American animal ecologist. Born near Bloomington, Indiana, USA on June 5th, 1885, died in Florida on March 8th, 1955. 1908 received a bachelor's degree from Earlham College in Indiana, 19 10 and 19 12 received a master's degree and a doctor's degree from the University of Chicago. 1910 ~1912 is an assistant professor of zoology, and1914 ~1915 is an associate professor at the University of Oklahoma City. 1915 ~1921year as a professor at Hulin College. 192 1 associate professor of university of Chicago, 1925 ~ 1927 provost,1928 ~/professor kloc-0/950, 1950 professor emeritus. 1950 ~ 1955 was the director of the biology professors association of the university of Florida. He is a student of American ecologist Scelfo. He studied the community succession of pond animals in his early years, and later studied the ecology of marine invertebrates. He was famous for studying the social behavior and groups of animals all his life. Animal Cluster (193 1), Animal Life and Social Growth (1932) and Animal Social Life (1938) are his major works. He found that clustering can improve the viability of animals, and Ali's law in ecology means that too sparse and too dense are unfavorable to the population. From 65438 to 0949, the publication of Principles of Animal Ecology, co-edited by five ecologists headed by Ali, marked the maturity of animal ecology as an independent discipline, which still has reference value. From 65438 to 0929, Ali served as Chairman of ecological society of america. 1930 to 1955 as editor-in-chief of Physiological Zoology. 1944- 1950, chairman of the revision Committee of zoological papers of Encyclopedia Britannica.
The noun (short for noun) Timbergen (1907 ~) is a British and Dutch animal behaviorist. 1April 907 15 was born in The Hague. I have been interested in animals since I was a child. Keep stickleback 1 tank and observe it for several hours. His habit of observing animals laid the foundation for his future as a behavioral biologist. 1932 received a doctorate from Leiden University and later became a lecturer. 65438-0947 Professor of Experimental Zoology. From 65438 to 0949, he was a professor of zoology at Oxford University, and established the Institute of Animal Behavior. From 65438 to 0974, he worked until his retirement. He works with K. Furesi to study the behavior of birds. Later, he continued to study stickleback. This fish has three hard spines on its back, which can prevent carnivorous fish from swallowing it. He observed that during the breeding season, males strongly defend their territorial waters, not allowing other males to enter, but not attacking females. Because there is obvious red plaque on the abdomen of male fish, it is a stimulating condition that leads to aggressive behavior of male fish. Through various model experiments, it is proved that male fish also attacks the red-bellied model. Therefore, Ding Bogen believes that most animals often only respond to the local stimulus (signal stimulus) of an object. Most of the behaviors caused by this signal stimulus are born in animals, and their behavior forms are relatively fixed and do not change with the changes of individual life. Male fish will make a "Z"-shaped courtship dance when they see the female fish with bulging abdomen enter. If the females react to this, they can swim to the nest that the males have "built". In the nest, the male fish touches the lower part of the female fish's tail with his mouth to ovulate, and at the same time stimulates the male fish to ejaculate semen. Ding Bogen presided over the study of seagulls' living habits in Britain for many years, observed and investigated seagulls' activities in Europe, America, Africa and the Arctic Ocean, and became one of the most prestigious scientists studying seabirds' behavior. His research achievements in courtship behavior of spiny fish and social behavior of seagulls are world-famous. His major works include The World of Gulls, The Life of Birds, Instinct Research, Social Behavior of Animals, etc. 1973 shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine with K. Lorenz and K. von Fleisch.
Konrad Lorenz (1903 ~ 1989) was born in Vienna, Austria. He liked keeping animals since childhood and was very curious about their behavior. 1922 studied at Columbia University in the United States, and then entered the Department of Anatomy of Vienna University to obtain a medical degree. After that, he stayed in school to teach and spent some time observing the behavior of western Western jackdaw. During college, he studied comparative anatomy and began to study animal behavior with comparative anatomy. In the book "Social Behavior of Birds" published by 1935, he summarized his comparative research on more than 30 kinds of birds, and analyzed the behavioral functions of parents, young birds, sexual spouses and other relatives and the conditions that caused these behaviors. This book is a model of using comparative methods to study animal behavior. Another important method for Lorenz to study bird behavior is to let birds mark themselves, so that he can establish close relationship with the birds he studies and facilitate the study of bird behavior. Using this method, he studied the imprinting behaviors of various birds, such as grey geese, wild ducks and western Western jackdaw, and compared their differences. Lorenz also deeply studied the instinct theory and put forward the concept of desire behavior. He is one of the founders of modern behavior, and together with Ding Bogen and Felici, he won the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. His major works include Social Behavior of Birds, King Solomon's Ring, Man and Dog, Attack and Humanity, and Research on Animal and Human Behavior.
