Two granite sarcophagus are buried in a place surrounded by green trees between Yuelu Mountain in Hunan Province, where two martyrs, Chen Tianhua and Yao Hongye, are buried. Among Hunan heroes who died for their country, these two men are not the biggest, but their strong feelings are equally touching. Chen jumped into Omori Bay in Tokyo at the age of 3 1, and Yao jumped into Huangpu River in China and Shanghai at the age of 25. In such a decisive way, they made the best interpretation of "national dignity" and "responsibility for saving the country" at the expense of young lives. But these two people are not relatives, and there is a difference of half a year before and after their death. Why are you buried together? Today we will focus on Yao Hongye and talk about the historical situation behind it. Photo: Yao Hongye, a martyr in Yuelu Mountain, Hunan Province, 188 1, a native of Meitang Village, Yiyang County, Hunan Province, whose real name is Jiansheng and whose name is Jingsheng. 1In July, 904, he went to Japan to study, believed in the Meiji Restoration in Japan, had close ties with revolutionaries such as Huang Xing, Song and Chen Tianhua, and was determined to "tear down bad * * * and establish * * * and the Republic of China". From 1905 to 10, Huang Xing introduced him to join the China League, and then sneaked back to Shanghai to engage in the liaison work of the armed uprising, but soon returned to Japan because of "full slavery". When I came back this time, I was shocked to hear that Chen Tianhua had passed away. Photo: Members Huang Xing (middle in the front row), Chen Tianhua (second from the right in the front row) and Song (first from the left in the back row) are Yao's fellow villagers in Hunan and the backbone of the group. 190565438+February 8th, Chen Tianhua is no different as usual. He first sent a letter to the post office and gave it to Yang Du, director of the Federation of Students Studying in Japan. Then he took a bus to Omori Bay in the south of Tokyo and committed suicide by jumping into the sea. Why did Chen Tianhua commit suicide? He wrote clearly in the book "Desperate Letter": ... Japanese newspapers scoffed at the rabble, or mocked or satirized it, which was unsightly ... They scoffed at it and called it "despicable indulgence", and I left no room for it ... I feel sorry for this statement, and I hope my compatriots will always remember this sentence and do the opposite: "Be patient! "I'm afraid my compatriots won't listen or forget, so I cast the East China Sea as a memorial to you. The most direct reason for Chen's suicide was the wave of "banning the rules for students studying in Japan" at that time. Japanese officials have proposed to strengthen the management and restraint of Japanese students, which has aroused strong dissatisfaction among the students, and there have been slanderous remarks about Japanese students in local newspapers. Chen Tianhua, 3 1 year-old, decided to awaken the national pride of his compatriots. Yao Hongye is an active promoter of this trend, and he is most saddened by Chen's "dying for a clear ambition". However, this trend initially started with a misunderstanding. Photo: Chen Tianhua and his masterpiece "A Friend of the Head" can't be bullied by Japan. After the Opium War, the collective * * * returned to China, and the Qing court was groggy and helpless, which led to the situation that China was in poverty and had no dignity outside, and China suffered an unprecedented national crisis. At this time, neighboring Japan rose rapidly due to the Meiji Restoration. People with lofty ideals in China saw hope and advocated that copying the Japanese model could save the nation from extinction. According to Shang Xiaoming's "Students Studying in Japan and the New Deal in the Late Qing Dynasty", the movement of studying in Japan began at 1896, and after entering the 20th century, * * * gradually appeared. Students going to Japan were paid by officials, at public expense or at their own expense. In about ten years, at least 50,000 people have received various levels and types of education in Japan. Please pay attention to the words "various degrees, various categories", which shows that there were various schools in Japan at that time, including the so-called pheasant school, for profit. Moreover, 8000 China students (1905) are also mixed, and those who play are very embarrassed in China. Therefore, on10.2, 1905 165438, the Ministry of Education of Japan issued the Regulations on the Admission of Xu Qingren to Public and Private Schools. Photo: The upsurge of studying in Japan in the late Qing Dynasty. In fact, this regulation is mainly to bring all kinds of schools into the unified supervision of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports, and at the same time correctly guide international students to get