Zhuge Liang's "example" was that in 227 years after the founding of Shu Han, Zhuge Liang led the army to the Northern Expedition. At this time, Shu was at the end of the road, and its national strength was exhausted. "The north was afraid of Cao Gongqiang and the east was afraid of Sun Quan's coercion." In order to realize Liu Bei's last wish to revitalize the Han Dynasty and unify the whole country, Zhuge Liang "crossed the Lugu River in May and went deep into the barren land", pacified the south, and had a relatively solid rear, seized the opportunity of Cao Wei defeating Qishan and Sun Wu defeating Shi Ting, sent troops to the Northern Expedition and seized Liangzhou of Wei. What is said here is "former teacher"
Since Liu Bei's "three visits to the thatched cottage" in 207 AD, Zhuge Liang has faithfully assisted Liu Bei to complete the great cause of reunification. After a long-term struggle, Liu Bei, who lives in Jingzhou, became the master against Wei and Wu, and became emperor in 22 1 year. After the Battle of Yiling in Wu Shu in 222 AD, Liu Bei fled Bai Di and died the following year. Liu Bei said to Zhuge Liang, "You are only ten times as talented as Cao Pi, and you will be able to settle down in the world and eventually achieve great things. If the heir can supplement it, supplement it; If you are incompetent, you can take it yourself. " I trust Zhuge Liang very much. Zhuge Liang replied, "I dare to use my strength, be loyal to the festival, and then die." Liu Bei said to Liu Chan, "If you work with the Prime Minister, you are like a father." Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, the late master. Liu Chan, who is weak and fatuous, is a trusted official, far away from talents and has no ambition. He is a "helpless dou". Zhuge Liang advocated sending troops to attack Wei and issued a statement, trying to dispel all doubts, affirm his sense of justice to save his stupidity, and express his loyalty and love to cure his stubbornness. He has both the vision of a politician and the mind of a militarist, and strictly abides by the status of his subordinates.
The first half of the Teacher's Watch is an exhortation when leaving, while the second half shows the determination to win this trip. Although he is the master of Shu, the success or failure of Shu depends on his body. Therefore, when leading the people to fight, we should urge the latter to keep a clear head, have a correct view and take effective measures to ensure the smooth progress; At the same time, it shows that your loyalty to the heart of death is not only encouraging yourself, but also preventing the villain from confusing the Lord.
Zhuge Liang put forward three suggestions to the late Lord: to clear the way, to enforce the law fairly, and to stay away from the sages. These three suggestions are not only measures to stabilize the rear area, but also due principles of governance. In order to cure stupidity and stubbornness, the author has to think deeply about his writing.
From the situation to the reason, I began to write. The first section of the table puts forward the suggestion of "opening a holy meeting" to the late Lord, but it can play an encouraging role and stimulate the feelings of inheriting the inheritance from the situation. At the beginning of the article, it is said that "the first emperor didn't start his business halfway, and the middle road collapsed", which deeply stung Liu Beining's ambition to die, and profoundly warned future generations not to waste his father's work. At the beginning, he began with a statement commemorating the achievements of the first emperor, and loyalty and righteousness dominated the full text. Then, with "three points today", point to the general trend of tomorrow and compete for the Central Plains. Who will win is still unknown; Frankly speaking, "Yizhou is exhausted", its own conditions are very poor, land is scarce, and people are poor and barren; Then he shouted: "This is the autumn of life and death!" This is very dangerous. If you don't save the country, there will be a tragic situation in which the country breaks down and the family dies, which is steep and majestic. In the case of highlighting the situation, the cushion is "the guards at home are unremitting, and the loyal ministers forget their bodies outside." They don't forget the kindness of their ancestors and change their loyalty to their ancestors. They still have strength and hope to turn the corner. On this basis, the author puts forward the suggestion of "opening a holy temple" and "leaving glory and the spirit of benevolent people for the virtue of the former emperor", and exhorts people not to "belittle themselves, cite false meanings and block the way of loyal ministers" from the perspective of national survival, which makes people feel shocked and tempted. If the epitaph only states the meaning of openness in general, it will obviously not touch a groggy monarch much.
