Tolstoy began to write when he was in the Caucasus, and published novels such as Childhood, Teenager and The Story of Sevastopol in Modern People magazine. 1855165438+1October, he came to Petersburg from Sevastopol. As a famous new writer, he was welcomed by Turgenev and Necrasov, and gradually got to know writers and critics such as Goncharov, Fett, ostrovsky, Drujinin, Annenkov and Botequim. Here he is regarded as an eccentric because of his inexperience and bohemian, and his dislike of Homer and Shakespeare surprises everyone. Before long, he got to know Chernyshevski, but he didn't agree with the latter's literary views. At that time, Drew Ning Ji and others advocated the so-called "beautiful art" for art's sake and opposed the so-called "teaching art", which was actually the exposed literature advocated by the revolutionary Democrats. Tolstoy was inclined to the views of Druzinin and others, but he thought that any art could not be divorced from social life. /kloc-retired with the rank of lieutenant at the end of 0/856. At the beginning of the following year, I went to France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. France's "social freedom" won his admiration, and seeing the guillotine execute the death penalty in Paris made him deeply disgusted. Seeing the selfishness and ruthlessness of the British bourgeois gentleman in Switzerland also aroused his great indignation. However, this trip abroad broadened his literary and artistic horizons and enhanced his sober understanding of the backwardness of Russian society.
Tolstoy's thought is extremely contradictory to the serfdom reform and revolutionary situation at the turn of 1950s and 1960s. As early as 1856, he drafted a plan to liberate farmers by means of labor rent, and tried it in his own manor, but it was not realized because farmers did not accept it. He sympathized with the peasants and hated serfdom, but thought that according to "historical justice", the land should be owned by the landlord, and he was deeply worried about whether the landlord wanted his life or the land. He disagreed with the ideas of liberals, Slavs and even serf-owners die-hards. He also saw the hypocritical nature of the top-down "reform" carried out by the tsar, but he opposed the revolutionary method of eliminating serfdom and fantasized about finding a way himself. Unable to solve the ideological contradiction, he tried to escape from reality in philosophy and art, but he was soon disappointed. 1860, the death of his eldest brother Nicholas deepened his pessimism. From 1859 to 1862, he almost stopped writing and worked in Jessner Asia? Pogliana and nearby rural areas have established more than 20 schools for farmers' children, and studied the Russian and Western European education systems. During the period from 1860 to 186 1, they also visited schools in Germany, France, Italy, Britain and Belgium. Later, he founded Jasna Ya? Pogliana "education magazine. These activities attracted the attention of the czar government. In addition, in the reform of serfdom, as a peace mediator in this county, he often sympathized with the peasants when mediating disputes between landlords and peasants, which also aroused the hostility of aristocratic serf owners. 1862 When he was out in July, his home was searched by military police for two days. Soon, he closed the school. During this period, the shock in his mind and their views on things were accepted by farmers who had frequent contact, which became the opportunity and beginning of his world outlook change.
After the wedding, the revolutionary situation gradually turned into a low tide, and he gradually overcame the ideological crisis. He divorced from social life, settled in the manor, bought real estate and lived a simple, quiet, harmonious and happy life. From 65438 to 0863, he wrote his masterpiece War and Peace in six years. The most important event during this period was that he attended the military court in 1866 to defend private Spening. Spinning was slapped by an officer because he couldn't bear to be abused. Although Tolstoy escaped, he was shot in the end. This incident formed his opinion against the court and the death penalty.
