References are references in the process of writing articles or works. Many publications distinguish between references and annotations, and define annotations as "words that further explain or supplement something in the text", which are listed at the end of the article, separated from references or placed in the footer.

1, author, paper title, publication name (foreign publication name can be abbreviated), publication year, volume number (issue number): starting or starting page number,

Example: Gao Mingming, Wang Hua, Alternating Current Theory, Journal of Zhejiang University (Natural Science Edition),1995,27 (2):1~ 6.

2. Author, title, edition (not marked in the first edition), place of publication: publishing house, year of publication, and page numbers.

Zhu Kezhen, Physics, Beijing: Science Press, 173+0 ~ 3.

3. Author, title, see (English): editor-in-chief, collection name, place of publication: publishing house, year of publication, starting and ending page numbers,

For example: Zhang Fu, Wang Qingqing, Chen Lu and other engineering journals, see: He Gaoming, Edited Essays: Volume II: Shanghai: Hehan Publishing House, 199 1.5~ 10.