Karl von Frisch (1886 ~ 1982) is a zoologist. Born in Vienna, I loved nature since I was a child and raised many animals. I published several articles about nature observation in middle school. He studied for a medical degree at Vienna University and then transferred to Munich University to study zoology. 19 10 worked as a teaching assistant at Munich university. 192 1 was hired as a professor of zoology at the university of rostock, and 1925 returned to Munich as a professor. He was a professor in Australia during World War II, and a professor at Graz University in Australia after World War II, but soon returned to Munich. 1973 won the nobel prize in physiology or medicine together with ding bogen and Lorenz. Frish's earliest research at the University of Munich was to measure fish's perception of color. He trained fish to distinguish different colors by offering rewards to them, which proved for the first time that fish are not color blind. He also made an experiment with Amiurus nebulosus, which proved that fish can hear. Frish spent most of his life studying fish and bees, usually studying fish in winter and bees in his hometown in summer. What made Frish win the scientific honor was his research on the behavior and sensory ability of bees. In the 1920s, he put forward the theory of olfactory communication of bees. However, some experiments in the 1940s made him doubt the theory of odor communication and discovered the dance language of bees. His famous work is The Language and Orientation of Bees, published in 1965. The theory of bee dance language has been widely accepted.
K Lorenz (1903 ~ 1988) is an Austrian animal behaviorist and the founder of modern behavioral biology. 1903165438+1Born in Vienna on October 7th. I have loved animals since I was a child, especially keeping birds. 1928 stayed as a teaching assistant of comparative anatomy after graduating from Columbia university in the United States, and 1933 received his doctorate. 65438-0936 Deputy Editor-in-Chief of German Journal of Animal Psychology. 1937, lecturer at Vienna University. 1940, Professor and Head of Department, University of Albert. 1935 puts forward "imprint learning", a new type of learning. From 1935 to 1938, a series of observation reports on "imprinting learning" of young birds were published, which attracted the attention of academic circles and became famous for a time. From 65438 to 0949, he presided over the work of Altenburg Institute of Comparative Behavior. 195/kloc-0 founded the department of comparative behavior in Max Planck Institute in Bourdon, and/kloc-0 served as the vice president in 1954. 1958 to 1973 worked in Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology in West Wesson, and served as the director of the institute 196 1 year. 1973 director of animal sociology, institute of comparative behavior, Austrian academy of sciences. Lorenz believes that animal behavior is the product of adapting to the environment. The behavior of animals can be inherited. Thus, a new research school, the European School of Natural Behavior, was born. Lorenz can imitate the voice of the gray goose and summon the little gray goose to swim with him. He cooperated with N. Timbergen to study the behavior of birds. The behaviors of ducks, frogs, shrews, monkeys and dogs have also been studied. His works include the study of animal and human behavior, the evolution and variation of behavior, etc. Both European natural behaviorists and American experimental psychological behaviorists respect Lorenz. J Huxley called Lorenz "the father of modern behavior". Lorenz, N. Jensbergen and K. von Freisi have made outstanding work and achievements in the field of animal behavior, which laid the foundation for the emerging behavioral biology, so they won the first Nobel Prize for Behavioral Biology in the world history in 1973. His last book, Saving Hope, warned people to prevent nuclear war and destroy the natural environment. 1988 died on February 27th at the age of 85.
T. Schwann (18/kloc-0 ~1882) is a German zoologist and one of the founders of cell theory. Born in Neuss, Germany. First he studied at Jesus College in Collen, then he studied medicine at Bonn, Wü rzburg and Berlin University. 1834 He graduated from Berlin University with a doctor of medicine. Then he worked as an assistant to the famous German physiologist Miao Lei (180 1 ~ 1858) for four years. 1839 left Germany for Belgium, 1839 to 1848 worked as a professor of anatomy at the Roman Catholic University of Louvain, and then as a professor of anatomy at the University of Liè ge until 1882 died in Collen. As early as 1833, French chemist Payen (A. Payen, 1795 ~ 187 1) isolated an enzyme from malt. In the second year, Wang Shi began to study the digestion process. Two years later, he isolated a chemical that can digest protein from the gastric mucosa, which he called pepsin. This is 1 enzyme isolated from animal tissues. From 1836 to 1837, Wang Shi studied fermentation and pointed out that the fermentation of sugar was the result of the life activities of living yeast cells. Later, he coined the word "metabolism" to represent chemical changes in living tissues. His fermentation research was attacked by German chemists Houlle (F. Whler, 1800 ~ 1882) and Justus von Liebig (J. von Liebig, 1803 ~ 1873), forcing him to leave Germany. It was not until the success of Pasteur's fermentation research in 1950s (19) that Wang Shi's viewpoint was recognized. At the same time, Wang Shi also studied the corruption of organic matter to refute the spontaneous generation theory that still influenced some scientists at that time. From 65438 to 0839, Wang Shi published a book "Microscopic Study on the Consistency of Plant and Animal Structure and Growth", which systematically expounded the cell theory. A year ago, Schleiden put forward the theory of cells in plants. Wang Shi extended this view to animals and expounded it clearly. With the help of a large number of examples of various animal tissues, Wang Shi asserted in the above works that all living things (including animals and plants) are composed of cells or cell products, and the life activities of each cell are subordinate to those of the whole organism. Cell theory was widely accepted shortly after it was put forward. Nowadays, it has become one of the most important concepts in biology. Wang Shi also studied myelin cells (Schwann cells) around nerve axons; The function of striated muscle passing through the upper esophagus is also discussed.
