(Tianjin Normal University)

The following are the notes of Du Fu Studies, an elective course for Chinese language and literature undergraduates, which only contains works explanations, short-answer questions and essay questions, but some minor problems come from these big questions, which are more comprehensive.

Chapter 1 Introduction (Comments of Past Dynasties)

Section 1 Tang and Five Dynasties

First, give examples to illustrate how Han Yu, Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi and others affirmed Du Fu's poems in the middle Tang Dynasty.

1. Han Yu's poems affirmed the American and comprehensive characteristics of Du Fu's poetic art. Han Yu's poem "On Du Gongbu's Grave" said that "the independent Ministry of Industry called beauty, and the poet of that day had no plan"; Yuan Zhen's Narrating Poems as a Godsend says that Du Fu's poems are boundless and everywhere, and the Preface to the Epitaph says that "read more poems, learn from small ones" and "I have done my best in ancient and modern times, and everyone is different"; Bai Juyi also said that Du Fu's poems "run through the present, follow the rhythm and do their best" ("Nine Books of the Imperial Garden"). They think that the realm of Du Fu's poetry is unprecedented, and it is also beyond the reach of Li Bai and Chen Ziang.

2. Affirm the originality of Du Fu's poems. Both Yuan and Bai pointed out that Du Fu's works such as Three Officials, Three Farewells and Chedian were the pioneering works of writing new Yuefu poems (Yuan Zhen's Preface to Ancient Yuefu Poems), and the new Yuefu movement they advocated was inspired by Du Fu and took it as a model. Yuan Zhen clearly pointed out that "I attached great importance to my friends Lotte and Gong Li when I was young, which means that I should give priority to this, so I no longer intend to assign ancient titles" (ibid.).

3. Affirm the lyricism and satire of Du Fu's poems. Han Yu advocates the theory of "injustice makes a sound", and thinks that Du Fu is "the one who has to speak before he can speak" and "the one who is trapped in the middle and vented to the outside" (Preface to Farewell to Meng Dongye). Bai Juyi also affirmed that Du Fu's poems are works of anger, sadness and injury (Preface to Alice Li). Bai Yuan clearly pointed out that Du Fu's poetry is a model of inheriting the Book of Songs and the spirit of Yuefu in Han Dynasty, paying special attention to the social function of poetry, and Du Fu's poetry has the characteristics of "satirizing current events" (Preface to Yuefu Ancient Poems). As the saying goes, "originated from this, meaning belongs to that" (Bai Juyi's Nine Books of Yuan Zaju), so it can play a social role of "judging the current politics" and "releasing human feelings" (ibid.).

Second, an overview of the Tang people's comments on Du Fu (there were comments on Du Fu's poems in the Tang Dynasty).

1. The evaluation of Du Fu's poems by people in the Tang Dynasty went through a process from being ignored when the poet was alive to gradually improving after the middle Tang Dynasty.

2. Throughout the Tang Dynasty, only a few people of insight such as Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi were able to give Du Fu a very high evaluation, which was far from the serious evaluation of Du Fu's poems in the Song Dynasty. Although they are a minority, they have had a serious impact on future generations. Such as Yuan Zhen's Tomb Inscription of Du Fu.

3. Tang people's affirmation of Du Fu's poems mainly comes from the art of poetry itself. What they saw was the comprehensiveness and comprehensiveness of Du Fu's poetic art, or they affirmed it from the perspective of interest and allegory. They mainly evaluated Du Fu from abstract theory, but lacked comprehensive, in-depth and concrete analysis.

4. For Du Fu, people in the Tang Dynasty are more sympathetic to his fall, especially the neglect behind him, but they certainly have a vague understanding of his persistence in poetry creation and his great poet spirit of always facing reality, society, people and life.

Section II Song Dynasty (Song people generally attached importance to Tang poetry)

Third, an overview of Lu Youxue's Du Fu's poems.

1. Lu You's ideal is to restore the Central Plains all his life. Since he was a child, he has experienced the hardships of being displaced from place to place, so he has a deeper understanding of the patriotic spirit of Du Fu's poems than ordinary people, and his seven years in Shu have more contact with the remains at Du Fu's feet, which also makes him have a deeper understanding of Du Fu than ordinary people.

