educated people are "adults". Most of them don't need "academic qualifications", but they are very interested in "brands" and "courses". The market demand of this scale is enough to break the bottleneck of adult education enrollment.

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