Physical geography spans Asia and Africa, and most of them are located in northeast Africa. Most of the territory is located in the low plateau at an altitude of 100-700 meters, with hills and mountains along the Red Sea coast and Sinai Peninsula. The Sinai Peninsula east of Suez Canal is located in the southwest corner of Asia. It is bordered by Libya in the west, Sudan in the south, the Red Sea in the east, Palestine in the north and Jordan and Saudi Arabia in the southeast, with a coastline of more than 2,700 kilometers. 96% of the territory is desert. The highest peak is Mount Catherine, with an altitude of 2629 meters. The Nile is the mother river of Egypt, which runs through the north and south and flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The territory is 1.530 km long, and a narrow valley with a width of about 3 ~ 1.6 km is formed on both banks. A delta of 24,000 square kilometers is formed at the estuary, and 99% of the population lives in river valleys and delta areas, which only occupy 4% of the land area. Suez Canal is the main road connecting Europe, Asia and Africa. The main lakes are Great Bitter Lake, Tinsa Lake and Nasser Reservoir (5,000 square kilometers), the largest artificial lake in Africa formed by Aswan High Dam. Desert and semi-desert are widely distributed. The desert in western Libya accounts for two-thirds of the country's area, and most of it is quicksand.
Administrative region of Egypt
There are oases such as Harriet and Shiva; Eastern Arabian desert, stony desert and bare rock mound. The Nile runs through the north and south, with valleys and deltas on both sides covering an area of more than 40,000 square kilometers, forming a fertile oasis belt. Mineral resources include oil, natural gas, apatite, iron and manganese. Egypt spans Asia and Africa, most of its territory is in Africa, and only a small part of Sinai Peninsula is in Asia. Administratively, it is divided into eight economic zones, each of which includes one or several provinces, and China has 26 provinces. Egypt is located in the transportation hub of Europe, Asia and Africa. It is connected with Europe in the north through the Mediterranean Sea and directly connected with Palestine in the east through Argerich. The Suez Canal connects the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean, and its strategic location and economic significance are very important. The territory of Egypt is slightly irregular and square. East-west width 1240 km, north-south length 1024 km. The terrain is gentle and there are no mountains. Mount Catherine, the highest peak, is 2637 meters above sea level. The desert area accounts for 96% of the country's total area.
The Nile is the lifeline of Egypt and the "mother of Egypt". It flows into the Mediterranean from south to north. It is the longest river in Africa and the longest river in the world, with a total length of more than 6,670 kilometers. It flows from the White Nile, which originated in Lake Victoria, Uganda, and the Blue Nile, which originated in the Ethiopian Plateau, to Egypt after meeting in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. It runs through eastern Egypt from south to north, with a length of 1530 km in Egypt. It is indeed an important water resources, with the benefits of boating and irrigation. Egypt, one of the four ancient civilizations in the world, has developed a splendid ancient culture under the nurturing of the Nile. According to the differences in natural conditions, Egypt is generally divided into four regions-the Nile Valley and the Nile Delta, the western desert region, the eastern desert region and the Sinai Peninsula region. To the south of Cairo is the Nile Green Corridor, which is about 3~ 16 km wide and is generally called Upper Egypt. North of Cairo is called Lower Egypt. Between Alexandria and Port Said is the alluvial plain of the Nile Delta, covering an area of about 20,000-40,000 square kilometers. In the past, the Nile River flooded regularly every year, bringing fertile alluvium to the delta. It is the birthplace of ancient Egyptian culture, the most important economic activity area in China, where most of Egypt's population is concentrated, and it is also one of the most densely populated areas in the world. The western desert west of the Nile is also known as the Libyan desert. It is a part of the Sahara Desert, the largest desert in the world, accounting for about two-thirds of the area of Egypt. Its southern part is 350-500m above sea level, and Dajilev Plateau is about 1 1,000m above sea level. There are many depressions in the middle and north, with Gaitara depression being the largest. The depressions with groundwater form oases. The eastern desert east of the Nile, also known as the Arabian desert. It is close to the Red Sea coast, the terrain is inclined from east to west, and the Red Sea coast is mountainous, with an altitude of about 1500m. Sinai Peninsula, east of Suez Canal, is located in southwest Asia, covering an area of about 64,000 square kilometers, accounting for 6.38% of Egypt's area. There are many Mediterranean coasts.