on the right track as soon as possible. This seems quite normal, so when the regulations were first released, they did not cause much repercussions. However, the school reneged, and the notice read: "Students are forbidden to report their place of origin, address, age, education, etc. Before the 29th of that month. If they don't report after the deadline, it will be bad for the students. " The cold and tough tone immediately aroused the vigilance of international students. They dug up the "Regulations" published more than 20 days ago, repeatedly read, compared and pondered, and when they read the following two articles, they read hostility. Article 9: Dormitories or apartments supervised by selected public or private schools are prohibited from being used outside the school. Article 10: The selected public or private schools shall not recruit students who have been ordered to drop out of school because of improper sexual behavior in other schools. The word "class" attracts China students. On impulse, they forgot that the word "ban" in Japanese means supervision and management. After layers of speculation and deduction, this provision has actually become a "ban on international students." Of course, sensitivity is not unreasonable, because as early as June and July, there were rumors that international students would be banned. This time, the students thought they had finally uncovered the secret. Although the China Students' Association made representations and the Japanese Ministry of Education made emergency explanations and mediations, it was too late to stop the excitement of the international students. Yao Hongye and others believe that it is related to the state system and advocate everything. On February 3, 65438, student representatives distributed leaflets: "The regulations promulgated by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology humiliated our country. We should form another group and fight to the death. We will abolish all these regulations before we stop. " Subsequently, students from all schools responded in succession, calling for * * * to return to China. Girls' schools also put up banners, and Qiu Jin was the most radical. She raised a knife and swore: "Anyone who returns to the motherland, surrenders to Manchuria, betrays his friends for glory, bullies * * *, and eats me with a knife! Photo: When Qiu Jin (second from the left in the back row) was studying in Japan, Lu Xun, Xu Shoushang, Yang Du and others held different opinions and thought that it was not necessary to return to China, but their voices were too small and weak to listen. According to the history of Japanese students studying in China written by Ying Min, the radicals at that time spontaneously organized a picket brigade, and even squatted at the school gate with a knife to stop students from attending classes. At this moment, Chen Tianhua's death became a bombshell, which completely intensified the "contradiction between ourselves and the enemy". In fact, when we look back on Chen's suicide note, it is not difficult to find that his suicide was mainly because Japanese newspapers slandered China students for "indulgence and meanness", and he wanted to exchange his death for his compatriots' awakening consciousness and self-improvement spirit. For this rule, his original intention is "Stop it, don't be stubborn". But nobody cares about Chen's original intention. His death is a fatal blow to the collective return of students studying in Japan, and no one can save him. So many students have returned to China collectively. What should we do in the future? This is Yao Hongye's first idea. If people want to have patriotic thoughts, they must have independent schools. Running a school! This is Yao Hongye's answer. And six months later, his death was related to this school. Photo: A group photo of Shaoxing students in Tokyo, Japan. From left: Chen Yi, Xu Shoushang, Lu Xun and Shao returned to China to run schools. We didn't regret it at first. It took only 14 days for the first batch of international students to return home from 65438+February 4. In a hurry, we concluded the "Measures for Returning to China" and the "Measures for Dealing with the Aftermath", and clearly put forward the idea of returning to China to run schools. The school they run is China College. "The First Newspaper of China Public School" records: "Today, domestic commentators all say:' The establishment of China Public School belongs to the organizer who went to Japan the following winter to fight for students who are forbidden to discipline, but it was suspended and returned to China. "Solid also. However, this is special, not content. ..... I used to be famous for the ancient civilization in the Central Plains, but now I am ashamed to study in the island country and take care of myself. ..... so the phenomenon of returning to China to promote learning jumped into the mind of a willing heart ... Banning the rules will only help promote the maturity of this machine. "That agitation is only a superficial reason, and the deep reason is that China should learn from the island countries, which is a shame in itself. China people should stand on their own feet and revitalize China. It can be seen that from the beginning of its establishment, China Public College has carried the dreams of modern China intellectuals about their home country and universities, and it has been deeply branded as "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world". 