Tolstoy's inner peace and harmony did not last long. 1In September, 869, I passed by Al Zamasu on business, and suddenly felt an unprecedented sadness and horror in the hotel late at night. This is the so-called "terror of Zamasu". Before and after this, he talked about his gloomy mood of waiting for death recently in a letter to a friend. From the autumn of 1868 to the summer of 1869, he became interested in Schopenhauer's philosophy and was once influenced. Since the early 1970s, "the destruction of all the' old foundations' in Russian countryside" has intensified, and the rise of social movements such as "depopulation" has led him to start a new ideological crisis and a new exploration period. He is nervous, doubts the purpose and significance of his existence, and is deeply distressed by the "terrible position" of his aristocratic parasitic life. He doesn't know what to do. He studied all kinds of philosophical and religious books, but he couldn't find the answer. In order to get rid of it, he even hid the rope without a shotgun for fear of suicide. These thoughts and feelings were all created at Anna's time? Karenina is very obvious. After that, he visited priests, bishops, monks and hermits, and met farmers and independents. Shutayev finally completely denied the official church and accepted the belief of patriarchal farmers. Finally, under the strong influence of the new revolutionary situation and the great national famine at the turn of the 1970s and 1980s, he abandoned his class, completed the transformation of the world outlook brewed in 1960s and turned to the position of patriarchal farmers. In Confessions (1879 ~ 1880) and other papers, he extensively expounded the process of his ideological transformation, strongly denied the life of the wealthy and educated class and its foundation-private ownership of land, and violently attacked the state and the church. However, he opposed violent revolution, advocated Christian fraternity and self-cultivation, and sought ways to solve social contradictions from religion and ethics. This is because he not only reflects the peasants' hatred and anger towards the ruling class, but also accepts the idea that peasants can't fight violence with violence because of their political immaturity. Lenin analyzed this amazing contradiction and said: "As a prophet who invented new technology to save the world, Tolstoy is ridiculous ... As a manifestation of the thoughts and feelings of millions of Russian farmers when the Russian bourgeois revolution is coming, Tolstoy is great. Tolstoy is original.
From then on, Tolstoy hated himself and the aristocratic life around him, engaged in manual labor from time to time, farmed and sewed shoes by himself, built houses for farmers, refused luxury and became a vegetarian. He also changed his view of literature and art, denouncing his past works of art, including War and Peace, as "grandstanding games", shifting the focus of his creation to papers and political opinions, directly propagating his social, philosophical and religious views, and exposing the evils of landlord and bourgeois society. The scripts, short stories and folk stories written at that time were also for this purpose. He also engaged in a wide range of social activities: 188 1 year, because his children were studying, his family moved to Moscow, he visited slums, participated in the 1882 Moscow population survey, and got a deeper understanding of the life of the lower classes in the city; 188 1 year, he wrote to Alexander III, requesting pardon for the revolutionaries who assassinated Alexander II. 1884 by its followers and friends? Cserto and others founded "Media" publishing house, publishing books close to Tolstoy's theory; 189 1, he wrote to the editorial departments of Russian News and New Times, renouncing the copyright of his works written after 188 1; From 189 1 to 1893 and 1898, we organized rescue activities for the affected farmers in Ryazan and Tula provinces. He also worked hard to protect the Morocan and Du Hobl persecuted by the official church, and decided in 1898 to use the full reward of resurrection to help Du Hobl immigrate to Canada.
Since the mid-1990s, Tolstoy has strengthened his critical attitude towards social reality, and he often doubts his thoughts of fraternity and non-resistance. This is reflected in Haze-Miao La and other works. The czar's government had long tried to imprison or exile him because of his article "On Famine", but it stopped because of his prestige and public opinion. At this time, because of the publication of Resurrection, he was accused of opposing God and not believing in the afterlife. 190 1 was excommunicated in the name of Russian Orthodox Church. This decision caused protests all over the world, but Tolstoy took it in stride. In the same year, because the Tsar government suppressed the student movement, he wrote "To the Tsar and His Assistant". The following year, he sent a letter to Nicholas II, demanding people's freedom and abolishing private ownership of land. 1904 writing against the Russo-Japanese War. He sympathized with the revolutionaries and welcomed the revolution, but he did not understand and avoid the 1905 revolution. After the failure of the revolution, he opposed the cruel killing of revolutionaries by the czar government and wrote I Can't Be Silent.
Tolstoy tried to run away from home again and again in 1882 and 1884 after his world outlook changed dramatically. This intention is reflected in his works in the 1980s and 1990s. In the last few years of his life, he realized the awakening of farmers and was pessimistic and disappointed because he was far away from their thoughts and emotions. I feel very uneasy about the lifestyle of the landlord manor that I don't believe in. The dispute between disciple Tolstoy and his wife made him feel more bitter. Finally, he went to Asia from Jasna19101/kloc-0+00? Poggilina sneaked away. He suffered from pneumonia on the way and died in Astabovo Station on the 20th.