Sinai peninsula
Dunes, the northern lowlands are Tih desert, with intermittent rivers and dry riverbeds. The eastern part is the plateau, and Mount St. Catherine is the highest peak in Egypt, with an altitude of 2629 meters. It is said that it is the place where Moses received the Ten Commandments.
The climate in the country is dry and rainy.
The climate is dry and hot. Southern Egypt has a tropical desert climate, with high temperature in summer and large temperature difference between day and night. The Nile Delta and the northern coastal areas have a subtropical Mediterranean climate, which is relatively mild, while most other areas have a tropical desert climate. The White Nile originates from the savanna climate zone in the southern hemisphere, while the Blue Nile originates from the savanna climate zone in the northern hemisphere. The two rivers have different flood seasons. 65438+ 10 monthly average temperature 12℃, July 26℃; The whole territory is dry and rainy, with an average annual precipitation of 50-200mm. The rest of the region belongs to tropical desert climate, which is hot and dry, and the temperature can reach 40℃. There is often a Pentecostal wind from April to May every year, which damages crops with sand.
Name County Population (2006.1111) Population (1996.1.19) Regional Capital and Hirah11U7,786,6406,789,479214 Cairo Al Q? Alexander Al iskandar? Yah 12U4, 1 10, 0153,328,1962,679 Alexander? Yah3 3,328, 196 port says b? r Sa `？ D 13U570, 768469, 53372 ports represent B? r Sa `？ D46 [5] 9,533 Suez as suways14U510,935417,61017,840 Suez As Suways4 17. yah 3 1l 4，985， 1874，223，6553，47 1 Manzura Armans？ Rah Mitgamur Mitghamr 369，62 1 10 1，80 1 Buhaila Al Buhayrah 32LE 4，737， 1293，98 1，209 10，65438。 Kafr Dar kafr ad-dawwar 2 12, 20323 1, west of Al Gharb? Tant 33le4，0 10，2983，404，827 1，942 tantatan？ Al-Mahallah Al-Kubra 37 1, 010395,402 Ismailia Al Ism? `? l？ Yah 34 le 942，8327 15，009 1，442 Ismailia Al Ism？ `? l？ Yah254,477 meters, Nuff Al Min? f？ Yah35LE3，270，4042，758，499 1，0,532 Hibin Kumshib？ n Al kawm 159909 Al Qaly？ b？ 237，0033，302，86065438？ Shubra al-Khaymah 145, 792870, 7 16 East Ashak? yah 37 le 53400584 2878484 180 Zagazig Az Zaq？ z？ Qbill bought Bilbays2671113608 dumyatdumy? T38lE 1，092，3 169 14，6 14589 Dumy？ T78,854 Kafr Ashikh 39le218,112,222,9203,437 Kafr Ashikh124,819 Kyrgyzstan. Zah51ue6,272,5714,779,86585, 105 Giza Al J? Zah2，22 1，868 Fayoum Al Fayy？ M52UE2，5 12，792 1，989，88 1 1，827 Fayoum Al Fayy？ M260,964 Beni Suvefban? Suwayf53UE2,290,5271,860, 180 1, 322 Beni Suvefban? Suwayf 172032 Mingya Al Miny? 54UE4, 179, 3093, 308, 8752, 262 Mingya Al Miny? Mai lai Wei Malawi 20 1, 36011283 Esyut Asy? T55UE3，44 1，5972，802， 185 1，553 Ayute Asy？ T343,498 Sohajj s？ h？ J56UE3，746，3773， 123，000 1，547 Sohaj s？ h？ J 170, 125 Jin naqin? 57UE31,4942,441,420 1, 796 kinazin? 17 1, 275 Aswan Asw? N58UE 1,184,432973,671679 Aswan Asw? N219,017 Red Sea Al Bahr Al Ahmar 71DF 288,233155,695203,685 Guldaigai Al Ghurdaqah? New valley Al W? d？ Al Judd? Harriet al KH? rijah？ Matru Matru? H73df339，7522 1 1，8662 12， 1 12 Matr？ h？ Jane, South Sinai Peninsula? b S？ n？ 74df 149, 33554, 49533, 140 Turcan? b S？ n？ ? Summer horse wind in North Sinai? n？ Egypt 72,579,03059,272,382,997,690 Cairo Al Q? Sheila? Yes Said the Egyptians should be divided into two parts:
