"China Stone Arch Bridge" is an exposition. This paper mainly introduces the form, structure, achievements and development of Chinese stone arch bridge to readers. In terms of expression, explanation is the main way, interspersed with a small amount of description. For example, the article briefly introduces the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges, and then lists two bridges, Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge (one is a masterpiece of single arch bridge and the other is a model of multi-arch bridge), which vividly introduces the long history, beautiful shape, solid structure and immortal artistic value of Chinese stone arch bridges. There are only a few strokes when describing the shape of single arch stone bridge and the posture of stone lions on the stone pillars on both sides of Lugou Bridge. Based on expository writing, these descriptions serve the center of the article and reflect the stylistic features of expository writing.

The description in this paper is carried out by quoting and personification. For example, when the image shows the beautiful shape, he quoted Zhang from the Tang Dynasty. NFEAF？ In the words of "Clouds come out at the beginning of the month, Changhong drinks"; When describing the lions on the stone pillars of Lugouqiao, "some mothers and children embrace each other, some whisper to each other, and some listen to the sound of running water", and they express their different postures in anthropomorphic ways. These quoted and personified description methods add literary grace to the article and make the explanation language vivid.

2. Interpretation method of "Chinese stone arch bridge"

The article "China Stone Arch Bridge" written by Mao Yisheng, a bridge expert, successfully introduced the characteristics of China's stone arch bridge to readers by using various explanation methods.

For example (1). For example, "The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow." "The opening of the bridge is not an ordinary semicircle, but like a bow ..." Compared with "rainbow" and "bow", it highlights the basic characteristics of the stone arch bridge in form and has a vivid image.

(2) give an example. In order to illustrate the characteristics of stone arch bridges in China, the author gives two examples: Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge. Zhao Zhouqiao is the representative of single arch stone bridge and Lugou Bridge is the representative of multi-arch stone bridge, both of which are world-famous. The examples are representative, typical and convincing.

(3) classification. For example, Zhao Zhouqiao said, "The characteristics of this bridge are: (1) There is only one big arch in the whole bridge ... (2) There are two small arches on the two shoulders of the big arch ... (3) The big arch consists of 28 arch rings ... (4) The structure of the whole bridge is symmetrical ..." The classification description is clear, which makes readers have a complete and clear impression on the structural characteristics of Zhao Zhouqiao.

(4) reference. For example, the "passenger bridge" cited by Zhu shows that the stone arch bridge in China has a long history; Quoting the words of Zhang in the Tang Dynasty, "It's amazing, but people don't know why", which shows the exquisiteness of design and construction. Quote Zhang Tang? NFEAF？ The eulogy of "Yun Qi at the beginning of the month, Changhong drinking a stream" shows that Zhao Zhouqiao has a beautiful body, and so on. These quotations enhance the persuasiveness and appeal of the article.

(5) column number. There are estimates and exact figures, which give people an accurate and vivid impression.

(6) imitation. For example, "some of these stone lions are hugging their mother and son, some are whispering, and some are like listening to the sound of water." Through description and comparison, this paper describes the "various forms" of Shishi, explains the decorative beauty of Lugou Bridge, and highlights the formal beauty of the bridge.

(7) Make a comparison. For example, "When the Yongding River delivers water, it exerts great force. In the past, the riverbanks on both sides of the river were often washed away, but nothing happened to this bridge ... "Comparing the Lugou Bridge with the riverbanks on both sides of the river fully shows that the Lugou Bridge is very strong.

3. Talk about Chinese Stone Arch Bridge (Zhang)

"China Stone Arch Bridge" is a complex exposition. This paper mainly expounds the characteristics of stone arch bridge, the structures of Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge, and some historical descriptions of stone arch bridge. In this model essay, I want to talk about "Why write" China Stone Arch Bridge "? The source of this article, how to write "China Stone Arch Bridge", these three questions are said.

1979 at the end of spring, I was paying attention to the characteristics and writing methods of expository writing, rereading China Stone Arch Bridge and consulting the first draft of People's Daily on March 4th. 1962. In order to further understand the writing intention and process of "China Stone Arch Bridge", I visited Mr. Mao Yisheng twice and asked Mr. Mao Lao to talk about the writing of "China Stone Arch Bridge". I also talked with Mao Lao about my understanding of Mao Lao's writing about Chinese stone arch bridges. Mao Lao expressed the hope that I would write an article. Later, because of trivial matters, the article has not been written. It's hard for me to mention Mao Lao when I saw him this spring. Now that I think about it, several conversations with Mao Lao are very enlightening to me and to write this example.

Mao Lao is a famous bridge expert and has made great contributions to the bridge cause of the motherland. He loves bridge construction and attaches great importance to the popularization of science. Because of this dedication to the scientific cause of the motherland, I have been studying hard and studying bridge science for decades. He has a good study of ancient science and technology in China, and is compiling the History of Chinese Bridges, thinking that "in the world at that time, China's science and technology was leading; In the field of science and technology competition, China won the gold medal. " Based on this idea, Mao Lao wrote Bridge Talk and Chinese Stone Arch Bridge. The above thought is also the central source of the expository article "Stone Arch Bridge in China", which shows that China's stone arch bridge has brilliant scientific achievements and expresses and praises the great wisdom and creativity of the working people in China. This is also the reason why Mao Lao wrote "China Stone Arch Bridge". It can be seen that to write a good article, we must always love what we have written and have deep and sincere feelings for what we have expounded. Whether reading or writing an article, we can't ignore this kind of thoughts and feelings that seem to be outside the article, because this is the basic point of writing a good article.