2. Among the poets of the previous generation, Lu You was the first to promote Du Fu, as evidenced by the poem "Cao repeatedly sent poems and answered them, making this poem show it". Lu You not only advocated learning from Du Fu's poems, but also advocated learning from Du Fu himself, and opposed taking Du Fu as a simple poet. There are two poems to prove it:

"The article hangs on the world, and loyalty and righteousness are thought-provoking" ("Interview with the Temple of Shaoling in Jinping")

"Being a poet makes me feel a little idle" (reading Du Fu's poems).

As a result, Lu You was somewhat awakened to Du Fu, a Jiangxi school of poetry, and was quite dissatisfied with Du Fu's statement that "every word is nowhere to be found". He pointed out that one of Fu's works, The Story of Climbing Yueyang Tower, worried about the country and the people. "Even if every word can be found, the meaning of going to Shaoling is far away" (Notes on Old Learning Temple). Lu You advocated learning the meaning of "Shaoling", especially the patriotism and love for the people in Du Fu's poems, which made him put forward the view that "Kung Fu is beyond poetry". His poem "Shizi" says that "learning Du Fu should start from the inner spirit". The so-called extra-poetic kung fu refers to the in-depth experience of life itself. It can be seen from his poem "One night in September, reading poems and writing music" that his so-called extra-poetic kung fu refers to the experience of fiery real life.

It is recognized by later generations that Lu You is a real scholar. For example, Lin Jingxi, a patriotic poet at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, said in "After Lu Fangweng's Poems" that "Tianbao poets have a history, cuckoos worship like rain, and turtle halls are always full of vigor", so later generations recognized Lu You as the most authentic biography of Du Fu's poems.

Fourthly, compared with Tang people, Song people evaluated Du's new characteristics.

1. From the Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, it has become a common social phenomenon. In the Song Dynasty, almost all celebrities once spoke highly of Du Fu's poems, and the status of Du Fu and Du Fu's poems reached an unprecedented level.

2. Song people's understanding of Du Fu's poems is comprehensive and in-depth, from the overall ideological spirit, artistic achievements, artistic style to specific poems, poetry techniques and even specific poems, which is definitely a step further than the overall abstraction of Tang people.

3. Song people paid special attention to Du Fu's personality spirit, and they especially praised his "being close to the people and patriotism". Many people, such as Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Lu You and Wen Tianxiang, resolutely opposed to treating Du Fu as a simple poet, which was different from emphasizing and affirming Du Fu in art in the Tang Dynasty.

4. Song people not only affirmed Du Fu in theory, but also did more practical things than Tang people. For example, sorting out Du Fu's collected works, classifying them by years, and annotating them. Many works done by Song people are pioneering.

5. Song people attached great importance to Du Fu, which showed that their research on Du Fu was more in-depth and concrete than that of Tang people. Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi, Han Yu, Li Shangyin and so on. I just learned Du Fu in some way, while learning Du Fu in Song Dynasty was more conscious and comprehensive. Rainbow Anshi, Su Shi, Lu You and others all consciously accepted the influence of Du Fu's poems and Du Fu's spirit. In the Song Dynasty, the most influential poetry school in the Song Dynasty-"Jiangxi Poetry School" appeared.

5. Why did Song people pay special attention to Du Fu?

Generally speaking, it is because Du Fu's poems themselves contain great value that can be valued by Song people.

1. Song people paid more attention to poetry creation than Tang people, and studied and explored poetry interest, skills and theory more deeply than Tang people. Du Fu's poems are the epitome of China's classical poems, and all kinds of poems are excellent, so Song people generally regard Du Fu as the first poet in ancient and modern times, which is their first choice for learning. For example, Huang Shang's "Reading Du Fu's poems, such as Xi's calligraphy, should prepare all kinds of people and seek perfection in everything ... People engaged in poetry work must choose Du Fu" (Preface to Shang Chen's Poems). Although Du Fu's poems are mainly "depressed and frustrated", their styles are diverse, and Song people can also find their own places. For example, Wang Anshi clearly pointed out that Du Fu's poems are more diverse than Li Bai's.

