Pierre curie was born in a doctor's family in May 1859. In childhood and adolescence, I was thoughtful, hard to change my mind, taciturn and slow to respond, unable to adapt to the perfusion knowledge training in ordinary schools and unable to keep up with classes. People say he is mentally retarded, so he has never been to primary and secondary schools since he was a child. His father often took him to the countryside to collect samples of animals, plants and minerals, which cultivated his keen interest in nature and learned how to observe things and explain them. When Madame Curie 14 years old, his parents hired a math and science teacher for him. He has made rapid progress in mathematics and science. 16 years old, after entering the University of Paris for two years, she obtained a bachelor of science degree and a master's degree in physics. 1880, when he was 2 1 year old, he studied the characteristics of crystals with his brother Jacques Curie and found the piezoelectric effect of crystals. 189 1 year, he studied the relationship between magnetism and temperature, and established Curie's law: paramagnetic material's magnetization coefficient is inversely proportional to absolute temperature. In his scientific research, he also created and improved many new instruments, such as piezoelectric crystal scale, Curie balance and Curie electrometer. 1895 On July 25th, pierre curie married Marie Curie.
Marie Curie (1867165438+1October 7) was born in Warsaw under the rule of Russia, and her father was a middle school teacher. 16 years old, she graduated from Warsaw Middle School with a gold medal. She had to be a tutor for six years because her family couldn't afford to continue her studies. Later, with my own savings and the help of my sister, 189 1 went to Paris to study. At the University of Paris, she studied diligently under extremely difficult conditions. Four years later, she got two master's degrees in physics and mathematics.
In the second year after the Curie couple got married, that is, 1896, Bacquerel discovered the radioactive phenomenon of uranium salt, which aroused great interest of the young couple. Madame Curie was determined to study the nature of this unusual phenomenon. She first examined all the chemical elements known at that time and found that thorium and thorium compounds were also radioactive. She further examined the radioactivity of various complex minerals and unexpectedly found that the radioactivity of pitchblende was more than four times higher than that of pure uranium oxide. She concluded that uranium ore obviously contains a more radioactive element besides uranium.
Based on his experience as a physicist, Curie immediately realized the importance of this research achievement, put down his crystal research and joined Madame Curie in searching for new elements. Soon after, they determined that uranium ore contained not one element, but two undiscovered elements. 1in July, 898, they named polonium for the first time to commemorate Madame Curie's native Poland. Not long after, 1898 65438+ February, they named another element radium. They worked hard to obtain pure polonium and radium. I worked day and night in a broken shed for four years. I stirred the boiling pitchblende slag in the pot with an iron bar, and my eyes and throat endured the stimulation of smoke from the pot. After repeated refining, I got one tenth of radium from several tons of pitchblende slag. Due to the discovery of radioactivity, the Curies and Bacquerel won the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics.
1906, pierre curie died in a car accident at the age of 47. After pierre curie's death, Madame Curie endured great grief and succeeded her husband as a professor of physics at the University of Paris, becoming the first female professor at the university. She continued her research work on radioactivity. 19 10, she and French chemist Debel Nuo analyzed the pure radium element, and determined the atomic weight and position of radium in the periodic table. She also measured the half-lives of radon and other radioactive elements and sorted out the systematic relationship of radioactive element decay. Because of these great achievements, he won the Nobel Prize in chemistry at 19 1 1, becoming the only scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice in history.
The Curies personally experienced the physiological effects of radium, and they were burned by laser rays more than once. Together with doctors, they studied the application of radium in cancer treatment and started radiotherapy. During the First World War, she participated in the battlefield health service for the motherland Poland and the second motherland France, organized X-ray cars and X-ray studios to serve the wounded soldiers, and treated the wounded soldiers with radium, which played a great role.
After World War II, Madame Curie returned to Paris, where she established the Radium Science Institute to continue her research and train young scholars. In his later years, he completed the refining of polonium and actinium. Madame Curie has been engaged in radium research for 35 years without any protective facilities. In addition, during the war, she established an X-ray room for four years, which seriously damaged her health and caused her severe anemia. She had to leave her beloved laboratory on May 1934 and passed away on July 4 1934.
The curies were indifferent and humble all their lives. They don't like worldly compliments and compliments, and they don't care about personal reputation and status. After radium was discovered and successfully extracted, they did not apply for a patent and did not reserve any rights. They believe that radium is an element and should belong to all mankind. They disclosed their method of extracting radium to the whole world. It took them more than ten years to prepare more than one gram of radium, worth about100000 dollars, and all of them were handed over to the Radium Research Institute without taking a penny. One gram of radium donated to her by the American Women's Association was not for personal use, half was given to the French Radium Institute and the other half was given to the Warsaw Radium Institute. When radium was used to treat cancer, they could have become millionaires overnight, but they agreed not to take away all the material benefits of their invention. The purpose of their hard work is to obtain happiness for mankind from new discoveries.