Tolstoy began to write when he was in the Caucasus, and published novels such as Childhood, Teenager and The Story of Sevastopol in Modern People magazine. 1855165438+1October, he came to Petersburg from Sevastopol. As a famous new writer, he was welcomed by Turgenev and Necrasov, and gradually got to know writers and critics such as Goncharov, Fett, ostrovsky, Drujinin, Annenkov and Botequim. Here, he is regarded as an eccentric because he is unsophisticated and bohemian, and his dislike of Homer and Shakespeare surprises everyone. Before long, he got to know Chernyshevski, but he didn't agree with the latter's literary views. At that time, Drew Ning Ji and others advocated the so-called "beautiful art" for art's sake and opposed the so-called "teaching art", which was actually the exposed literature advocated by the revolutionary Democrats. Tolstoy was inclined to the views of Druzinin and others, but he thought that any art could not be divorced from social life. By 1859, he broke up with Modern People magazine.
/kloc-retired with the rank of lieutenant at the end of 0/856. At the beginning of the following year, I went to France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. France's "social freedom" won his admiration, and seeing the guillotine execute the death penalty in Paris made him deeply disgusted. Seeing the selfishness and ruthlessness of the British bourgeois gentleman in Switzerland also aroused his great indignation. However, this trip abroad broadened his literary and artistic horizons and enhanced his sober understanding of the backwardness of Russian society.
Tolstoy's thought is extremely contradictory to the serfdom reform and revolutionary situation at the turn of 1950s and 1960s. As early as 1856, he drafted a plan to liberate farmers by means of labor rent, and tried it in his own manor, but it was not realized because farmers did not accept it. He sympathized with the peasants and hated serfdom, but thought that according to "historical justice", the land should be owned by the landlord, and he was deeply worried about whether the landlord wanted his life or the land. He disagreed with the ideas of liberals, Slavs and even serf-owners die-hards. He also saw the hypocritical nature of the top-down "reform" carried out by the tsar, but he opposed the revolutionary method of eliminating serfdom and fantasized about finding a way himself. Unable to solve the ideological contradiction, he tried to escape from reality in philosophy and art, but he was soon disappointed. 1860, the death of his eldest brother Nicholas deepened his pessimism. From 1859 to 1862, he almost dropped out of school. He founded more than 20 schools for children of farmers in Jasna, Paulia and nearby rural areas, studied the education system in Russia and Western Europe, and visited schools in Germany, France, Italy, Britain and Belgium from 1860 to 1. Later, he founded an educational magazine, Jasna Ya Pogliana. These activities attracted the attention of the czar government. In addition, in the reform of serfdom, as a peace mediator in this county, he often sympathized with the peasants when mediating disputes between landlords and peasants, which also aroused the hostility of aristocratic serf owners. 1862 When he was out in July, his home was searched by military police for two days. Soon, he closed the school. During this period, the shock in his mind and their views on things were accepted by farmers who had frequent contact, which became the opportunity and beginning of his world outlook change.
From the summer solstice of 1856 to the winter solstice of 1857, Tolstoy once fell in love with Eva Chanier next door, and then made a lot of efforts for marriage, but all failed. 1in September, 862, he married Sophia andreyev, daughter of Ann Ye Bells, who was a physician and a civil servant with eight qualities. When his wife was alive, she not only took care of the housework and industry for him, but also copied manuscripts for him, such as War and Peace. However, she failed to get rid of secular prejudice, considered the interests of family and children too much, and could not understand Tolstoy's thought after the drastic change of world outlook. The discord between husband and wife leads to family tragedy.
