The writing format of law self-taught papers is very important. If our requirements for examination papers are for soldiers, they are just like soldiers' clothes, and they are a little messy, so they are not qualified soldiers. Therefore, students should pay full attention to the format of the test paper, which is the prerequisite for the smooth passage of the test paper. Let me briefly talk about the general format of thesis writing.
First, the general format of the paper.
Dissertations should generally include the following parts in turn:
1. cover: the cover and back cover have been distributed to everyone when they pay the fee. Print or fill in according to the items listed above.
2. Paper comments: It has been sent to everyone.
3. Copyright statement: See if it should be attached according to the requirements of the Academic Affairs Office. If necessary, the academic affairs office will give a unified format and content.
4. Content summary: The content summary should be about 300 words, briefly explaining the purpose, content, methods, achievements and conclusions of this article. It is necessary to highlight the innovation of the paper. The language strives to be concise and accurate. Start a new line at the bottom of this page, indicating the key words of this article (generally 3? 5). This page should not have a title.
5. Contents: It is not only the outline of the paper, but also the subtitle of the paper. There should be a page number, at least to the secondary directory. Can be specific to the third or fourth level directory according to the situation. There is no title on the catalog page either.
6. text: a. the title is placed in the middle of the first page (the above-mentioned pages 2, 3 and 4 are compiled separately, and the text is re-edited). Note that this topic is the only place in the whole paper except the cover. In addition, this page does not need the author's name, the author's name only appears on the cover.
B introduction (or preface, introduction): the content should include the theoretical and practical significance of this topic to academic development, economic construction and social progress, a summary of relevant research results at home and abroad, the problems to be solved in this paper, the main theories and methods adopted in this paper, the basic ideas and writing structure, etc. The introduction is placed under the title. The undergraduate thesis can also be adjusted according to the teacher's requirements without introduction.
C. main body of the paper: note, what is the general first-level title? One, two, three? What is the secondary title? ( 1) (2) (3)? What is the third-level title? 1、2、3、? What is the title of Level 4? ( 1)(2)(3)? . Note: Don't pause in brackets, and vice versa.
7. Conclusion: The conclusion of the paper should be clear, concise, complete and accurate, and highlight your own creative achievements or new insights. We should strictly distinguish between our own research results and those of others. I suggest that you generally don't write conclusions, because sometimes our papers often don't have very concise conclusions, so it's better to use conclusions. Besides, there is no postscript.
8. Note: Footnotes or endnotes can be used to indicate the data sources cited or borrowed in this paper and the research results and viewpoints of others one by one according to the prevailing paradigm at home and abroad. It is forbidden to plunder the beauty of others and plagiarize. You are usually required to use footnotes instead of endnotes. Many students add footnotes in word without automatic insertion, which will make them take some detours. Ask your classmates and teachers more.
9. References: listed at the end of the article (after the full text). A foreign language is the original text and does not need to be translated into Chinese.
When the document is a periodical, the general writing format is: author, article name, periodical name, year, number of volumes and number of issues.
When the document is a book, the general writing format is: author, title, publishing unit, year, month and edition.
References are different from footnotes and endnotes.
10. The author's thanks, remarks or explanations, etc. All these are listed at the end of the file. Postscript is dispensable, and several teachers I asked suggested no postscript.
1 1. Rear shell
Second, the requirements for the printing and binding of dissertations
The final paper must not be bound with staples, but find a special binding place. For example, dozens of copy shops in Peking University are basically ok. Special reminder to some students who are not writing papers in Beijing, you may wish to ask your classmates in Beijing for help or come to Beijing in person.
1. Papers should be printed in standard Chinese characters. The cover is uniformly printed by Peking University.
All papers should be printed (please refer to the teacher's requirements for the cover part), and A4 paper should be used.
The paper will be bound on the left. It is required to be bound and cut neatly for easy use.
3. The title of the article is generally in bold type No.3, which can be divided into 1 or 2 lines for center printing.
The notes are generally in Grade Five, and the text is in Song Style No.4 or No.4, according to the teacher's requirements.
4. Page Settings:
Margins: top: 3.0 cm, bottom: 2.0 cm, left: 2.8 cm, right: 2.2 cm.
Line spacing: 22 o'clock (operation: format? Paragraph? Line spacing? Fixed value? 22 o'clock setting)
Word spacing: widen 1 dot (operation: format? Font? Distance? Widen? Pound value 1 pound)
The header is set according to the requirements of teachers in various majors. If there is no requirement, it is better to have nothing.
Page numbers are arranged on the right at the bottom of the page.
The above are just some simple introductions, and the specific situation may change according to the teacher's requirements. Students are advised to ask more questions and study more. Finally, I wish the students good luck in their thesis writing!