65438+February 10, China Overseas Students Association elected Liu, Wu Xun and Wang to come to Shanghai to discuss running a school. First, write to celebrities such as Yan Fu, Ma, and ask them to support this platform. The second is to write to Zeng Zhu, president of the Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce, requesting funding. The third is to write to the Ministry of Education and the provincial education departments, asking for a part of the expenses for studying abroad. Fourth, before the new school is established, all returning students must stay together. 10 days later, Liu, Yao Hongye, Zhang Bangjie and others met in Shanghai. At this time, the number of students stranded has reached 3000. 190665438+1October 9th, at the first plenary meeting, the students enthusiastically elected the new General Association of Students Studying in Japan, learned from the past experience and lessons, formulated the autonomy rules, and organized a picket brigade to restrain all international students. Photo: Wang Zhangbangjie, an official of China Public School, just as the officials were looking around, the Qing Dynasty's Supervision Office for Studying in Japan suddenly sent a message asking all students to return to Japan immediately to resume classes. It turns out that from the beginning of the agitation, Qing * * * negotiated with Japan, trying to calm things down and appease students. The group of international students suddenly split into two factions, one is to return to China and the other is to resume classes. If two people can't convince anyone, they will start fighting each other. * * Returning to China is actually for the sake of national dignity and national awakening, but it is largely a passion and an impulse of scholars. Therefore, although the returnees are making a lot of noise, they lack confidence. 65438+1October 1 1, the two factions agreed to resume classes voluntarily through consensus and telegraphed the whole country. A large number of students returned to Japan to continue their studies, leaving only a few hundred. So, is this study still possible? At the second plenary meeting of 13, we decided not to change our original intention and continue to set up local universities. " "The initial intention of our return to China is to promote learning. We should never say that the negotiations in Tokyo are failed negotiations ... Our generation only knows how to promote learning and nothing else. Yao Hongye and others named the school "China Public School" in the hope of catching up with Yale and Waseda. For this school name, Hu Shi once interpreted it as: "... because of the large number of returned students, he initiated the establishment of an ideal school to accommodate these returned students. Because this school is of external significance, and there are as many students coming back from thirteen provinces, it was named' China Public School'. "17, the third plenary meeting, elected the first batch of faculty and staff of China College. As an ordinary clerk, Yao Hongye is equivalent to the director of today's school office, and he has to take care of big things and small things. Yao is very hard and happy, but happiness is short-lived and hard work is long. Because, in the past, things related to Shanghai did not count. Photo: Sponsors of China Public College. Everything is difficult at the beginning, but the road ahead is even more difficult. During the Spring Festival that year, officials were all on the move. Although they are reasonable and reasonable, all walks of life have a wait-and-see attitude towards the new school and have not given substantive support. According to Rizo, an early student, "At that time, there was no foundation for running a school, and all my colleagues encountered great difficulties. Although there are many sympathizers, the actual helpers, except Zeng Zhu, president of the Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce, donated several thousand yuan, were not shown by other people from all walks of life, and all of them were helped by hundreds of people themselves. Most of them are in trouble, and even life is difficult to maintain. " The school rent is nearly 2000 yuan per month, and