2. Song people paid more attention to culture and personality cultivation than Tang people, especially in the overall cultural background of Confucian revival, and Du Fu was the most typical embodiment of Confucian spirit among ancient and modern poets. He insisted on "walking halfway through Kyushu with an empty stomach ... not wasting the worries of the imperial court" (Portrait of Du Fu by Wang Anshi) and his consciousness of "saving the world if you don't repay your kindness" (Zhu answered Chen Tongfu's book), which was more in line with the value orientation of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world afterwards" (Yue Yang Lou Ji by Fan Zhongyan). Of course, his lament of "sleepless and worried, unable to work hard" ("Song by the Sujiang River") is also easy to produce * * * songs among intellectuals who are both overworked and unable to return to heaven in the Song Dynasty.

3. Song people attached importance to Du Fu for profound social reasons. The state affairs of the whole Song Dynasty were in decline, while half of the state affairs of the Southern Song Dynasty were in decline. Therefore, revitalizing state affairs and restoring the Central Plains became the strongest realistic pursuit of the Song Dynasty. Du Fu's poems mainly reflect the ups and downs of the Tang Dynasty empire, especially the emotional pain and patriotic aspirations in the separatist war, and naturally gained the universal love and admiration of the Song people who suffered from poverty, weakness and bankruptcy.

The second chapter is Du Fu's creative process and his important works.

The first section is the roaming period of reading (the first year of Xuanzong-Tianbao five years, 7 12-746, 1-35 years old)

Sixth, the introduction of creation during reading and swimming.

During this period, there were more than 20 existing poems by Du Fu, all of which were excellent works of sightseeing, drinking and gifts from friends. Poetry is mostly composed of five laws. From the technical point of view, they are antithetical, steady and colorful, close to the poetic style of the early Tang Dynasty. From the content point of view, the vision is not broad enough, and it is mostly limited to the performance of personal life. There are almost no works with broad and profound social connotations. Some works show the heroism and conceit of teenagers, with the color of idealism, such as Wang Yue, Painting the Eagle, Cao and so on.

1, "Looking at Yue": Five ancient poems, written in the 24th year of Kaiyuan (AD 736), wandered around Qi and Zhao at the age of 25, which was one of Du Fu's earlier poems. Describe the majestic and beautiful weather of Mount Tai in the distance, with an open realm and a warning language. Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that all the other mountains are short in the sky. I have placed my pride in forging ahead and my confidence in climbing the top of Mount Tai.

"How magnificent Mount Tai is! ? Out of Qilu, green peaks can still be seen. The magical nature brings together thousands of beautiful mountains in the south and the separation between morning and dusk in the north.

Caiyun lave? Free and easy in my chest, you must go back to the birds. Try to climb to the top of the mountain: it dwarfs all the peaks under our feet. "

2. Painting Eagle: Five Methods, written in the 29th year of Kaiyuan (AD 74 1), when the poet was in Luoyang. This is an inscription poem, which vividly describes the mighty posture and manner of painting an eagle, showing Du Fu's excellent generalization ability, and the ending is "Why should I attack every bird and shed my blood to smooth the weeds", which is a self-portrait of the poet's young and conceited personality and spirit.

"After practicing the wind and frost, the eagle draws a unique picture: thinking of a sly rabbit, raising an eyebrow like sorrow.

Optical rotation can be picked up and called Xuan. When I hit every bird, my hair and blood leveled the weeds! "

In the second quarter, I was trapped in Chang 'an (Tianbao 5-14 years, 746-755 years old, 35-44 years old)

Seven, an overview of Du Fu's ten years of writing Chang 'an poems.

1. The existing works during this period are about 1 10. Genre-wise, there are many five-character and seven-character novels that were not available in the early stage, with more than 200 words at a time and the longest 500 words. There are as many as 28 ancient poems with seven words, and there are also some large-scale poems, such as 9 poems such as "Going out before the Great Wall".

2. The subject matter is also rich, and the number of works describing current events, showing the sufferings of the people and exposing the evils of rulers has increased significantly. Even a few works that express personal life, such as gifts and banquets, can often be pushed from personal difficulties to folk sufferings.

3. The poetic style has changed, and sadness is almost pervasive in most works. The gloomy and frustrated style based on worrying about the country and the people has begun to take shape, but it is mainly reflected in the ancient poems with five or seven words. As for the poems with five words and seven words, they do not have the characteristics of vigorous weather and profound meaning of later works.

In a word, this decade is a period in which the ideological tone, realistic writing method and gloomy poetic style of Du Fu's poems are initially formed.