Handwritten paper format Article 2
I. General requirements
First of all, the manuscript should be true, scientific and practical, highlighting its research results and education and teaching experience. At the same time, it requires novel topics, clear arguments, sufficient arguments, reliable data, accurate conclusions, clear levels, concise words and clear proofreading. In particular, punctuation must be accurate, and English should be printed alternately. The author is responsible for his own writing, please keep his own manuscript, and any manuscript that has been adopted or not will not be returned.
Second, about the title.
The title of the paper should reflect the content of the paper concisely and accurately, and there is generally no subtitle. Avoid slogans or advertising headlines and try not to use code names. The title should not exceed 20 words. If the manuscript uses Chinese and English titles, abstracts, keywords and the author's pinyin name, both Chinese and English must be consistent.
Third, about signature.
The name of the author's unit shall include the name of the province, city, district and county, and the postcode shall be indicated in brackets after the unit name, and a space shall be added after the author's name. For multi-author manuscripts from different units, a separate line should be written, indicating the unit name, postal code and the name of the second or third author.
Fourthly, about abstraction.
Summaries are generally not required for short articles such as experience introduction and experience, but articles such as research results reports and investigation and analysis reports of scientific research projects need abstracts, and structured abstracts or about 300 words are appropriate.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) about key words
There are usually three to eight keywords, using the keywords of education and teaching standards. If there are no such keywords in the standard vocabulary: 3 to 8 keywords, then the keywords of the education and teaching standard are used. If there is no such word in the standard vocabulary, you can use free words.
Six, chart processing
Try not to use tables and charts if you can explain them in words, and don't repeat the data in words, tables and charts. Statistical tables should be drawn on a separate paper and attached to the manuscript for easy review. A table or a graph should have a table name and a graph name, and at the same time, it should have the corresponding table number and graph number. When using three-line table or Wang Zi table, the data in the table must be verified and the sum of vertical and horizontal lines is consistent. The questions to be explained in the table should be *, and more than two of them should be indicated by *, * * and * * in turn, and placed at the bottom of the table, plus? Notes? . The coordinates of the chart should be designed accurately, the scale should be uniform, and there are values on the coordinate axis without arrows. Must be drawn with a drawing pen and sulfuric acid paper, the curve should be even and smooth, the pattern should be neat, the numbers and symbols in the pattern should be printed and filled in, and the vertical and horizontal coordinates should be measured and units. Remember not to draw on the square paper.
Seven, about the use of nouns
The terminology used in this article should be consistent throughout the manuscript. Terminology published by the National Natural and Social Science Terminology Committee must be used, and the special terms used shall not be abbreviated at will. If the nouns used in the article are too long and need to be used many times, brackets should be put after the full name when quoting for the first time to indicate abbreviation.
Format of medical handwritten papers 3
Scientific research paper is an argumentative paper written by the author based on arguments and arguments after summing up the scientific research achievements obtained through scientific practice. An excellent paper should be rich in content, novel and scientific, practical in theory, fluent in writing, clear in hierarchy and strict in logic. The writing format of scientific research papers generally includes the following contents: ① topic selection; 2 the author; ③ Abstraction; 4 keywords; ⑤ Introduction; ⑥ Text (materials, methods, results and discussion); ⑦ Thank you; There are 8 references. In order to make the writing of the paper more standardized and formatted, the following are the writing requirements of these eight contents and the problems that need attention.
1. The title is the most important first part of the article' Should attract readers', which gives people the most concise tips.
1. Try to be concise, stick to the theme of the article, and highlight the particularly original and distinctive content in the article, so as to make the finishing point and stimulate readers' interest.
2. Words should not be too many' generally no more than 20 words.
3. Try to avoid using unfamiliar chemical structural formulas, mathematical formulas or symbols, abbreviations, abbreviations and commodity names. Try not to use punctuation marks in the topic.
4. Subtitles can be used as supplementary explanations when necessary. Subtitles should be written separately, with brackets or dashes under the title.
5. If the article belongs to? Funded projects? For the project, you can add a comment corner (such as※, #, etc. ) in the upper right corner of the title' and write this corner and its notes in the footnote (separated by a horizontal line in the lower left corner of the article).
6. In order to facilitate foreign communication, all letters should be capitalized and placed under Chinese abstracts and keywords.
The author's signature is an indispensable part of the paper and should reflect the actual situation.
1. The author should be the author of the paper' refers to the person who directly participates in all or part of the main work' and makes substantial contributions to the research' and can be responsible for the content and academic issues of the paper.
2. The research work is mainly designed by the individual department, and the individual's name is affixed; The signatures of co-written papers should be arranged in the order of submission; Students' graduation thesis should indicate the name and title of the instructor. The author's full name should be given.