First of all, ancient Egypt, as we all know, today's Egyptians are not direct descendants of ancient Egyptians. From the murals of ancient Egypt, we can see that the ancient Egyptians were mainly yellow people similar to East Asia. They have their own unique religious system, and believe in the ancient Egyptian religion dominated by polytheism. Later, with the decline of Egypt and frequent foreign invasions, not only the ancient Egyptian civilization disappeared, but also the ancient Egyptian nation that created a splendid civilization disappeared.
Secondly, in today's Egypt, there are basically no yellow people in the murals of Egypt's later history, but white people of Greek and Semitic descent. Today, the ethnic groups in Egypt are mainly white, mainly descendants of Semitic people in West Asia, and there are a few blacks in the south. Today's Egypt is already an Islamic country, and people believe in Islam. Arabic
The official speaks standard Arabic, while the common people speak Arabic dialect.
People with knowledge and culture can generally speak standard English.
The average person's English level is limited to greeting and counting. 1) Economy 1952 After Nasser overthrew the Farouk dynasty, he nationalized the original big industry and commerce, banking, insurance, transportation and import and export trade. 1974 president Sadat announced the implementation of the "economic opening" policy, actively seeking foreign aid, vigorously introducing foreign capital, developing free zones and special economic zones, developing private enterprises and promoting state-owned enterprises. From 1974 to 1982, the annual economic growth rate reached 8%. After Mubarak took office, he continued to adjust economic policies, carry out financial, economic and management reforms, and implement the "productive opening policy". While developing state-owned enterprises, we will continue to relax restrictions on private enterprises. We should increase production and save, improve efficiency, restrict imports, encourage exports, overcome economic difficulties and develop the economy with the spirit of self-reliance. 199 1 year, because Egypt opposed Iraq's annexation of Kuwait in the Gulf War, it was appreciated by the United States and other unitary countries and Gulf Arab countries, and more than 20 countries and international financial institutions successively provided loans and emergency assistance to Egypt. In addition, the United States has forgiven Egypt's military debts, and Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Qatar have also forgiven Egypt's debts. In May of the same year, the creditor countries of the Paris Club cancelled Egypt's debt of about 1 1 billion dollars. Egypt's economic difficulties have been alleviated. 1992 GDP1391100,000 pounds. 1993 exchange rate: 3.37 Egyptian pounds 1 USD.
Egypt is rich in resources, with preliminarily proved reserves: 6 billion barrels of oil, 328.4 billion cubic meters of natural gas, about 654.38+0.2 billion tons of phosphate and 0/0.82 billion tons of iron ore/kloc; In addition, there are manganese, coal, gold, zinc, chromium, silver, molybdenum, copper, talc and so on. Egypt's industries are mainly light industries such as textiles and food processing. Heavy industries such as petroleum, copper, iron, electricity, fertilizer, cement and machinery. Great progress has been made, especially in the oil industry. 1990 ~ 199 1 The annual output value of petroleum reached 6 billion US dollars, realizing the self-sufficiency of petroleum products. 199 1 ~ 1992 produced 44 million tons of oil, making it the fourth largest oil producer in Africa with an export value of12.85 million US dollars. The export value of industrial products 1992 reached US$ 2 billion.
