At the beginning of the 20th century, the cultivation of Western Hills in Beijing gave birth to the first batch of geological talents in China. Forty years later, Zhoukoudian became the predecessor of China Geo University after the founding of New China 1954-the geological teaching practice base of Beijing Geo University. It can be said that all the students majoring in geology trained by China Geo University have been baptized by Zhoukoudian and have an indissoluble bond with Zhoukoudian.
Zhoukoudian is located in Fangshan District, southwest of Beijing, about 50 kilometers away from the urban area. The geological teaching practice base of China Geo University is built in Zhoukoudian Town, and the practice area is Fangshan in the east, Fangshang in the west, Gushankou in the south and Yangeryu in the north. Northwest of the practice area is the West Hill of Beijing. Xishan Mountain extends from northeast to southwest, with Shangsiling at an altitude of 1.307 meters as the highest peak, and there are more than a dozen peaks above 1000 meters. The southeast of the practice area is the North China Plain. The terrain of the practice area is mostly low mountains and hills, with an altitude of150 ~ 300 m.
There are five rivers in this area. Dashi River is a tributary of Juma River from west to east. Originated in Baihua Mountain and flowed eastward to Beiling. After the kind housework, turn south, flow through the east of Fangshan, and enter the North China Plain. This is the only constant river in this area, and it is also an important source of agricultural irrigation and industrial water. Zhoukou River originates from the southern slope of Shangsi Mountain and flows into the North China Plain through Zhoukoudian. The west slope of Shangsiling is also the source of Shuangzhuang River. Niuhe originated in Qingfeng Ridge; The other is Shahe River, which originates from the hilly area on the northern slope of Taiping Mountain, flows through Fangshan Mountain and flows southward into the North China Plain. These four rivers are seasonal rivers.
As we know, Zhoukoudian is not only the birthplace of famous Beijingers, but also the cradle of geological education in China, so the history of geological survey in this area is naturally very eye-catching. The geological survey in Zhoukoudian area can be divided into two stages: before and after 1949.
As mentioned earlier, due to the closed door of modern China, science and technology were not developed in China, and the geological survey in China was originally conducted by foreigners. Zhoukoudian area is no exception, and this situation continues until 19 14. There is a geologist named Pompeii in America. His geological exploration has traveled all over the world. His students called him a great explorer and compared him to Kyle? Poirot. This person died in 1923. 1924, his student Vilis mentioned in his mourning article that "China" (referring to China) broke into China when China was still closed to the outside world. Pompeii went deep into the hinterland of China during 1863 ~ 1864. Pompeii came to China in 1863 and arrived in Beijing in September of the same year. At that time, the Qing government wanted to solve the fuel problem of gunboats for the soon-to-be-established navy (at that time, the coal burned by gunboats was British) and planned to develop coal mines in the local area, so it was introduced to Pompeii, who stayed in China, and asked him to help explore coal mines. In this way, Pompeii stayed in the Xishan area of Beijing for nearly a month, and the key point was naturally in the coal-producing area. He collected samples of coal and brought them back to the United States for analysis. The mining of Jingxi Coal Mine has a long history in China. The development scale of China in Yuan and Ming Dynasties has been relatively large. But before Pompeii, no one had done geological survey including coalfield geology, so he became the first person in the geological survey of western Beijing. Pompeii observed rock properties, preliminarily divided strata, and inferred the outline of geological structure.
In fact, Richthofen, a German geologist, came to China earlier than Pompeii in 186 1, but left without geological survey, so Pompeii, a latecomer, took the lead. Later, Richthofen conducted seven geological and geographical surveys in China from 1868 to 187 1, and Jingxi area was also included in the survey. His investigation is very detailed, and he pays special attention to coal mines. On the basis of Pompeii's investigation, Richthofen studied the strata of the Western Hills, corrected Pompeii's mistakes, and put forward his views on the geological structure in the suburbs of Beijing. Later, during the period of1910 ~1912, sorgue, a German who was teaching in Peking University at that time, also went to Xishan for geological survey and drew a geological map of Beijing Xishan1∶ 200,000 (see photo 13).
As mentioned earlier, in 19 13 years, geological talents trained by China people made a geological survey in Xishan area, and achieved great results. 19 16 years, Ye and others who graduated from the Institute of Geology worked in the Geological Survey. Later, liangye and others 13 people completed the Geological Map of Beijing Xishan 19 18 and published the Geological Records of Beijing Xishan 1920. Their investigation laid a good foundation for the geological research of Xishan in Beijing. 1920 to 1929, Zhoukoudian, where the Geological Survey is located, conducted research on Quaternary cave deposits and fossils. Participants included An Tesheng (Swedish scientist), Stansky (Swedish scientist), Li Jie, (Swedish scientist), Germany (French scientist), Yang and Pei Wenzhong, who published a large number of studies on Quaternary fossils in cave layers. 1929, Peking man skull fossils were discovered in Pei Wenzhong, and Zhoukoudian at that time caused a sensation all over the world.