Mendeleev and the periodic table of elements
What is the universe made of? The ancient Greeks believed that it was the four elements of water, earth, fire and air, and China believed in the five elements of gold, wood, water, fire and earth in ancient times. In modern times, people gradually realize that there are many elements, not just four or five. In the18th century, scientists have explored more than 30 elements, such as gold, silver, iron, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. By the19th century, 54 elements had been discovered.
People will naturally ask, how many elements have not been discovered? Do these elements exist separately or are they interrelated?
Mendeleev discovered the periodic law of elements and solved the mystery.
It turns out that the molecules are not a mob, but like a well-trained army, arranged in an orderly manner according to strict orders. How to arrange them? Mendeleev found that elements with equal or similar atomic weights have similar properties; Moreover, the nature and atomic weight of elements change periodically.
Mendeleev was very excited. He arranged more than 60 elements discovered at that time into a table according to atomic weight and properties, and found that every eight counts from any element were similar to the properties of the first element. He called this law "octave".
How did Mendeleev discover the periodic law of elements?
1834 On February 7th, Ivanovich Mendeleev was born in Polsk, Siberia. His father is the headmaster of a middle school. /kloc-entered the natural science education department of St. Petersburg Teachers College at the age of 0/6. After graduation, Mendeleev went to Germany for further study, specializing in physical chemistry. 186 1 returned to China and became a professor at St. Petersburg university.
Mendeleev found that the Russian textbook of Inorganic Chemistry was outdated, and the foreign textbooks could not meet the new teaching requirements, so he urgently needed a new inorganic chemistry textbook that could reflect the development level of contemporary chemistry.
This idea inspired the young Mendeleev. Mendeleev encountered a difficult problem when he wrote a chapter on the properties of chemical elements and their compounds. In what order do you arrange their positions? At that time, 63 chemical elements were discovered in the field of chemistry. In order to find a scientific classification method of elements, he had to study the internal relations between elements.
Studying the history of a subject is the best way to grasp the development process of this subject. Mendeleev has a deep understanding of this. He walked into the library of St. Petersburg University and sorted out countless volumes of original materials on the classification of chemical elements in the past. ...
Mendeleev grasped the historical context of chemists' research on element classification, and he was obsessed with day and night analysis and thinking. In the dead of night, the light was still on in Mendeleev's room on the left side of the main building of St. Petersburg University, and the servant pushed open the door of Mendeleev's study for safety.
"Anton!" Mendeleev stood up and said to the servant, "Go to the laboratory to find some thick paper and take the basket with you."
Anton is a loyal servant of Professor Mendeleev's family. He walked out of the door, shrugged inexplicably and quickly brought a thick roll of paper.
"Help me cut it open."
Mendeleev told his servant to start drawing squares on thick paper.
"All cards should be as big as this one. Start cutting, I want to write on it. "
Mendelia worked tirelessly. He wrote down the name of the element, the original quantity, the chemical formula and main properties of the compound on each card. The basket is gradually filled with cards. Mendeleev divided them into several categories and put them on a broad experimental platform.
In the following days, Mendeleev systematically arranged the element cards. Mendeleev's family was surprised to find that the professor who has always cherished time suddenly became keen on "playing cards". Mendeleev, like playing cards, put away the element cards every day, put them away and spread them out again, and played "cards" with a frown. ...
Winter goes and spring comes. Mendeleev did not find the inherent law in the chaotic element card. One day, he sat down at the table and fiddled with the "cards" again, shaking and shaking, and Mendeleev stood up like an electric shock.
Over the years, a completely unexpected phenomenon has appeared in front of him. The properties of each row of elements change gradually from top to bottom according to the increase of atomic weight.
Mendeleev's hands trembled with excitement. "That is to say, the nature of an element is related to the periodicity of its atomic weight." Mendeleev paced up and down the room excitedly, then quickly grabbed a notebook and wrote on it: "Try to arrange the list of elements according to their approximate atomic weight and chemical properties."
1at the end of February, 869, Mendeleev finally found that elements have periodic changes in the arrangement of chemical element symbols. In the same year, German chemist Meyer also made the periodic table of elements according to their physical and other properties. By the end of 1869, Mendeleev had accumulated enough information about the chemical composition and properties of elements.