3. "Twenty-two Wei Yun Poems: Five Ancient Poems" was written in the seventh year of Tianbao (AD 748) for Prime Minister Zuo. The poem describes his talent, reports his embarrassment of being trapped in Chang 'an, expresses his gratitude to the other party for taking care of him, and quotes and requests for further care. Although this article is good at expressing one's mind directly and using appropriate words, it has no outstanding characteristics in the whole Du Fu collection. However, in studying and grasping Du Fu's ideological character, especially the situation in Chang 'an, this material is of great value, and the sentence "Read thousands of books, write like a god ... to your majesty, Yao and Shun, and then make the customs pure" has long been a well-known sentence.

"When the door is closed to the rich, it will follow the fat horse dust at dusk, the cup will be left out in the cold and there will be sadness everywhere."

4. Military Vehicle Shop: Seven new ancient poems, written in the tenth year of Tianbao (AD 75 1). The work depicts the tragic scene of forced enlistment in the Tang Dynasty during the journey, criticizes the expansion policy of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and expresses sympathy for the people who suffered great disasters as a result. This is one of Du Jizhong's earlier works, which pays attention to current affairs and the sufferings of the people. It is generally regarded as Du Fu's realistic works.

(Pu Qilong, who commented on Du Fu's poems in the Qing Dynasty, said that "it is for Yuefu, but it is actually Yuefu orthography")

"The blood in the side yard is like a river, and the heart of Emperor Wu is still fighting."

"We know that having a son will bring bad luck, and having a daughter will be much better. ; Who can get married and live in a neighbor's house, while we bury our children underground? "

5. The second is Tao: seven ancient poems, written in the 12th year of Tianbaochun (AD 753). The work depicts the luxury, debauchery and extreme arrangement of Yang's brother and sister visiting Qujiang on March 3rd. Although there is no irony in the whole poem, there is no lack of irony in the image description, which boldly exposes Yang Jiaquan's arrogance in the ruling and opposition. This is also a Yuefu poem called a new topic.

"But power can be as hot as a flame and burn people's fingers. Be careful of the Prime Minister and his frown."

6. Nine Borders: Five ancient poems, written in the last years of Tianbao. The work describes the pain brought by war life to the ordinary people, and exposes the policy of expanding the frontier by satirizing the belligerence of the Tang Dynasty. From the artistic point of view, the poetry group is original: first, although it adopts the old themes common in Yuefu, it is of pioneering significance in the system. It adopts the scale of nine poems, from the beginning of garrison to the journey to the award of meritorious service, connecting all links and sequences of garrison life in series, and its structure is rigorous and complete. Second, the work adopts a unique first-person writing style, taking the inner feelings of an ordinary soldier as the basic narrative clue, and reproduces various specific scenes and pictures in war life, especially highlighting the performance of the defender's spiritual world. Therefore, compared with similar works, group poems not only show realism and three-dimensional sense, but also are more typical and profound.

"You are already the land of the rich, how much more do you want to open!" ( 1)

"When the bow is strong, the arrow is long. Shooters should shoot horses, and leaders should catch their leaders.

There is a limit to killing people, and countries have their own borders. If you can invade the mausoleum, how can you kill more? "(6)

7. From Beijing to Fengxian, 500 words of love stories: five ancient poems, written in October of Tianbao 14th year (165438+ AD 755), on the eve of An Shi Rebellion. With singing and hugging as the main line and Fengxian's whereabouts as the clue, the work focuses on its own original pain (official life) and personal misfortune. In the history of China's poetry and Du Fu's research, this article has the following significance: 1' s works combine nostalgia with travel, and use scenery and lyric description alternately, which is groundbreaking in writing. Although it is centered on chanting, it profoundly reflects the sufferings of the broad masses of people and boldly exposes the extravagant style of the ruling group. It is of a grand scale and has the nature of an epic. The work is a typical expression of Du Fu's concern for the country and the people, and it is one of the most valuable works to understand the poet's ideological character, outlook on life, values and the basic characteristics of Du Fu's poems.

"If you are poor, you will worry about Liyuan, sighing that your intestines are hot ... Kwai fire is biased towards the sun, and its physical properties are hard to take away ... Zhumen wine stinks, and the road has frozen bones."

