I taught Chen Hongjie, a teacher of Peking University. I first met him in Beijing 20 17 165438. The signature on the title of the book left a mark of acquaintance. In such a book, with the theme of "German Classical University View" which led the development of higher education in the19th century, he discussed the concept and practice of German university development, considered the intermediary and foundation of introducing university system into China, and devoted himself to understanding the origin and essence of modern higher education.
Since17th century, European universities have been in deep crisis. Rigid courses and boring classrooms have eroded the cornerstone of the legitimacy of university existence since the Middle Ages. The practical orientation of higher education is manifested in the establishment of French higher specialized schools and the decline of classical traditional universities. German universities are also in this decline. "The main form of teaching is still preaching, that is, explaining, commenting and debating according to the prescribed textbooks ... but this is actually just a dogmatic debate from principle to principle".
The crisis of the old university gave birth to the bud of the new university. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/8th century, the prosperity of the Enlightenment in Germany opened a new road characterized by "human rationality" and "religious tolerance" in German universities represented by Haller University and G? ttingen University. Academic freedom and encouragement of academic exploration can be regarded as the core content of university ideas represented by Haller and Gottingen University. By the end of18th century19th century, the poet Schiller, the philosopher Kant and Schelling put forward the preliminary expression of German classical university view based on the times. Schiller divided the intelligentsia into "people who make a living by learning" and "people who make a living by philosophy", arguing that the latter "they only pursue learning itself and do not regard learning as a means to achieve secular goals; Looking at science with a holistic view is also one of the core contents of the future German university concept. Kant, on the other hand, demonstrated the independence and special mission of the school of philosophy in The Debate of Schools, arguing that "it only cares about the interests of science and reflects the voice of reason, while reason is free in essence", thus distinguishing it from the political functions of theology, law and medical college. Schelling, as another representative, opposes one-sided professional education and emphasizes the study of "philosophy", thus "liberating people's spirit from the narrowness of one-sided education and making it rise to a universal and absolute kingdom". These thoughts paved the way for the establishment of Berlin University and the formation of a new university view.
Germany's university century was "born of worry". 1807 Napoleon defeated Prussia, half of Prussia was ceded, seven universities fell, and the country was in danger. In the predicament, Prussia is determined to reform, and the construction of Berlin University hosted by Humboldt is one of them. In order to rebuild the confidence and status of German culture, this institution officially opened on September 29th, 2000, with the telephone number 1865438. It emphasizes the combination of teaching and scientific research, pursues economic independence and academic freedom, transcends the utilitarianism of enlightenment thought, embodies the new humanistic view of universities, and opens a new era of European higher education.
Looking back at Humboldt and Berlin University, we can't avoid the disappearance of Humboldt's myth charm. Humboldt, who was in charge of the preparations, left before the start of Berlin University. As his school platform, the degree of implementation in the internal and external organizations of Berlin's institutions of higher learning is also questionable, but his name is always associated with that glorious era. A profound examination of his contribution lies in his communication with Schiller, schleiermacher and others in academic circles, and the interaction between administrative authority and ideas and systems, which laid the foundation for the development of ideas and practices of German classical universities.
Humboldt's university has dual tasks, namely, "one is to explore science, and the other is to cultivate personality and morality", emphasizing the principle of "unity of research and teaching". Schleiermacher expounded his university idea in Reflections on Universities with German Characteristics, and thought that the goal of a university was "an ability and attitude to explore things as a whole". He reconciled "knowledge for knowledge's sake" and "knowledge for society's sake" with the position of the golden mean. "Universities pursue their own science and train students according to the requirements of science, which can not only prosper science, but also meet the country's demand for officials. And as mentioned above, officials who have been influenced by the scientific spirit are more beneficial to the country. " Fichte, who published "Speech to German Nationals", is also a supporter of the classical university concept. He emphasized that universities are important institutions to develop rationality, and the enlightenment of divinity to human beings depends on universities. Scientific accomplishment and moral accomplishment are two aspects of university training. Unlike Humboldt, he believes that universities do not engage in scientific research, because "philosophy, as a pure form of knowledge, cares about the organic whole of knowledge, and scientific research is always regarded as a discussion of specific objects." The knowledge view of classical universities is characterized by its extensiveness and integrity.
From character thought to system construction, the characteristics of German classical universities focus on four core concepts: self-cultivation, science, freedom and loneliness. This abstract generalization based on Weber's "ideal type" is one-sided and profound, sublating some and highlighting some, thus helping people to better grasp the German classical universities. The so-called "cultivation" emphasizes people's independent value and free development. As the "internal growth" of human beings, it opposes "external goals", and "it embodies a kind of pursuit of the eternal ideal of human beings beyond time and space, which has strong religious significance"; In the concept of German classical universities, "science" means "inexhaustible" things. As a whole, it serves its own purpose and is inseparable from the university. In particular, "science, as a medium of self-cultivation, is also religious and sacred." With regard to freedom, idealist thinkers put forward the requirements for the state from two aspects: the initiative of personal cultivation and the infinity of scientific exploration: "The theorists of university view generally believe that the nature of the state and science is very different, and any state's intervention will bring negative effects to science." The ultimate loneliness is related to behavior orientation and mental state. This sense of alienation means a proper distance from politics, economy and society. "Loneliness is first associated with spiritual freedom, and the chaotic social life will make people lose their spiritual independence." When the voice of "getting out of the ivory tower" is rising day by day, this attitude is memorable.
Based on Weber's karis horse theory, through the analysis of the sacred model and charming figures, the research is transferred to the study of karis horse organization. German classical university view is a revolutionary force from spirit to system and from inside to outside, with typical magical characteristics. In the process of carrying out ideas, German classical universities emphasize pure spiritual activities, but lack "organization" and "planning". "German universities have obvious anti-organizational and anti-procedural tendencies, paying attention to the final achievements and creations while ignoring the establishment of procedural rules leading to goals. The academic activities of universities are generally considered to be' nonstandard' and cannot be placed in the framework of an organization. " This kind of moral encouragement based on mission and responsibility is full of the firmness of "taking academics as a profession", maintaining freedom in the centralized system and giving full play to personal creation and scientific exploration, but it is in trouble in organizational construction. When Karisma's charm faded into the reality of academic factory, British and American university organizations became the symbol of the new era. German mythology, with the smoke of World War I and World War II, gradually became silent. ...
Originally, Cai Yuanpei's acceptance of German university view and the reform of Peking University were also included, so I think it is better to leave it to the budding part of China Modern University. For a general education course that is still in its infancy, it is also a long way to go. Perhaps in this helpless era, we can always supplement our knowledge according to our own interests and strive to complete the popularization work. According to the article, under the inspiration of science, a "unique mission-like passion gave his quiet public life a lofty heroic color." In this era, such colors are more like the existence of Sisyphus.
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