What's the use of shadowless periodic table? It's extraordinary.
First of all, we can explore new elements in a planned and purposeful way. Because elements are arranged regularly according to the size of atomic weight, there must be undiscovered elements between two elements with different atomic weights. Mendeleev prepaid the existence of four new elements, namely boron-like, aluminum-like, silicon-like and zirconium-like. Soon, the prediction was confirmed. Later, other scientists discovered elements such as gallium, scandium and germanium. So far, people have discovered many more new elements than in the last century. In the final analysis, it all depends on Mendel's periodic table of elements. I believe that many new chemists will emerge among young friends, further opening the mystery of the micro-world.
Second, the atomic weight measured before can be corrected. Mendeleev revised the original quantity of a large number of elements (at least 17) when compiling the periodic table of elements. Because according to the periodic law of elements, many original quantities measured before are obviously inaccurate. Taking indium as an example, it is considered to be bivalent like zinc, so its atomic weight is determined to be 75. According to the periodic table of elements, it is found that both steel and aluminum are divalent, and its atomic weight should be 1 13. The vacancy just between calcium and tin has appropriate properties. Later scientific experiments confirmed that Mence's conjecture was completely correct. The most amazing thing is that in 1875, French chemist Boisbaudran announced the discovery of a new element gallium, with a specific gravity of 4.7 and an atomic weight of 59 points. According to the periodic table of elements, Mendeleev concluded that gallium was similar to aluminum in properties, with a specific gravity of 5.9 and an atomic weight of 68, and it was estimated that gallium was reduced by sodium. A person who has never seen gallium at all actually corrected the data measured by its first discoverer. The experimental results are very close to Mendel's judgment, with a specific gravity of 5.94 and an atomic weight of 69.9. According to the method provided by Mendel, gallium was purified by Brinell method. The original inaccurate data is due to the sodium in the scale, which greatly reduces its atomic weight and specific gravity.
Third, with the periodic table of elements, human beings have made a new leap in thinking and understanding of the material world. For example, through the periodic table of elements, the law that quantitative change causes qualitative change is strongly confirmed, and the change of atomic weight causes qualitative change of elements. For another example, from the periodic table of elements, it can be seen that the opposing elements (metals and nonmetals) obviously have a unified and transitional relationship while opposing. There is a law in philosophy that things always spiral from simple to complex.
Type up. The periodic table of elements is like this. The discovered elements are divided into eight families, and each family is divided into five cycles. The elements in each cycle and each category are arranged according to the atomic weight from small to large, and the cycle is repeated.
The periodic law of elements connects the three elements in one fell swoop, which makes people realize that the change of chemical elements is a process from quantitative change to qualitative change, completely breaks the original view that various elements are isolated and unrelated to each other, liberates chemical research from the irregular listing of scattered facts of countless individuals, and thus lays the foundation of modern chemistry.
Space elite Qian Xuesen
The development of China's space industry is linked to Qian Xuesen's name. Qian Xuesen 19 1 1 was born in Shanghai, and 1934 graduated from Shanghai.
Jiaotong University. 1935 studying in the United States, 1938 studying in Feng, a famous expert of California Institute of Technology? Carmen got her doctorate under her guidance. From 65438 to 0943, he cooperated with Marina to complete the review and preliminary analysis of the research report on long-range rockets, which laid a theoretical foundation for the successful development of surface-to-surface missiles and sounding rockets in the United States in the 1940s. Its design idea has been used in the practical design of sounding rocket of female soldier corporal and missile of Private A, and the experience gained directly led to the successful development of ground-to-ground missile of American sergeant, and became the pioneer of anti-ballistic missile of American Polaris, militia, Poseidon and composite propellant rocket engine.
Since then, Qian Xuesen has made many pioneering contributions to aviation engineering theory in ultra-high speed transonic aerodynamics and thin shell stability theory. The theory of high-speed sonic flow put forward by him and Carmen provides a basis for aircraft to overcome sound barrier and thermal barrier. The Carmen-Qian Xuesen formula named after him and Carmen has become an authoritative formula in aerodynamic calculation and has been used in aerodynamic design of high subsonic aircraft.
Because of his outstanding achievements in the theory of rocket technology and 1949' s functional assumption of nuclear rocket, he was recognized as an authoritative scholar of rocket technology at that time.
From 65438 to 0955, Qian Xuesen broke through the obstacles of the American authorities and returned to the motherland to devote himself to the creation of China's space industry. 1956, 17 In February, he submitted to the State Council his opinions on the establishment of China's defense industry, and put forward an extremely important implementation plan for the development of China's rocket technology. In June 5438+10, he was ordered to set up the first rocket research institute in China, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, and served as the first president.