8. "Five Poems Behind the Dike": Five ancient poems, written in the winter of Tianbao 14th year (AD 755), at the beginning of Anshi Rebellion. Through a soldier's self-report, the work tells the story of his experience from enlisting in Hebei to finally fleeing to his hometown, and reveals the historical truth of An Lushan's claim for credit for border work to his chaotic decision. On the one hand, it shows that the poet opposes chaotic judgment and supports the unified position; On the other hand, it also euphemistically pointed out the fact that Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty cherished frontier generals and raised his legacy. In the order of a soldier's personal experience, the five poems concentrated on his inner feelings and thoughts. They are connected end to end, with complete structure, and the basic writing method is close to Jiuge.

"The ancients respected the frontier, but the present people respected Gao De" (I)

"Will set up a cover, arrogance. Border people dare not discuss, and those who discuss die "(fourth).

In the third quarter, catch a thief and be an official (from the first year of Su Zong to the end of Gan Yuan, 756-759, 45-48 years old)

Eight, trapped thief and official works overview (four points)

1. This is the most violent Anshi Rebellion, the most difficult period for the people of the whole country, and the most turbulent period for Du Fu's personal life. But it is also the most substantial period of Du Fu's poetry. His works touch all aspects of social life and are profound.

2. This is also the most full period of realism in Du Fu's poems, which is manifested in three aspects: a) grasping the most distinctive characteristics of the times, and the poet's emotions and brushstrokes move with the pulse of the times. The most profound and concrete description of the people's suffering shows a strong people's nature. The most touching expression of patriotism. Du Fu's emotions, words and deeds are closely related to the fate of the country and the progress of the war, which fully shows the poet's touching feelings of longing for reunification and opposing the war, and fully shows the poet's strong sense of hardship.

3. This is also the period when the gloomy and frustrated style of Du Fu's poems is fully formed and fully embodied. Strong tragic atmosphere, strong feelings of worrying about the country and the people and profound social style connotation are the main factors that constitute this style.

4. Among the 250 poems in this period, there are about 100 five-rhythm poems, which embodies the unity of ideology and artistry. There are 90 "Five Ancient Poems" and 22 "Seven Ancient Poems", which reflect the two most successful genres in this period and are also two varieties that fully show the depressed and frustrated style.

Representative works of this period:

9. Moonlit Night: Five Laws, written in August 756 AD, was Du Fu's work when he was captured by the Anshi Rebellion and deeply immersed in Chang 'an City. This poem is based on the fact that I watched the moon in Chang 'an and missed my family. I imagine my wife looking at the moon in Luzhou and missing her family, and I end up looking forward to the future husband and wife snuggling up and watching the bright moon. The works express the feelings of missing, but reflect the pain of separation. They are the people's desire to end the war and world peace, so they have universal social significance.

"When will we lie on our screen again, with tears in our eyes?"

The concept is novel, which breaks the concepts of time and space.

10, Spring Hope: Five Methods, written in the second year from Su Zong to Germany (March 757 AD), was made when Du Fu was captured by the rebels and fell into Chang 'an, the leader of the rebels. Touching the scene, the work combines the sadness of broken mountains and rivers with the sadness of missing relatives, hidden in the scene, intended to imply. This is a famous patriotic poem, which expresses the desire for peaceful reunification.

1 1, "Ai Jiangtou": Seven ancient, inheriting the tradition of Yuefu, but also innovative. Written in the spring of the second year from Su Zong to Germany, it was also his work when he was trapped in Chang 'an. The poem begins with the bleak scene of sneaking into Qujiang, the door closed, and Liu Pu feeling sorry for himself (in fact, writing about sadness with joy), and then recalls the prosperity of Chang 'an in that year. It shows the deep sadness of parting and satirizes the extravagance and waste of Li Longji and Yang Yuhuan, which not only harms the country, but also harms the world. It was a touching poem that felt sad at that time.

"People are merciful and make a wish with tears in their eyes."

12, "Three Poems of Qiang Village": Five ancient poems, written in the second year of Su Zong to Germany (August 757), Zuo Zuo picked them up and went back to Luzhou to visit relatives.

On the one hand, the works describe the joy of being reunited with their families after being displaced and separated, on the other hand, they also show the suffering brought by the war to the people, and imply worries about the future of individuals and the country. The writing is vivid and simple, full of rich life breath.