Agriculture plays an important role in Egypt's national economy. The rural population accounts for 52% of the national population. 199 1 year, the cultivated land in China accounts for 3.5% of the national area. The government attaches great importance to agricultural development and the expansion of cultivated land. The main crops are cotton, wheat, rice, sorghum, corn, sugarcane, flax, peanuts, fruits and vegetables. Egypt has a splendid culture, a long history, magnificent and rich historical sites, and has extremely advantageous conditions for developing tourism. The main tourist attractions are the pyramids, the Sphinx, the Azhar Mosque, the ancient castle, the Greek-Roman Museum, the Kataba Castle, the Montassar Palace, the Luxor Temple, the Karnak Temple, the Valley of the Kings and the Aswan Dam. Tourism income is one of the main sources of foreign exchange in Egypt.
The transportation in Egypt is very convenient. The transportation capacity of land, sea and air has improved rapidly. This railway is 7000 kilometers long. The first subway in Cairo is 42.5 kilometers long, and the first phase of the project was completed and opened to traffic in September 1987. The total length of the highway is over 40,000 kilometers. There are 7 seaports with an annual throughput of 30.5 million tons. The main ports are Alexandria, Port Said and Suez. There are five international airports, and Cairo Airport is an important international airport connecting Asia, Africa and Europe. In addition to taxes, financial sources mainly rely on oil, remittances, canals and tourism.
Due to the small variety and quantity of export commodities, the foreign trade deficit has occurred every year. With the development of industry, export commodities have gradually changed, changing the situation that agricultural products are the main products, and petroleum and petroleum products have become one of the main export commodities; Followed by cotton, potatoes, citrus, textiles and so on. Imports are mainly machinery, transportation equipment, chemical products, livestock products, grain, vegetables and petroleum.
Egypt has trade relations with more than 120 countries and regions, and the main trade targets are the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Britain, Japan and other countries. Egypt has also received more foreign aid. The United States is a major donor to Egypt. Countries and organizations that provide aid and loans to Egypt include Germany, Japan, Britain, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. 1990 After the Gulf War, the West and Gulf countries reduced or exempted Egypt's debt by * * * 25.5 billion US dollars. In addition, Egypt has received more than $654,380 billion in grants or emergency assistance from Gulf countries, the United States, Western European countries, Japan, Canada and South Korea. The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf is working out a development plan to support Egypt's economy, and promises to provide Egypt with 3 billion to 5 billion US dollars of economic assistance every year, of which/kloc-0 billion to 2 billion US dollars is working capital.
In terms of people's life, the Egyptian government has long implemented a family subsidy system. In addition, price subsidies are given to rice, flour, edible oil, sugar and energy.
(2) In addition to taxes, Egypt's financial sources mainly rely on oil, remittances, canals and tourism. The budgetary revenue and expenditure are as follows (unit: hundreds of millions of Egyptian pounds):
1993/94 1994/95 1995/96
Income 562.30 659.98 7 1 1
Expenditure 653.13712.438+0 775
Deficit 90.83 52.83 63
The main foreign exchange income is as follows (unit: billion US dollars):
1993/94 1994/95 1995/96
Remittance 6 1.64 42
Travel 18 22 30.09
Suez canal19.4438+0.2018.8l
Petroleum 15 2 1 22.26
From 65438 to 0995, Egypt's domestic and foreign debts totaled more than 65.9 billion US dollars, including 29 billion US dollars in foreign debts. From 65438 to 0996, foreign exchange reserves increased to190 billion US dollars.
(3) Tourism income is one of the main sources of foreign exchange in Egypt. Egypt has a long history, splendid culture and many places of interest, which has good conditions for developing tourism. The government attaches great importance to the development of tourism. From 65438 to 0996, Egypt's tourism industry got rid of the influence of terrorist incidents against foreign tourists in previous years, with 4 million foreign tourists and income of $3.009 billion, becoming Egypt's second largest source of foreign exchange. There are 32 five-star hotels in China. The main tourist attractions are pyramids, the Sphinx, Luxor Temple and Aswan Dam.