Then, he served as the technical director of space development for a long time. With his participation, China successfully launched its first imitation rocket in June 1960+0 1, 1964.
On September 29th, the flight test of China's first self-designed medium and short-range rocket was successful. 1965, Qian Xuesen suggested that the development plan of artificial satellite should be made and put into the national task, so that China's first satellite could travel in space in 1970.
In the early 1950s, Qian Xuesen developed cybernetics into a technical science-engineering cybernetics, which provided a foundation for the guidance theory of aircraft. He also founded the widely used system engineering theory.
Because of Qian Xuesen's outstanding achievements in the field of space science and technology in China,1June 1989, the International Institute of Technology awarded him the Rockwell Medal. 199 1 year
On June+10, 5438, our government awarded him the title of "Outstanding Contribution Scientist".
1787 In April, a young man went to Vienna to meet Mozart, a great musician at that time. This man is ugly, short and smart. He shows off his piano skills in front of Mozart, and even Mozart, who is known as a prodigy, is amazed. Immediately said to the friends present: "This young man will definitely make a fire for the music scene." Mozart's prediction became a reality in less than ten years. This man is the famous Beethoven. Beethoven was born in Bonn on the Rhine near Cologne, Germany on 17701February 16. His father, John, was mediocre and addicted to alcohol, and Beethoven had no happiness in his childhood.
~ the sound of my whipped childhood hurts ~
His father wanted his son to be the second child prodigy and let him enjoy all the splendor, so he forced him to learn piano. If he fails, he will be defeated. Beethoven spent his childhood in this tragic and painful fate. Beethoven's extraordinary talent, coupled with hard training the day after tomorrow, is getting higher and higher, and even his teachers are full of regrets. At the age of twelve, Beethoven was employed as a court clavichord and organ musician, and he also assumed the responsibility of supporting his family. Beethoven gained more and more attention in the court, but he was ambitious and went to Vienna to pay homage to Mozart in 1787. Unfortunately, his mother was critically ill in Bonn and died shortly after returning home. This was a great blow to Beethoven, who stayed in Bonn for another five years. Beethoven went to Vienna again in 1792 to realize his ideal. This time, Count Walstam gave a lot of help. In return, Beethoven later created a piano sonata and dedicated it to Walstam. In Vienna, Beethoven received a year's education under Haydn, and then asked for advice from famous teachers such as Schenk, Abel Zberg and Surrey, especially the latter. He studied for ten years.
~ break free and pursue freedom ~
Beethoven gave his first concert in Vienna on 1795. At that time, the citizens of Vienna were deeply impressed by his own piano concerto No.2, and he became famous in one fell swoop. His first symphony was written late, and three piano trio Beethoven were published in the same year, which also established his dual reputation as a performer and composer. In the next five years, he composed piano sonatas No.1 to No.11 and piano concertos No.1 to No.3. 1799, Beethoven completed the first symphony. With his magical imagination, he successively wrote masterpieces that shocked the music world. In these works, life is full of joy and enthusiasm, showing an unprecedented free artistic conception, breaking through the strict form that even Mozart is bound. When things were smooth sailing, Beethoven's fame reached its peak, but unfortunate fate befell him-he was deaf.
~ An inaudible giant ~
This is a cruel blow. In order to avoid being found deaf, Beethoven gradually lived in isolation and became more and more withdrawn. At this time, he fell in love with 17-year-old girl Juliet Gucci Adi. The famous 14th piano sonata Moonlight is their love work.
1802, Beethoven moved to the quiet village of Heirikin, an hour's drive from Vienna, where he composed the second symphony. But the deterioration of ear disease made him miserable, so he wrote Heiligenstadt's suicide note, stating his tragic experience and misfortune. Later Beethoven rebuilt his confidence because of Kant's philosophy. The best way to forget misfortune is to work hard. At this time, he returned to Vienna, full of music, and in 1803, he wrote the thunderous third symphony "Hero". This song was originally intended to be dedicated to Napoleon, but Beethoven was angry because Napoleon was crowned emperor, so he erased Napoleon's name and renamed it "Symphony of Heroes". In the same year, Beethoven wrote an excellent ninth violin sonata Croce. 1804 piano sonata No.21Waldstein was completed. The following year, he completed the piano sonata No.23, Passion, and the unique opera Federio. In this series of works, he showed his true skills, such as "Hua Stein" and "Enthusiasm", which fascinated the world. 1806, he also composed the piano concerto No.4 and violin concerto in D major. 1808, Beethoven published the fifth symphony Destiny and the sixth symphony Pastoral at the same time. 1809 Completed the fifth piano concerto "The Emperor". These are all immortal masterpieces.