Tolstoy's inner peace and harmony did not last long. 1In September, 869, I passed by Al Zamasu on business, and suddenly felt an unprecedented sadness and horror in the hotel late at night. This is the so-called "terror of Zamasu". Before and after this, he talked about his gloomy mood of waiting for death recently in a letter to a friend. From the autumn of 1868 to the summer of 1869, he became interested in Schopenhauer's philosophy and was once influenced. Since the early 1970s, "the destruction of all the' old foundations' in Russian countryside" has intensified, and the rise of social movements such as "depopulation" has led him to start a new ideological crisis and a new exploration period. He was nervous, doubted the purpose and significance of his existence, and was deeply distressed by the "terrible position" of his aristocratic parasitic life, and didn't know what to do. He studied all kinds of philosophical and religious books, but he couldn't find the answer. In order to get rid of it, he even hid the rope without a shotgun for fear of suicide. These thoughts and feelings were clearly reflected in Anna karenin. After that, he visited priests, bishops, monks and hermits, and got to know Kang Xiutayev, a farmer and independent. Finally, he completely denied the official church and accepted the belief of patriarchal farmers. Finally, under the strong influence of the new revolutionary situation and the great national famine at the turn of 1970s and 1980s, he abandoned his class, completed the transformation of the world outlook brewed in 1960s and turned to the position of patriarchal peasants. What is my belief in confessions (Rousseau's book) (1879 ~ 1880)? (1882 ~ 1884) and other papers, he extensively expounded the process of his ideological transformation, strongly denied the life of the wealthy and educated class and its foundation-private ownership of land, and lashed out at the state and the church. However, he opposed violent revolution, advocated Christian fraternity and self-cultivation, and sought ways to solve social contradictions from religion and ethics. This is because he not only reflects the peasants' hatred and anger towards the ruling class, but also accepts the idea that peasants can't fight violence with violence because of their political immaturity. Lenin analyzed this amazing contradiction and said: "As a prophet who invented new technology to save the world, Tolstoy is ridiculous ... As a manifestation of the thoughts and feelings of millions of Russian farmers when the Russian bourgeois revolution is coming, Tolstoy is great. Tolstoy is original, because all his viewpoints, on the whole, only show the characteristics of China Revolution as a peasant bourgeois revolution. From then on, Tolstoy hated himself and the aristocratic life around him, engaged in manual labor from time to time, farmed and sewed shoes by himself, built houses for farmers, refused luxury and became a vegetarian. He also changed his view of literature and art, denouncing his past works of art, including War and Peace, as a "master's game". Of course, Dostoevsky also said so. He also shifted his creative focus to papers and political opinions, directly publicized his social, philosophical and religious views, and exposed the evils of landlord and bourgeois society. The scripts, short stories and folk stories written at that time were also for this purpose. He also engaged in a wide range of social activities: 188 1 year, because his children were studying, his family moved to Moscow, he visited slums, participated in the 1882 Moscow population survey, and got a deeper understanding of the life of the lower classes in the city; 188 1 year, he wrote to Alexander III, requesting pardon for the revolutionaries who assassinated Alexander II. 1884, his follower and friend F. Cserto-kov founded the "Media" publishing house to publish books close to Tolstoy's theory; 189 1, he wrote to the editorial departments of Russian News and New Times, renouncing the copyright of his works written after 188 1; From 189 1 to 1893 and 1898, we organized rescue activities for the affected farmers in Ryazan and Tula provinces. He also worked hard to protect the Morocan and Du Hobl persecuted by the official church, and decided in 1898 to use the full reward of resurrection to help Du Hobl immigrate to Canada.
Since the mid-1990s, Tolstoy has strengthened his critical attitude towards social reality, and he often doubts his thoughts of fraternity and non-resistance. This is reflected in Haze-Miao La and other works. The czar's government had long tried to imprison or exile him because of his article "On Famine", but it stopped because of his prestige and public opinion. At this time, because of the publication of Resurrection, he was accused of opposing God and not believing in the afterlife. 190 1 was excommunicated in the name of Russian Orthodox Church. This decision caused protests all over the world, but Tolstoy took it in stride. In the same year, because the Tsar government suppressed the student movement, he wrote "To the Tsar and His Assistant". The following year, he sent a letter to Nicholas II, demanding people's freedom and abolishing private ownership of land. 1904 writing against the Russo-Japanese War. He sympathized with the revolutionaries and welcomed the revolution, but he did not understand and avoid the 1905 revolution. After the failure of the revolution, he opposed the cruel killing of revolutionaries by the czar government and wrote I Can't Be Silent.
Tolstoy tried to run away from home again and again in 1882 and 1884 after his world outlook changed dramatically. This intention is reflected in his works in the 1980s and 1990s. In the last few years of his life, he realized the awakening of farmers and was pessimistic and disappointed because he was far away from their thoughts and emotions. I feel very uneasy about the lifestyle of the landlord manor that I don't believe in. The dispute between disciple Tolstoy and his wife made him feel more bitter. Finally, he left Jasna Ya Pogliana secretly at191010. He suffered from pneumonia on the way and died at Astapovo Station on the 20th. According to his last words, the body was buried in the forest of Jasna Ya Pogliana. There are no tombstones and crosses on the grave.