3. In the next line, the author should indicate the work unit (write the full name) and indicate the postal code.
In order to facilitate understanding and communication, the detailed mailing address, telephone number, fax number and e-mail address of the correspondent should be attached at the end of the paper.
It is a concise and clear restatement of the main contents of scientific research papers, and it is necessary to express the new and most distinctive contents of the papers themselves (focusing on the results and conclusions).
1. What are the specific words? Structured summary? And then what? Unstructured abstraction? Two kinds, the former is generally divided into four columns: purpose, method, result and conclusion, with about 250 words; The latter, regardless of the column, does not exceed 150 words, which is adopted by most medical and pharmaceutical journals in China at present? Structured summary? .
2. The abstract is independent and complete, and the results require that the main data and statistical significance be listed.
3. generally write in the third person tone, avoid using it? This article? 、? we? 、? This study? As the beginning of the abstract.
4. Keywords keywords are also called index words' mainly for library and information workers to write indexes', and also for readers to consult the papers they need through keywords.
1. keywords are words or terms selected from the paper to express the theme of the full text. It is required to use the normative words listed in the medical thesaurus (MeSH) as much as possible.
2. Generally, 3-8 words are selected as keywords, and English keywords corresponding to Chinese are marked. There should be a space between each word to distinguish it.
3. Keywords are usually located after the abstract and before the introduction.
5. Introduction As the beginning of the paper, the introduction plays the role of a program, mainly answering? Why study? This theme.
1. The introduction mainly introduces the research background, purpose and scope of the paper, including the significance of the research topic, the viewpoints and academic viewpoints of predecessors' achievements, and the author's intention and analysis basis, including the problems to be solved, research scope and technical scheme.
2. The introduction should be concise and to the point, and it can't be equated with the abstract or become the notes of the abstract. If professional terms or abbreviations are used in the text, it is best to describe them clearly in the introduction first.
3. The number of words is generally less than 300 words.
6. The text is the main body of scientific research papers' including four parts: materials, methods, results and discussion', and some parts (especially methods and results) need to be subtitled' to make the level clearer'.
1. Materials are the material basis of scientific research, and the research objects, pharmaceutical reagents, instruments and equipment must be defined.
(1) In the case of animal experimental research, name, species, strain, classification, quantity, sex, age (month), weight, health status, grouping method, number of cases in each group, etc. The types of experimental animals shall be specified; In the case of clinical observation of drug use, the number of cases, gender, age, occupation, case type, symptoms and signs, diagnostic criteria, grouping methods, treatment measures, clinical observation indicators and curative effect judgment criteria (such as standards of recovery, marked effect, improvement and ineffectiveness) of the observed objects should be explained.
(2) explain the source, batch number and preparation method. Test the composition of the drug. Traditional Chinese medicine should be marked with the scientific name and source, and the crude extract should be marked with the content of effective parts or components and the preliminary quality standard. If the author extracted it himself in our laboratory, the extraction process should be briefly described.
(3) indicate the production unit, name, model, main parameters and accuracy of the main instruments and equipment.
(4) Indicate the name (try to use the internationally accepted chemical name' no trade name'), composition, batch number, purity, dosage, production unit, production date and preparation method of the main drugs and reagents.
2. Method
(1) To use the reported methods, it is only necessary to indicate the source of the literature without detailing its process; If it is a creative method, it is necessary to introduce the innovation in detail for readers to verify repeatedly; If it is an improvement of the conventional method,' the part and reason of the improvement should be specified', and the literature source of the original method should also be indicated.
(2) The control methods of variable factors in experimental conditions (such as the quality control of radioimmunoassay) should be explained in detail to show the reliability and accuracy of the results in this paper.
(3) Negative control group and positive drug control group should be set up in experimental research papers. The former generally uses solvents as control, while the latter uses recognized effective drugs to verify the reliability of the experimental method.
(4) In the study of pharmacodynamics and toxicology, there are usually three dosage groups: high, middle and low, to reflect the dose-effect relationship of drugs.
(5) When designing experiments, it should be considered that each group has enough samples to meet the needs of statistical processing. Generally speaking, each group has at least 8 ~ 10 small animals (such as rats and mice) and at least 4 ~ 6 large animals (such as dogs). At the same time, the statistical method of data processing should be explained, and the statistical processing results are generally P & gt0.05, P & lt0.05, and P & lt0.0 1 for third gear.
3. Results The experimental results are the core part of the paper, so it is necessary to analyze and summarize all kinds of data obtained in the study, and express the statistical results in the form of words or charts.
(1) form
① Form design should be clear, concise and standardized. In addition to the column header and table body, each table also has a table order (such as table 1, table 2 and table 3) and a space in the middle of the table title' table title and table order are written in the middle' to separate them. It should be clearly mentioned in the text. See table? .