it is not allowed to postpone payment. The student dormitory is rented in a farmer's house. Because of lack of money, two students share a berth. Under such difficult conditions, China University started school with trepidation. On March 4th, 1906, the opening ceremony. Celebrity Zheng was invited to participate in the same performance. He said that the audience applauded and some people were moved to tears. But the ideal is full and realistic. Three months ago, Liu, Wang and others approached four things: celebrity platform, chamber of commerce support, official funding, and student group gatherings, which were almost never implemented. The most difficult thing is two points: First, the number of students is insufficient. The number of 3,000 people has dropped sharply to 260, less than one tenth. The students come from 13 provinces with different age levels. Students can be old enough 14! Teachers simply can't keep up. Some courses have to be taught by Japanese teachers, and then translated by students who know Japanese. Even older students want to be lecturers for lower grades, and they are quite self-sufficient and self-taught. Will this last? Second, insufficient funds. All walks of life hold a wait-and-see attitude, and some even say that running a school is false and the plot of the revolutionary party is true. Such rumors are rampant and no one dares to pay. The lower level stared at the middle level, and the middle level stared at the upper level. No one really acted. This place is overwhelmed. The school started less than 10 days, but something happened, which almost killed the new school! Photo: 1906 On the streets of Shanghai, my death brought the awakening of 40 million compatriots. The conditions for running a school are difficult, and the teaching level can't keep up. Some students are already dissatisfied. James Zhu, deputy director, had an altercation with some Jiangsu students. It's no big deal at first. Let's be considerate of each other. But impulse is the devil, and director Zhu threw out a sentence that is difficult to convince the public: "Jiangsu people make trouble, Jiangsu people go out." "This means that all the troublemakers have to fuck off. This is originally angry words, not to mention that Director Zhu himself is from Jiangsu. But the students quit, thinking that the school deliberately refused, clamoring for * * * to drop out of school. Ladies and gentlemen, is this the same as when I was in Japan six months ago? Director Zhu was forced to resign in order to avoid a roommate fight, but the students refused to settle. They led people to destroy school facilities and publicly condemned the attack on China College in the newspaper. In the end, more than 50 students resolutely dropped out of school and founded a public school on foot. Photo: The disintegration of Jianxing Public School, which was derived from roommates' fighting, has undoubtedly damaged the image of China Public School. People who have been watching have become spectators, saying that these students are simply messing around, but fortunately they didn't pay at the beginning. The more serious impact is that the Shanghai Municipal Government originally approved some funds, but because of this, the funds already in progress were urgently recalled. In the whole incident, Yao Hongye has been trying his best to save the face of China Public School, but it ended in failure. He felt painful: "The phenomenon in Tokyo is the same, and the pessimism in the mainland is the same. All kinds of great wishes to return to the outside home have finally failed. " Depressed, depressed and sad, Chen Tianhua's words gradually emerged in Yao's mind. Somehow, he came up with the same idea, and made his ambition clear by death. Photo: On April 5th, at Huangpu River Wharf in Shanghai, Yao Hongye talked with director Wang Chang and said everything he wanted to say. Wang sensed that something was wrong, thinking that it was Tomb-Sweeping Day the next day, he said to go out to play together, and Yao agreed. But when he knocked at the door the next day, Yao was not at home. Seven days have passed and there is no news. 13, there was a news in the newspaper that a body was salvaged from Huangpu River, belonging to China and wearing a suit. Wang, Zhang Bangjie and others felt bad and immediately rushed to the hospital to recognize the body. But my body was swollen and my handwriting was blurred. I only took out two stamps from my pocket, one was "Jiansheng" and the other was "Notice of Competition". Jiansheng and Jingsheng are Yao's font names, and this body is undoubtedly him. All the people present cried and couldn't stop. When people were sorting out Yao's relics, they found a written suicide note, between the lines, with tears in their eyes: "... I hope that after my death, you and others will not miss me, but