(4) Transportation The transportation in Egypt is very convenient, and the transportation capacity of land, sea and air has increased rapidly in recent years.
Railway: the total length is 7000 kilometers; 1993/94 passenger traffic was 996 million passengers. The Cairo subway is 42.5 kilometers long.
Highway: the total length is 48,000 kilometers; 1993, the total number of cars in Egypt was nearly 5 million.
Water transportation: 1994 * * There are merchant ships 145 ships with total deadweight10.56 million tons; 7 international shipping routes; The total length of inland waterway is about 3000 kilometers. At present, there are seven ports, including Alexandria, Port Said and Suez, and the throughput of 1996 is 50 million tons. Suez Canal is the main international waterway connecting Asia, Africa and Europe, with about 50 ships passing through it every day. 1996 Suez Canal transit tax revenue 18438+0 billion US dollars, a decrease of 4% over the previous year.
Air transport: 58 civil aircraft. There are five international airports, and Cairo Airport is an important international air terminal.
Pipeline transportation; It has developed rapidly in recent years. 1988 natural gas pipeline and control network 1927 km, 1990 total length of oil pipeline 42 10 km.
(5) Culture and Education Egypt implements a compulsory primary education system for all. Illiteracy accounts for nearly half of the national population. There are 13 comprehensive universities in China, including Cairo University, Alexandria University, Ain chams University and Azhar University.
There are 7 daily newspapers and more than 70 periodicals in Egypt, which are divided into 7 systems. Mainly Arabic, a little French and English. Newspapers include Pyramid, Fire, Evening News and Izvestia. All of the above are in Arabic, and there are two influential French newspapers: Egyptian Progress and Egyptian Daily. Magazines are all in Arabic, including Pyramid Economist, Last Minute Weekly, Picture Weekly and Luz Yusuf Weekly.
The Middle East News Agency is the only news agency run by the state. It was founded in 1956 and has more than 10 journalists in London, Paris, Washington, new york and Bonn. Founded in 1928, China National Radio broadcasts in more than 30 languages at home and abroad, with a daily broadcast time of about 170 hours. There are also Radio Middle East and Radio Alexandria. Egypt Television is a state-run television station, built at 1960, with three channels.
The main river in Egypt is the Nile, which is the cradle of ancient Egyptian civilization. The Nile runs through the north and south, with a total length of 6670 kilometers, and the length in Egypt is 1350 kilometers. On the way north from Khartoum, Sudan, the Nile was blocked by six areas, forming six waterfalls of the Nile. Aswan has a high dam, forming a huge Nassekur reservoir with a total area of 6,000 square kilometers, which is the second largest artificial lake in the world (the first in Africa). Branches of the Nile Delta crisscross. Salt marshes and lagoons. Suez Canal is an important international waterway. There are lakes such as Great Bitter Lake and Tinsa Lake in the Isthmus of Suez. Most parts of Egypt have a tropical desert climate, and the annual temperature difference is between 12 ~ 16℃, which is relatively small, but the daily temperature difference is very large. The highest temperature in desert area can reach above 40℃; The highest temperature in Aswan area is 34.4℃; The annual average maximum temperature in the northern Sinai Peninsula is 37℃, and the minimum temperature is 7℃. The central and southern parts are close to the Red Sea and mountainous. There is snow and ice on the mountain in winter. The annual average maximum temperature is 35℃, and the minimum temperature is 13℃. Every April ~ 10 is a dry period, and there is hardly a drop of rain. From June 12 to June 1, the annual rainfall along the Mediterranean coast is about150 ~170mm. The annual rainfall in the delta is about 65mm. Upper Egypt is dry and rainy, with an average annual rainfall of less than 30mm. The annual rainfall of Sinai Peninsula near the Mediterranean Sea is127mm.