~ passionate volcano ~
Beethoven's heart contains endless feelings, exquisite, extraordinary, harmonious and perfect. Beethoven intentionally incorporated his ideas into music. For example, in the fifth "Destiny", the theme motive at the beginning is that the God of Destiny knocks hard at the door, while in the sixth "Pastoral", Beethoven's intention to describe nature is more obvious. In the first movement, he marked the words "a country that makes people feel relaxed and happy". 1809, Napoleon captured Vienna, Prince Gongsun fled, and Beethoven's economy was in trouble. In the days of the war, he still stayed in Vienna and painstakingly created. His concerto "The Emperor" was written in the rumble of guns. Because the first performances of Destiny and Pastoral didn't win the favor of the Viennese people, Beethoven decided to leave for Germany, but thanks to the efforts of Duke Rudolph, Prince Robert Gorwitz and Duke kinski, he stayed. In the future, Beethoven wrote the Grand Duke Piano Trio for these benefactors.
~ music flies into the homes of ordinary people ~
Since the French Revolution, the air in Europe has taken on a new look, and individual freedom and human rights have been confirmed. Beethoven also popularized music and brought it from the nobility to the whole people. Beethoven's achievements are immortal. After Napoleon's defeat, Vienna resumed its joyful atmosphere. 18 12, Beethoven premiered Symphony No.7 and Symphony No.8 at the concert for the disabled, which caused a sensation. He won the respect of the people of Vienna. Beethoven suffered from physiological deafness from 1804 to 18 14, but during these eleven years, his works were rich in content and of historical value.
Unprecedented. He wrote a brilliant stroke in the treasure house of human music. His Seventh Symphony has no title. Wagner thinks this piece is a symbol of dance, especially the passionate final movement. The Eighth Symphony is the clearest and most refreshing of his nine symphonies. He browses life with a philosophical and detached attitude. Beethoven's third life began in 18 15 years. At that time, he had reached the prime of life and had a more thorough understanding of life. Since then, all the music he wrote, except the ninth symphony "Chorus" and "Solemn Mass", are piano sonatas and string quartets, all of which have inherent and profound spiritual artistic conception.
~ le sheng is not good at the world ~
Since the death of his younger brother Carl in 18 14, Beethoven has assumed the responsibility of guardianship and raising his nephew. But the adoption process and the problems caused by his nephew afterwards made him suffer a lot. In a word, he cannot transfer his love to his nephew. Beethoven's theory about how to get along with people completely collapsed. Beethoven, the music saint, became more depressed, and his physical condition was more serious, and his economy was very tight. At that time, he was working hard to create two major works-Solemn Mass and Ninth Symphony. In particular, when Rudolph was appointed archbishop, the first song was played for him. It took him about five years to finish it in 1823 due to his heavy responsibilities. His Ninth Symphony premiered on May 7th of the following year, which pushed his popularity to a new peak. The chorus of "Ode to Joy" in the Ninth Symphony is taken from Schiller's poem "Ode to Joy". He had this idea in his early years and finally got it 32 years later. The success of the Ninth Symphony brought him the greatest glory and joy in his life. Beethoven personally directed the rehearsal of the Ninth Symphony, but due to deafness and disorder, Mrav conducted the formal performance. Beethoven is still on the stage, with his back to the audience. After the whole song was sung, the audience was deeply moved, cheered loudly and applauded like thunder, but Beethoven was unconscious. After being reminded by the performer, he saw the touching scene and answered with tears. This is Beethoven's last public appearance. He unconsciously suffered from liver disease, and his life was getting worse every day. His dying mind tends to be quiet. At this time, Beethoven seemed to be in a thin and pure sky, overlooking the world he was about to leave. He wrote five final string quartets. These chamber music are his last works and Beethoven's will to the world. Prove to the world that the spirit can overcome pain and even death.
~ the last spring thunder sounded ~
Beethoven's life is coming to an end. Only in 1826, he underwent four operations, but his condition did not improve. 1on the afternoon of March 26th, 827, a snowstorm suddenly started in Vienna, accompanied by deafening spring thunder. At this time, Beethoven clenched his right fist and swallowed his last breath. According to ancient records, Beethoven's funeral was held on March 29th, and more than 20,000 Viennese citizens took part in the escort to Jasseur Church where mass was held. ......