I will miss China Public School ... For the future of China, do your best to study ... Cheer up, never lose heart, and make up for those imperfections in various events. If the bad ones are corrected, they will be in the future. I wish my 400 million compatriots, gentry, soldiers, agriculture, industry and commerce, nobles exercise their power, the rich exercise their wealth and the wise exercise their knowledge, and plan to use * * * to maintain and help me in Chinese College ... If I know anything after my death, I hope this soul will live forever with me in China College! "A pure heart, god can learn! This year, Yao Hongye was only 25 years old. Photo: Revolutionary martyr Yao Hongye VI I recommend Xuanyuan with blood, and the hero's soul returns to Yuelu Mountain. Yao Hongye committed suicide by jumping into the river! In the silent age, his death tore open the dark haze. People from all walks of life were greatly shocked and gave a helping hand: Shanghai businessmen and gentry promised financial support, Daqing Bank borrowed 654.38+million yuan, Hunan, Sichuan, Guangdong and other provinces pledged several thousand yuan every year, and overseas Chinese also generously donated money ... China College was saved, which was bought by Yao Hongye with his life! Heroic deeds were introduced into his hometown of Hunan. Academics and revolutionaries thought that the purpose and death of Chen and Yao were unprecedented for hundreds of years, and it was appropriate to be buried together in Lushan, a famous place, to impress Chinese and foreign people. Yu Zhimo, president of Hunan Branch of the League, strongly advocated that the bones of the two martyrs should be taken back to their hometown and buried together on Yuelu Mountain. Photo: Yu Zhimo, president of the Hunan branch of the League, but this idea was strongly opposed by the authorities and gentry on the grounds that "the revolutionary party is a rebellion, a big rebellion, not a martyr" and said that it had been instructed by the governor of Hunan that they would never be buried together in Yuelu. Yu Zhimo angrily rebuked: "Today, Taiwan Province Province, Jiaozhou, Guangzhou (Bay), Dalian and other places are occupied by outsiders, and only China people are buried with China. This is intolerable? "This means that so many territories in our country are occupied by foreign enemies. You don't make a sound, but burying two martyrs is intolerable? Unreasonable barbaric obstruction has strengthened the determination of the academic circles and the revolutionary party to "never bury Yuelu and never give up"! On May 20th, 1906, the coffins of two martyrs arrived in Changsha from Tokyo and Shanghai respectively, and nearly a thousand people attended the memorial service. The funeral will be held in three days. More than 8,000 people held high the white flag to pay homage, and the mighty funeral procession stretched for more than ten miles, and Yuelu Mountain was white. The military police sent by Qing * * * were also solemn, and no one came forward to stop them. However, by the beginning of June, news of relocation and burial kept coming. Jushi Yu Shuqing (director of the Academic Affairs Office) actually instructed the military police to arrest the students who participated in the public sacrifice. Representatives of academic circles made urgent representations, but ended in failure. When he was at a loss, a dramatic scene appeared. This Yu Shuqing was arrested for whoring. In order to protect his career, he was forced to promise to release the students. God forgave anyone! 13 years later, a generation of great men published an article in Xiangjiang Review edited by them, praising the feat of public burial as "an earth-shattering event" and "the morale of Hunan". At this time, I was extremely excited. " But high morale comes at a price. Three months after the public burial, Yu Zhimo was arrested by the government and secretly killed. In February of the following year, the tombs of martyrs Chen and Yao were forcibly moved out, and they did not return to Yuelu until the first year of the Republic of China (19 12). But no matter where you are, for the two martyrs, Chen Tianhua and Yao Hongye, it is a fair death to dare to commend Xuanyuan with my blood and give up one person's life in exchange for the self-esteem, self-love and self-improvement of 40 million compatriots! Thank you for reading here. Welcome everyone to like, forward and comment on the reference materials:

[1] Collected Works of Chen Tianhua, Chen Tianhua, Hunan People's Publishing House, 1982 [2] Students studying in Japan and the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty, Shang Xiaoming, Jiangxi Education Publishing House, 2002 [3] History of Students Studying in Japan, Sanetou Keishuu, Peking University Publishing House, 20 12 [4] Biography of Yao Martyrs.