Tolstoy's creation can be roughly divided into three periods:
The novel Resurrection (1889 ~ 1899) is Tolstoy's masterpiece in his later years, and the plot is based on real cases. Nekhludoff, a young aristocrat, lured Katyusha Maslova, her aunt's adopted daughter, to become a prostitute. When she was falsely accused of money murder, he tried her as a juror. This seemingly coincidental event was of typical significance in the society at that time. On the one hand, the novel shows the representative themes of the author in his later years-spiritual awakening and running away from home; The main aspect is to show the dark side of society from the city to the countryside through Niekhludoff's experience and knowledge, and to deeply criticize the government, courts, prisons, churches, private land ownership and capitalist system. However, in the later period of his works, he gradually highlighted the preaching of not using violence to control violence and cultivating self-cultivation. Tolstoy's strength and weakness have been the most concentrated and vivid embodiment here.
Tolstoy's articles and works have been preserved so far, and 164 have been completed, which constitutes an important part of his literary heritage. Political essays account for the majority, and their writing began in youth. In the 1960s and 1970s, he wrote papers on education and the famine in Samara. The most meaningful is the article after the drastic change of world outlook. Dogmatic theology research (1879 ~ 1880), what is my belief? (1882 ~ 1884), Church and Government (1885 ~ 1886), etc. Expose that the official church is the handmaid of the "property right system" and promote a new Christian worldview; "So what should we do? "(1882 ~ 1886) The kingdom of heaven is in your heart (1890 ~ 1893) Contemporary Slavery (1899 ~ 1900). The state is a tool to protect the property owners and oppress the people; Private ownership is the root of "war, death penalty, courts, luxury, lewdness, murder and destruction". In the early 1990s, when many Russian provinces suffered disasters, he wrote Famine (189 1), Terrible Problem (189 1) and Famine or Not (1898). During the 1905 revolution, he claimed to be "the defender of 100 million people engaged in agriculture", and wrote articles such as On Russian Social Movement, Deep Sin, Letter to Farmers about Land (all 1905), and thought that the fundamental problem of the revolution was the land issue. But what is the significance of the only means (190 1) to the Russian revolution (1906) when investigating Moscow? "(1906) and other articles also state the poverty of the urban lower classes and the heavy labor of workers. In addition, there are some articles against the war of aggression and militarism. These papers also have their negative side, such as denying all countries and all violence, fantasizing about people's unity, and advocating the role of love and self-cultivation.
Tolstoy wrote literary papers in his early days, such as Why People Write (185 1), which affirmed the lofty mission of literature. The speech at the Russian Literature Lovers Association (1859) opposed the exposure of literature, but still advocated that literature should adapt to the requirements of society. In the papers of 1960s and 1970s, it was mainly emphasized that writing should serve the people. The most noteworthy is his works in his later years. Preface to Mo Bosang's Collected Works (1894) requires loyalty to realistic artistic principles; The author is required to adopt a moral attitude towards the things described and make clear the "difference between good and evil". "What is art? (1897 ~ 1898) criticized the aesthetic view of realism, pointed out the essence of some aesthetic theories defending the interest of the ruling class at that time, and revealed the anti-people nature of decadent art and its philosophical basis; At the same time, it puts forward the argument that art is a tool for people to communicate their feelings. On Shakespeare and His Plays (1906) accuses Shakespeare of being anti-democratic and immoral, but it can also reveal some artistic features of his plays. These works all clarify the author's later views on the essence and function of art, the relationship between form and content, and the moral significance of art. The latter two books also require literature and art to convey religious consciousness.
Tolstoy's art is profound. First of all, he created historical poetry novels with unique generalization. A magnum opus like War and Peace reproduces a whole era, with great momentum, vast scenes and many characters (more than 500). Historical facts are mixed with artistic fiction, bold brushwork and delicate description; Personal characteristics are revealed in the huge group images, and lyrical monologues are interspersed with epic solemnity, which are varied and spectacular. He is good at controlling multi-clue, complex and seamless structure; It can also break through the "closed" form of the novel, which is magnificent and has no beginning or end like life. However, Tolstoy's artistic charm lies not only in reappearing the macro world, but also in depicting the micro world. He has an insight into the mystery of the human mind, grasped the dialectical development of the mind as never before in world literature, and described in detail the evolution process of psychology under the influence of the outside world. And go deep into people's subconscious and show it in a harmonious relationship with consciousness. Tolstoy's artistic power is real, which is prominently manifested in the characterization. He always truthfully describes the inner versatility, richness and complexity of the characters, not just the prominent side or the dominant mentality. He does not hide the shortcomings of his beloved characters, nor does he stifle the light in their hearts. He doesn't whitewash, exaggerate, idealize or caricature. He always shows his true colors with the help of true and objective descriptions, so as to see greatness in the ordinary, or on the contrary, show his horror in the ordinary phenomenon. He is also good at describing the development and changes of his personality, and he is naturally muddy without revealing axe marks. The main feature of Tolstoy's style is simplicity. He tries to fully and accurately reflect the truth of life or express his thoughts. Therefore, although he is strict in art, such as War and Peace, he does not simply win by skill, does not pursue exquisite form, does not avoid lengthy compound sentences, and only seeks the greatest expressiveness. In his later years, great changes took place in his art. Psychological analysis should be as concise as possible, not writing the whole process of feelings, but only writing the main links of each stage of psychological process; Sometimes it is expressed in a dramatic way through actions and dialogues. It is better to write about the decisive changes caused by unexpected accidents than to write about the sequential development of personality. Structurally, flashback is often used to show the awakening of characters; In order to concentrate, the novel no longer uses multiple clues, but gradually develops with a single clue. In terms of language, we strive to be concise, easy to understand and close to folk stories.