(2) with the text' should generally be listed in? Please refer to the natural paragraph of the table text below.
(3) Three-line tables are generally used for tables.
(4) The title is self-evident. What if all the data in the table are used? Mean? Standard deviation? Say, and then the caption at the back of the table (? s)； If the number of cases in each group in the table is equal, it shall be uniformly indicated after the table name (n = x); If the number of cases is different, add a column to indicate the number of cases in each group respectively; If the units of measurement in the table are consistent, they can be written at the back of the table name; if they are inconsistent, they should be written at the head of each table without brackets.
⑤ The single digits of the upper and lower rows of Arabic numerals in the table are aligned. -? It means' not measured or not measured', and the measured result is zero. 0? Express delivery.
(2) Illustration
① Charts include schematic diagrams, graphs and photographs.
(2) the picture requires a moderate size ratio' uniform thickness, clear characters', and clear contrast between black and white photos. Like a table, a picture should be put with the words' look at the text first' and then look at the picture.
(3) Every picture should have a picture order and a picture title, usually written at the bottom of the picture. The name of the picture should be self-evident.
(3) When processing the results, we should respect the facts and require the data in the results to be accurate, complete and reliable. At the same time, we should also pay attention to occasional phenomena and data.
(4) The results of clinical efficacy research of drugs should pay attention to all information related to drugs, such as efficacy, side effects and precautions.
4. Discussion is the logical extension of the result, the process of synthesis, judgment and reasoning of the full text from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, and the place where the author makes full use of his knowledge in this field to put forward new ideas and clarify new ideas.
(1) The discussion should be based on the results, and it is not appropriate to digress. Specifically, we should compare the results observed in this experiment with the results of our own past or other authors and their theoretical explanations, and put forward new opinions based on our own or other people's materials.
(2) In the discussion, we should correctly analyze and evaluate the possible shortcomings and lessons in our work, such as whether the methods adopted in this study are limited; Putting forward the future research direction and the possible popularization and application of this achievement can often inspire readers' ideas.
(3) Long-term discussion "should be written in different projects", and each project should focus on a central content ",and start with a sequence code. The central content of the discussion should correspond to all parts of the text, especially the results. The above data will not be repeated in detail in the discussion.
(4) In order to reflect the objectivity of discussion, the third person tone is generally used in writing.
(5) Don't write a literature review, let alone simply repeat the experimental results. Instead, we should analyze, compare, explain and reason the research results selectively in theory. Give full play to the main problems' especially the innovation and uniqueness of this study and put forward new assumptions' to reveal the problems to be further studied and the future research direction.
7. Acknowledgement Anyone who does not have the above-mentioned author qualification' but has given guidance and help to this research' should be thanked, but can only sign his name after the consent of the thanked person. Acknowledgements are usually divided into paragraphs and placed at the end of the text.
8. References References require that the most important documents read by the author' including published publications, patents and other relevant files' be cited, and internal handouts and unpublished works should not be recorded as references.
1. The number of references listed in general papers shall not exceed 10' no more than 30 reviews'.
2. In-text annotation method: when cataloging, the serial numbers of' directly quoting the author's full text' are numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals according to the order in which the cited documents appear, and placed in square brackets in the upper right corner of the author's surname.
3. When the serial number of the document is used as a direct supplement to the text narrative,' it should be side by side with the numbers of the same number in the text' instead of being marked with corner codes. For example, the experimental method is shown or reported in [2].
4. Description format
(1) magazine: serial number (top box). Author' article name, publication name' year, volume (issue) and starting page number. For example: Liu Kang "Ji Hui" Li Shaoping. Comparison of three osteoporosis models in rats. China Journal of Osteoporosis'1998' 4 (4):13 ~18.
(2) Books: serial number (in words), author, title, edition, place of publication, publisher's year of publication, and starting and ending page numbers. For example: Xu, Bian and Chen Xiu. Pharmacological experimental methodology, 3rd edition, Beijing People's Medical Publishing House, 2002: 91~ 916.
Step 5 describe the rules
(1) Author: If there are three people or less, write' separated by commas' and then add? Wait? Or? etal？ . Collective authors should write their full names.
(2) Journal name: both Chinese and foreign abbreviations are acceptable, and the format is American medical index InderMedicus.
(3) Edition: The first edition is not marked' Other editions are recorded in Arabic numerals. Like what? Second edition? ”？ Second? .
Guess you like:
1.20 17 Font requirements for graduation thesis format
2. Format and font requirements of academic papers
3. Font size of graduation thesis references
4. Personal academic paper format model essay
5. General paper standard format requirements
6. The standard format of college students' papers