"Midnight is more like lighting a candle and more like a dream." (1)

13, "Northern Expedition": In the second year from Su Zong to Germany (August 757), Feng Xiangxing made it when he left Guilufu to tidy up the remains. It is the longest five-character ancient poem (700 words) in Du Ji. In the way of narration and discussion, it sequentially writes about what people saw and felt after returning to China, the sufferings of the people in the war and their own views on many major issues in counterinsurgency, especially the fight back with soldiers and the eradication of Zhu Yang (Yang, Yang Guifei ...). This is an extremely important work to study Du Fu's political inclination, ideological character and depressed style of Du Fu's poems, and together with Five Hundred Words, it has had a great influence on such diary poems in later generations.

"Gan Kun is covered with scars. When will the troubles stop?"

14, Car Wash Horse: the longest seven-character ancient poem in Du Ji (48 sentences× 7 = 336 words). Written in the second year of Su Zonggan Yuan (AD 759). On the one hand, with patriotic passion, the work praises the excellent situation of repeated wars and victories, and praises such famous soldiers as Li Guangbi, Zhang Draft, Fang Yi, etc. On the other hand, it also satirizes those villains who "climb the dragon and attach the phoenix" and "do evil"; At the same time, he expressed his good wish that "An De's strong men will lead the Tianhe River, and the soldiers who wash their armour will not be used for a long time". The outstanding feature of this article is its unrestrained momentum and strong ideal color.

"Guan Shanyue has been playing flute for three years, and every grass and tree is in front of soldiers from all over the world."

15, "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells": five ancient poems (Xin 'an official, Tongguan official, Shi Haoguan; Newly married, old, homeless). In the second year of Su Zonggan Yuan (March 759), Du Fu returned from Luoyang to the civil service of Huazhou Division and wrote down the recruitment of Rafe in the Tang Dynasty.

On the one hand, the works express their dissatisfaction with the disasters brought by men, even the elderly men and women who have no rules, on the other hand, they have to

Considering the overall situation of quelling chaos, forbearing weeping and encouraging people to join the army to participate in the war are a group of excellent poems that profoundly reflect the historical truth. no

It not only has important cognitive value and ideological value, but also has important influence and artistic value in the history of China's poetry. It appears in the form of a group of poems

Choose highly typical events and scenes to summarize a person's typical creation of social phenomena.

Principle. Widowed and lonely, the lowest life in society, as an artistic concern, the poet's conscience and superb performance reflect the focus.

Narrative art and distinctive characteristics of the times provided a model for later poets and writers to learn.

"All nations are loyal, and the flames of war are burning. The body was covered with vegetation and bloody. Chuanyuandan "(don't be old)

16, Seven Poems by Tonggu County, Gan Yuan: (Seven Poems by Tonggu County): In November of the second year of Su Zong's Gan Yuan (759), Du Fu lived in Tonggu County, Chengzhou (now Chengxian County, Gansu Province), which was one of the most difficult periods in the poet's life. The seven poems are all about Long song when he was crying. They are all eight sentences, which bring together the tragic situation on the verge of despair, the separation of brothers and sisters (four brothers and two sisters), political frustration and the difficulty of going home. His bitter feelings and sad voice make people cry, which is a group of highly infectious works.

"There is a guest word beauty, white hair hanging ears. Picking acorn chestnuts at the age of 20 and going to the valley on cold nights. There are no books in the Central Plains, so you can't return, and your hands and feet are frozen and dead "(1)

In the fourth season, he drifted to the southwest (from the first year of Su Zong Shang Yuan to the fifth year of Dai Zong Da Li, aged 760-770, 49-59).

The characteristics of Du Fu's poems during his wandering southwest.

1. There are a lot of poets. Although I am in a foreign land and enter my later years, I am more diligent in my creation. There are 1072 existing poems, which are three times the sum of the previous three issues, accounting for 73% of all works. Kuizhou has 485 poems in less than two years.

2. Rich themes. The poet not only wrote all the mountains and rivers, landscapes, local customs, places of interest, and feelings of life in his poems, but also left many autobiographical works to recall and reflect on past experiences. For example, homesickness, strong travel, night travel, mourning, going to the present, eight sorrows and so on. But no matter where you go, caring about the fate of the country and reflecting the sufferings of people's livelihood is always an important content that cannot be changed.