It should be said that by the 1930s, geological surveys had been carried out in Xishan area. 1933, Liu and Zhou Zongjun mapped the 1∶25000 geological map of fangshan county, Hengshui and Tori, and divided the strata. The strata are divided into Sinian quartzite, Ordovician limestone, Carboniferous-Permian Yangjiatun coal measures, Permian Hongmiaoling sandstone, Jurassic Mentougou system and Jiulongshan system, Quaternary system and granite, and their geological structures are drawn by Ye et al. From 1935 to 1937, Chen Kai, Xiong Yongxian, Yang Jie, Xie Yi and others have published articles, discussing the strata and structure in this area in detail, and Zhoukoudian area is also within the research scope.
There was no geological survey in Xishan area in 1940s, which was mainly the result of social and environmental impact at that time. Nevertheless, Pei Wenzhong, Jia Lanpo and others still insist on studying Peking man and other animal fossils in Zhoukoudian, and studying strata and rock properties.
After the founding of New China, the state organized many comprehensive geological surveys in Xishan area.
In 1950s, it was still an important work to further explore the remains of Beijingers and cavemen in the geological research of Zhoukoudian area. In addition, the geological structure, lithostratigraphy and Quaternary glaciers in this area are also studied and discussed. The representative articles in this period include: Polypodactyl Fossil in Zhoukoudian (Jia Lanpo, Liu Xianting, 1950), Study on the Rock Genesis of Fangshan Intrusive Body (Wang Shuping, 1950) and Hard Chlorite Belt in Xishan, Beijing (Wang Jiayin, 195654).
It should be mentioned here that since 1954 Zhoukoudian became the original geological teaching practice base of Beijing Institute of Geology, the combination of teaching and scientific research has greatly promoted the geological research in Zhoukoudian area. For example, in the teaching of Zhoukoudian 65438-0954, Pavlin Novo, a geologist of the former Soviet Union, put forward some new understandings on the division of lithofacies zones and primary structures of intrusive bodies. From 65438 to 0956, Professor Gao Ping of Beijing Institute of Geology made a comparison between Precambrian and Early Paleozoic strata in Zhoukoudian and Huangyuan, and basically made clear the stratigraphic system and structural outline of this area. In the book Geology of Beijing compiled by Beijing Institute of Geology 196 1, the geological and mineral conditions in Zhoukoudian area are introduced. 1962 Professor Ma Xingyuan of Beijing Institute of Geology, in the process of leading Zhoukoudian's teaching practice, summarized the geological teaching practice over the years, including geological structure, Quaternary geology and geomorphology, hydrogeology, etc. , and compiled the geological map of the practice area and the Quaternary geomorphological geological map of 1 ∶ 1000 (see photo 14). After the disastrous "Cultural Revolution" of ten years, China ushered in the spring of science and the revival of education. In the early 1980s, Wuhan Institute of Geology (also the predecessor of China University of Geology) made a second comprehensive summary of the geology and teaching practice in Zhoukoudian area on the basis of teaching practice, and made some new progress. Entrusted by Beijing Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources 1984, China University of Geology conducted a comprehensive and systematic geological survey and special study of Zhoukoudian neighborhood, passed the completion acceptance of the results on 1980, and published the picture book "Geological Research of Xishan in Beijing". This can be regarded as a new achievement of geological research in Zhoukoudian area, which has raised the geological investigation and research work in this area to a new stage.
Since 1960s, the representative articles and achievements of geological research in Zhoukoudian area are: Quaternary Glacier Relics in Zhoukoudian (Feng Yingjun, 1964), Overview of Window Lattice Structure in Beijing Xishan Area (Ma Xingyuan, 1964) and Discussion on Several Geological and Petrological Problems Related to Fangshan Rock Mass. 1964), petrological study of Fangshan intrusive granodiorite (Wang, 1964), sausage structure in Xishan, Beijing (,1965), chain cyclone structure in Niukouyu area of Zhoukoudian, Beijing (,1925). 1982), the fold striation and layered solid rheological structural community in Xishan, Beijing (Shan Wenlang et al., 1984), and the Indosinian movement in Xishan, Beijing (Song Honglin et al., 1984) from the structural characteristics.
As early as 1975, Beijing Institute of Geology compiled the topographic and geological map of Beijing1:0/000 based on the geological survey of1:200,000 and1:500,000. 1976 After the Tangshan earthquake, Beijing organized a seismic geological battle and edited and published 100000. These are of great reference value to the geological research in Zhoukoudian area. 1979 is the 50th anniversary of the first discovery of Peking man's skull in Zhoukoudian. Therefore, the Zhoukoudian Peking man site has been studied comprehensively. 1985 published the monograph "A Comprehensive Study of Peking Ape Site", which systematically summarized the research results of Cenozoic strata, ancient humans, animal fossils, sporopollen, caves, paleosol and chronology in Zhoukoudian area.
The history of Zhoukoudian, accompanied by geological science in China and geological education in China, has been recorded in history. Whenever people mention the name Zhoukoudian, they will naturally think of those unforgettable people and stories in the history of geological science development in China, because it already belongs to the world and the wealth of human society.