Lev tolstoy is one of the pinnacles of realism. His literary tradition is not only critically inherited and developed by Soviet writers through Gorky, but also has great influence in the world literary world. From 65438 to 1960s, his works began to be translated and published in Britain, Germany and other countries. At the turn of 1970s and 1980s, the French version of War and Peace won the reputation of a world-class writer and became the main target of "Russian fever" in Europe and America at that time. From 1980s to 1990s, the first batch of critics in France, Britain and other countries discussed him, and they all admitted that his realistic creation revitalized their own national literature. French, romain rolland, Heinrich Mann and thomas mann, Dreiser, Bernard Shaw, John Galsworthy, etc. 19 European and American writers and Asian writers who grew up from the end of the 20th century were all influenced by him. In China, his comments appeared in 1900, and his "religious novels" (master and servant and folk stories) were translated and introduced in 1907. 19 13, 19 17 have incomplete classical Chinese versions of Resurrection (renamed Heart Prison) and Anna karenin (renamed A Brief History of Charm). Tolstoy's works were translated into Chinese around the May 4th Movement. During the Anti-Japanese War, Guo Moruo's and Zhou Yang's versions of War and Peace and anna karenine were published separately, as well as other works. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), most of Tolstoy's important works have been translated and published, and according to the original translation, many famous works have several different versions.
For a while, he began to approach poor, simple and uneducated religious believers, pilgrims, monks, separatists and farmers. "I fell in love with these people. The more I think deeply about the lives of people who live like this and die like this, the more I love them and the happier I live. " At this time, Tolstoy met Lao Tzu. The clearly recorded time is 1884. On March 6 of that year, in his diary, there appeared such a sentence: "I was translating Laozi, and the result was not as good as I expected." March 9th: "I read some books about China, and then I went for a ride. Everyone is working except me ... I took a shower and read Laozi. Translation is ok, but it lacks completeness ... "
From this point of view, Tolstoy's contact with Laozi should be a little earlier. Because it is impossible to start translating before reading. The Tao Te Ching read by Tolstoy was a French translation published in Paris in 184 1. Later, I translated the Tao Te Ching into Russian with popov. This work even aroused Tolstoy's desire to write a book introducing China's philosophy, especially discussing the good and evil of human nature.
Tolstoy and Confucius
Among the classics of traditional culture, Confucius first caught his attention. Tolstoy doesn't know Chinese. How can he study Confucius? It turned out that he started by reading four books in English. The English sinologist Jacob Legge (translated by Legge, 18 14- 1877) translated the Four Books and the Five Classics, which were published between181-kloc-0/886. These books also flowed into Russia. The English version is always called China Classic. Jacob Legge, a translator, was originally the dean of the Chinese English College in Malacca, a missionary society in London (1839), and later lived in Hong Kong for a long time from 1843 to 1873. After returning to England, he taught in Oxford University and gave lectures in Chinese. Because of the translator's fame, his translation has great influence. The Russians, including Tuo Weng Yi, didn't know that as early as 1870, they had their own Russian versions of Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean, which were translated by leontief, a member of the Russian Orthodox Beijing Missionary Mission, and published in Petersburg, but unfortunately they didn't circulate. Tuo Weng, on the other hand, read the English version, and he began to contact Confucius and Mencius' works from 65438 to the 1980s. 1June, 882, he wrote to strakhov, a literary critic (then a librarian in Petersburg and an assistant who helped Tuo Weng find books), thanking him for giving him Confucius' books, and he soon began to study them.