3. Most modern poems (metrical poems) account for 70% of all poems in this period. Du Jizhong wrote 365,438+0 five-line poems here, 65,438+005 of 65,438+007 four-line poems here, 4,865,438+0 of 550 five-line poems here and 65,438+08 of four-line poems here. Du Fu's mastery of metrical patterns has reached the point of perfection, as the saying goes, "In view of the fine method of poetry in the evening festival". ("Send a boring play to the 19th Cao Chang")

4. The lyrical atmosphere is rich. At this time, Du Fu was suffering from poverty and illness, and his works often showed an irresistible feeling of depression, sadness and desolation.

17, book fragrance: seven laws. It was written in the spring of the first year of Su Zong Shang Yuan (spring of 760), and was written by Chengdu Wuhou Temple when Du Fu first entered Shu. The poem eulogizes Zhuge Liang's efforts to assist the two masters and the difficulty of serving the country all his life, and integrates nostalgia with lyricism. In fact, the poet's regret of "dying before conquering" is a sad realization of his ideal of "serving the king of Yao and Shun". Among nearly 20 poems dedicated to Zhuge Liang in Du Ji, this one has the greatest influence, and it is also the most influential poem of all Wuhou poets in past dynasties.

There is a famous saying: "Look at the world diligently and offer your heart to two generations.

But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats. "

18 "The Cottage is Broken by Autumn Wind": Seven ancient songs (seven-character songs). Written in the autumn of the second year of Suzong (76 1 autumn). In the second year after entering Shu, I wrote it in Chengdu. Write that a storm swept away the thatch on his roof. The bed was wet and he couldn't sleep at night. From this, he recalled the painful experience since the war. Poets can relate their own pain to the hardships of the broad masses of the people and send out that "there are thousands of spacious buildings, and the poor in the world are happy, and the wind and rain are as peaceful as mountains!" Well, when did you suddenly see this house? It is enough for me to freeze to death alone! "This willingness to exchange personal pain for the happiness of the whole world touched Bai Juyi, Wang Anshi and millions of people from generation to generation.

19, the play is composed of six quatrains: six quatrains of seven quatrains, written in the first year of Baoying (around 762 AD). It comments on Wan Xin, Qu Yuan and Song Yu, four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty, criticizes the bad habits of the literati at that time, and shows the correct attitude towards the literary heritage of predecessors. Du Fu commented on the creativity of literature and art in the form of a set of quatrains.

Famous sentence: "The name of Ercao is ruined, and the rivers will not be wasted forever." (2)

"Today's people love the ancients, and the beautiful sentences in Ming language must be neighbors." (5)

"If you don't cut off your fake body and are elegant, you will be a teacher." (6)

20. The two sides of the Yellow River recovered by the imperial army: seven laws. Written in the spring of the first year of Dade (AD 763). Du Fu is now in Zizhou. Writing and talking about works: the ecstatic sigh of the good news that the An Shi Rebellion was finally put down, and the wonderful reverie of whether or not to come to Thailand, show the people suffering from war-torn yearning for reunification and peace. This is an excellent work full of patriotic passion, and it is also praised by later generations as "the first quick poem in Lao Du's life". (Reading Du Xin Jie by Qing-Pu Qilong) (There are few poems expressing happiness, judging from the way of expression)

Famous sentence: the news of this distant western station! The north has been recovered! At first, I couldn't stop crying on my coat. Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily.

When you sing in the daytime, you must sprinkle it vertically on the green spring day, which is the beginning of my return home. Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! .

2 1, climbing stairs: seven laws. Written in the spring of the second year of Zong Guangde (AD 764), it shows his performance when he returned to Chengdu from Zizhou, and what he saw and felt when he climbed the building, expressing his feelings of worrying about and hurting the country. As Shen Deqian said, this article "The weather is magnificent and the universe is covered in cages" () is a typical representative work of Du Fu's later Seven Laws, which is gloomy and desolate, profound and broad, stable and distinctive.

Famous sentence: "Spring is full of beauty, floating between heaven and earth, like a cloud of jade peak, from ancient times to the present."

22. "Dan Qing is General Cao Ba": Seven Dynasties. Written in the spring of the second year of Dai Guangzong De (AD 764). When Cao Ba was in Chengdu, he was a famous contemporary painter of Du Fu. His works praised the artist's superb artistic talent and also talked about his family background. This poem embodies Du Fu's artistic accomplishment and aesthetic pursuit of writing about gods. In addition, the four sentences in the text rhyme evenly and are written freely, which is a representative of another style different from melancholy and desolation.