Mao has always been realistic. He read a lot of books about the history of bridges, made investigations and studies, and was loyal to historical facts. He also personally visited many stone arch bridges, such as Luoyang Bridge in Zhao Zhouqiao and Fujian. He also likes literature very much, and his literary accomplishment is very high. He believes that "there is science in literature and literature in science". Therefore, he accumulated a large number of ancient poems and historical classics that recorded and described the bridge. In the study of stone arch bridges, he not only studied the bridges recorded in The Stone Arch Bridge in China, but also studied many stone arch bridges such as baodai bridge in Suzhou, Hongqiao in Wujiang County, Wannian Bridge in Nancheng County of Jiangxi Province, Daiyu Bridge and the 17-hole bridge in Beijing Summer Palace. Although Mao Lao only wrote an article on Chinese stone arch bridge, his rich research materials and profound research on bridges are the material basis for writing about Chinese stone arch bridge. It can be seen that it is not easy to write an explanatory article. We should make great efforts to investigate and study what has been written, seek truth from facts, conduct in-depth investigations, ensure the scientific nature of the explanatory text, and give people a correct understanding. This is my second point.

The third point is how to write this article. This should be said from two aspects. First of all, with a lot of accurate information, how to write the stone arch bridge clearly. I think the overall layout of China's stone arch bridge is a total score structure, that is, from general to individual, from general to sub-description.

The opening paragraph is an excellent "incoming speech", so let's leave it here. The following is an earlier "stone arch bridge" in the history of bridges in the world. This kind of bridge is not only beautiful in appearance, but also firm in structure. It can cross rivers for decades, hundreds or even thousands of years, and play a role in transportation. "This paragraph shows the general characteristics of all stone arch bridges in the history of bridges in the world. This is the general aspect. After entering, I will talk about someone: the stone arch bridge in China has a long history. Go on, take the stone arch bridge in China as the general aspect, and explain it in two aspects (two aspects): the traditional stone arch bridge and the new stone arch bridge after liberation. This is the general idea of writing "China Stone Arch Bridge".

There are several structural components in the overall structure of the total score. For example, writing about the traditional stone arch bridge in China is also a total score structure (component). That is to say, the traditional stone arch bridge in China is "general", "the most famous one is Zhao Zhouqiao in Zhaoxian County, Hebei Province, and Lugou Bridge near Beijing". This sentence divides the article into two parts, the text is divided into two ends, and Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge are explained side by side. This kind of writing makes the article orderly and orderly. For another example, when explaining Zhao Zhouqiao, the article uses the structural style of "time continuation" ("Zhao Zhouqiao is the greatest ancient stone arch bridge in the world ... to restore youth") and the structural style of "spatial arrangement" ("Zhao Zhouqiao is magnificent"). From bridge design to "people don't know why" As for the interpretation of Zhao Zhouqiao's "four natures", it belongs to the parallel structure of "the interpretation of things". We call this article a "complicated expository", which also shows a complicated side. I think this kind of explanation and analysis is beneficial to reading and writing expository articles, which is also an important issue to be studied in the study of modern articles. What I said above is one aspect, and it is also a very important aspect.

Secondly, how to make the expository text more vivid. This depends on the accumulated material and literary accomplishment. The opening "ru Hua" is expressed in descriptive language. For example, "The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow" is a metaphor. Here, I quote the image words that China poets like to compare the arch bridge to a rainbow. The ancients often compared bridges to "rainbow" and "dragon". For example, there is a saying in Tang's "Epang Palace Fu" that "the long bridge lies on the waves, and there is no cloud to make it dragon". In the next part, the article sometimes inserts a historical evaluation of the bridge and sometimes quotes the description of ancient poems. Like Zhang Tang Jia Zhen and Kyle? Polo's words are annotations. He quoted Traveler Bridge and Zhang in the Tang Dynasty recorded in the Notes to the Water Classics. NFEAF？ "Clouds come out at the beginning of the month, and Changhong drinks a stream" is a depiction of the image. These quotations not only make the article horizontal and vertical, rich and colorful, but also increase the knowledge and vividness of the explanatory text. As for the direct description of the stone lion in the article, it is more dynamic. Mao Lao writes popular science words very seriously. "He writes ordinary articles, and every time he publishes a manuscript, he has to go through many revisions, fearing that his writing is not popular enough and vivid enough. Sometimes, in order to express a complex idea in vivid language, he often lies in bed at night and thinks over and over again until he finds a satisfactory expression before allowing himself to fall asleep. " We can also fully appreciate Mao Lao's subtle expressions in words, sentences and rules from the article "China Stone Arch Bridge". You can't ignore this point when reading this article.

Finally, I want to say that when this article was compiled into a Chinese textbook, many materials and sentences were deleted. If we compare it with the original text of People's Daily when it was first published, I think something can be used as a reference for reading this article. Now write it in the following way with supplementary instructions:

First, the first paragraph of the original text is: "Stone arch bridge is a bridge built with stone arch as the backbone. The arch is a curved beam, and the beam is a bridge across the river and valley. Although the bridge body is curved, the upper structure forms a flat bridge deck, and pedestrians can drive when paving the road. A stone arch is an arch made of stones, and a stone arch bridge is a bridge made of stones. " This judgment and explanation is very accurate, which gives people an overall understanding of the stone arch bridge.

2. "The' Valley Water' in the Notes on Water Classics mentioned a passenger bridge, saying,' It takes big stones to cross the bridge to the Liuqili of Luoyang Palace, and you can take a big boat.' This bridge was built in about 282 AD, which is probably the earliest stone arch bridge recorded. However, the "Han Jun Tomb" excavated in Luoyang over the weekend left a stone arch on the tomb door, which indicates that there may be an earlier stone arch bridge in front of the Traveler Bridge. "

Third, "Italian Kyle? Polo mentioned Lugou Bridge in his travels and said,' There is a beautiful stone bridge on this river, which may be unique in the world.' "