Von Frish (1886 ~) is an Austrian animal behaviorist. 1886165438+1was born in Vienna, Austria on October 20th. 19 10 received a doctorate from the university of Munich, and has served as a research assistant, lecturer and professor. 1950 returned to Munich University as a professor, 1958 retired. His outstanding contribution is to study the behavior of bees in great detail. After decades of careful observation of various activities of bees, the mystery of bee "language" has finally been revealed. It is explained that two kinds of dances (round dance and wagging tail dance) of reconnaissance bees are a way to inform partners of the direction and distance of honey source. He marked the bees with numbers so that they could be tracked and observed in the nest through special glass windows. He mixed five kinds of oil painting pigments with alcohol-containing quick-paint solvent, and marked the front end of the back of the bee with white dots, red dots, blue dots, yellow dots and green dots, representing 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Dots with the same color are used at the back end of the chest, representing No.6, No.7, No.8, No.9 and 10 respectively; Ten digits are represented by dots of two colors on the front of the chest, such as white and red dots representing 12, and red and yellow dots on the left front and right back respectively representing 29; The dots in the back abdomen represent hundreds. He wove 599 with dots of five colors and made an in-depth observation on the behavior of bees. In addition, von Frazier's research also confirmed that bees are not color blind and can distinguish different colors, and the bright colors of flowers are attractive to bees. As early as 19 19, he has proved that trained bees can also distinguish different tastes and smells. He also experimented with invertebrates and fish and found that they have strong sensory ability, which can not only distinguish luminosity, but also distinguish color differences. In particular, it is found that fish do have hearing function. In view of his achievements in animal behavior research, in 1973, he won the Nobel Prize together with K. Lorenz and N. Timbergen. Von Frish's masterpiece The Life of Bees was published in 1927. After 50 years, the ninth edition was published in 1977. 965438 +0. His amazing perseverance and rigorous academic spirit inspired and strengthened young biologists.
Alfred russel wallace (1823 ~ 19 13) is a British naturalist and animal geographer. One of the founders of natural selection theory to explain biological evolution. Poor family, dropped out of school at the age of 13, and taught himself. I worked as a surveyor for 7 years, traveled all over wasteland and mountains, and became a naturalist who loved nature. He was the first to collect plants. Since he met the famous British entomologist Bates (H.W.Bates, 1825 ~ 1892), his interest in butterflies and beetles has greatly increased. 1848, he and Bates went to the Amazon basin to collect specimens, trying to solve the problem of species origin. 1852 on the way back to England, all the specimens were lost because the ship caught fire and sank; However, he did not lose heart. 1854 went to the Malay archipelago to collect wind. 1855, he wrote the article "The Law of Controlling the Emergence of New Species", put forward the viewpoint of explaining species extinction, generation, replacement and evolution, and explicitly opposed the dogma of "biological creation". 1858 In February, he wrote "On the Infinite Deviation of Variants from Original Types" and expounded his views on species evolution. He pointed out that most organisms have a tendency to over-breed, but due to changes in natural environmental conditions such as food, natural enemies and climate, a large number of individuals died and a certain proportion of organisms were maintained. He believes that the environment has changed, and those individuals with "beneficial variation" in structure, habits and "ability" will have an advantage and tend to increase in the competition for survival, while those individuals with "harmful variation" tend to decrease or be eliminated. In this way, the dominant varieties will eventually replace the original varieties. This "continuous deviation from the original type" of variants is the evolution of organisms. Wallace sent the written paper to Darwin for comments and asked him to submit it to geologist Ryle for review to see if it could be published. Darwin saw that Wallace's view coincided with his own view of "natural selection" and wanted to give up the priority of discovery. After discussion and recommendation by Ryle and botanist Hooke, Wallace's paper and the abstract of Darwin's paper on natural selection drafted in 1844, together with Darwin's letter to American scholar Asagray on September 5, 1957, were read out at Linnaeus Institution in July 1858+0 and published in the same year. This is the famous "joint paper" on the theory of natural selection, which laid the foundation for scientific evolution. Wallace also made important contributions to animal geography. 1868, he proposed that Bali at the eastern end of Java and Lombok on the other side are the dividing lines between the "Oriental Region" and the "Australian Region", which is called the "Wallace Line" in the world. His major works include Amazon Travel (1853), Malay Archipelago (1869), Contribution to the Theory of Natural Selection (1876), Geographical Distribution of Animals (1876) and Island Life.