Famous sentence: "but painting meat can't draw bones, so even the best people are deprived of their spirit."

Generals are good at painting gods and taking photos with the best people. "

23. One night abroad: Five rules. In May of the first year of Yongtai (765), Du Fu's family left Chengdu and spent the night on the bank of the Yangtze River on their way to Zhongzhou via Leshan and Yuzhou (Chongqing). The first four sentences describe the scenery, which is both implicit and broad. This is a night trip. The last four sentences are lyrical, lamenting the vagaries of his life experience. The so-called "I hope my art can bring me fame and get rid of my sick old age from public office!" It is nothing more than a bitter irony that he has no foothold, which just shows from the opposite side that the poet's life is a calm, concise and ambiguous work with merit, insight and persistent pursuit, and is a typical representative of Lao Du's Five Laws.

Famous sentence: the breeze ripples on the grass bank, passes through the night and blows to my still mast. The stars are leaning down from the empty place, and the moon is chanting the river.

I hope my art can bring me fame and liberate my sick old age from the office! . Flying around, flying around, what am I like, just a sandpiper in the vast world! !

This famous saying is probably influenced by Li Bai's farewell to his friends at Jingmen Ferry, which is the end of the mountain and the beginning of the plain, and the river winds through the wilderness. Hu Yinglin thought Du Fu's poems were better than Li Bai's in Ming Dynasty.

24. Five poems of "General": Seven Laws, written in the autumn of the first year of Dali (766), lived in Kuizhou. This group of poems exposes and criticizes many problems existing in today's military commanders, such as not being able to resist the invasion of Tubo, borrowing soldiers to return to Uighur, not being able to settle down and support themselves in the fields, seeking only high officials and generous salaries, not thinking about serving the country, and so on, and also criticizes Wang Biao.

25. Eight Poems of Qiu Xing: Seven Laws, written in the autumn of the first year of Dali (766), lived in Kuizhou. The first three songs are about autumn scenery in Kuizhou, and the last five songs recall the scene of Chang 'an dusk, which is attributed to the difficult situation of life in Kuizhou. The works relate personal life experience with national sorrow, and combine the viewpoint of lyricism in scenery writing, with the theme of beginning and end, or lyricism on the spot or metaphor in ancient times, or denouncing no concealment, or wanting to say goodbye, which is a group of dismal works, so the Song people have always praised it as "the Sect of those who wish to enter the Dharma".

Famous sentence: "Cong Ju cried a few days ago, boating alone was the heart of hometown." ( 1)

"The ancient city of Kuifu has an oblique sunset, and it depends on Beidou Wang Jinghua every time." (2)

"I heard that Chang' an is like playing chess, and the world is too sad for a hundred years. " (4)

26. Yearning for Historic Sites: five songs. The Seven Laws was written by Dai Zongzong when he lived in Kuizhou in the first year of Dali (AD 766). It is called a historical relic and reflects Yu Xin's former residence, Song Yuzhai, Zhaojun Village, Liu Bei's Yong 'an Palace and Wuhou Temple. Their titles are historical sites, mainly eulogizing human beings, and their titles are mainly eulogizing ancient times. The works comment on the deeds of the five people, all of which have more or less entrusted the poet's own sadness of wandering and frustration. In writing, these five poems are independent and unrelated, which shows that they are not works in one place at a time.

Famous sentence: "Yu Xin's life is the most bleak, and his poems have caused a sensation in the north and south of the country in his twilight years." ( 1)

"She came out of the purple palace and walked into the desert. Now she is a green grave in the yellow dusk." (3)

27. "Zhuangyou": Five ancient dynasties. In the autumn of the first year of Dali (766). I made it when I lived in Kuizhou. This is an autobiographical work, reviewing his experiences from childhood to An Shi Rebellion, from which we can learn a lot about Du Fu's personal life and also reflect some political situations in the Tang Dynasty. From an artistic point of view, this article has no outstanding achievements, but it is the most direct and valuable material to study Du Fu's life, thoughts and personality. This article, the journey of the past and mourning were all held in Kuizhou, the first year of Dali.

Famous sentence: "When Qi and Zhao were dissolute, Qiu Ma was quite frivolous: on the cluster platform, beside the winter hunting castle peak. Call eagle soap to the forest and chase the beast cloud.