From the main to the second, the texture is meticulous. Move people with emotion, but also convince them with reason. It is said that priorities should be clear and orderly. The inscription is mainly to give advice to the late Lord, so the first "holy meeting" opens the way for the suggestion. On the premise of getting through the road of loyalty and admonition, let's talk about the justice of law enforcement and get close to the sages. When talking about the fairness of litigation, I always mention that "the things in the palace and the things in the official are combined into one, and punishment is not appropriate", and then I divide it into two aspects: the palace and the official. When explaining things separately, we should also uphold the spirit of "opening a holy meeting." We should consult Guo Youzhi, Fei, and Dong Yun about the palace affairs, and we should be "big and primary school", so that we can "make up for the vacancy and gain something". For government affairs, you can ask Xiang Chong, who is in charge of German affairs. "Asking for advice about things in the camp" will also "make the lines harmonious and get the pros and cons right". Finally, the problem of "being close to saints and far from villains" is put forward. These three suggestions can be independent or interrelated. Broadly speaking, it is the way of loyalty and forgiveness, not the door of convenience is evil. The pro-virtuous ministers are far from villains, so they accept the kind words of Guo Youzhi and Xiang Chong, and "show the truth of the people" to prevent evil spirits from gaining power, so that there are differences inside and outside, and the rewards and punishments are unknown. The fatuity of the monarch mainly lies in his greed for selfish desires, ignorance of things, ignorance of loyalty and treachery, ignorance of good and evil, confusion of right and wrong, and improper reward and punishment. Zhuge Liang aimed at Huang Hao, the eunuch favored by his late master, and ignored the fault of the minister of entrepreneurship. He also said euphemistically and profoundly, and he was justified. Of the three listed items, opening the way is the premise, justice in law enforcement is the key, and pro-sages are the core. Strict reasoning will inspire even fools.
From near to far, open-minded. In order to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of loving the sages far away, the table text takes the historical facts of "prosperity" and "decline" of the former Han Dynasty as a lesson, the former emperors' sigh and hatred for Huan Emperor and the Lingdi's ignorance of the country as a warning, urging the later emperors to get close to the sages, and taking "the prosperity of the Han Dynasty can wait for the sun" as an encouragement, from near and far, from ancient times to the present, success and failure are simultaneous.
Zhuge Liang, because his late master was a fatuous person who "belittled himself and misquoted his words", should speak clearly and not use too many languages. We should not only enlighten him through persuasion, but also maintain a sense of respect among his deputies. Therefore, the "situation" has shaken the other side, clearly indicating that it is approaching the "critical autumn". If we do not do our best to govern, it will inevitably lead to national subjugation; Touching each other with "affection" and even crying to the first emperor, his industry is the first industry of the first emperor, and his ministers are the ministers of the first emperor, which must be called the will of the first emperor. How can it be not only the legacy of the first emperor, but also the legacy of the first emperor? Teaching them with "measures" and telling them the specific methods of governing the country are practical and effective; Encouraged by the "career" and warned, he mainly completed the career of "the first emperor started his business six months ago", which made the world unified and the Han family prosperous, prompting him to have great ambitions and complete the great cause in the future. The inscription admonishes the late master from all aspects, full of feelings and sincere words. Therefore, although it is a memorial card, it is touching.
The second part of the statement, from describing his life experience to the significance of attacking Wei, further shows his determination to "revive the Han Dynasty and return to the old capital", and is also generous, profound and touching.
From man to himself, the literary situation is ups and downs. From the first part to the second part of the admonition book, the sketch suddenly started from "I am the minister of cloth" and found another way. Describe your own situation in 2 1 year, and describe in detail the special experience of the first emperor-one is to take good care of the thatched cottage to serve the mountain, the other is to make it prime minister when it was overthrown, making it jump from the position of cloth to the position of extremely important minister, and become the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces in one fell swoop. The narrative in this section seems to be scattered and not closely related to the context. In fact, it is out of context, clear and dense. This is because: first, tracing back to the extraordinary experience of 2 1 year reveals gratitude and gratitude, which shows that the above words are purely sincere and make the late master feel comfortable. Second, live up to the extraordinary experience of the late emperor, and serve as an example for the late emperor not to forget the legacy of his ancestors, thus further inspiring his efforts. Third, the extraordinary course of 21 years shows that starting a business is difficult, and you can't give up halfway, let alone give up all your previous efforts. Fourth, the example of the first emperor was not written by Kong Ming's "meanness". His accusation was self-defeating. He was concerned about the thatched cottage, regardless of the size of the matter. When he was defeated and in danger, he was still entrusted with an important task. It can be seen that he is meritocratic and meritocratic, calling the latter to follow the example of the first emperor. Fifth, it shows that you have been loyal and wise to SHEN WOO for 2 1 year, and will be loyal as always in the future, and spare no effort to make the late master entrust the thief with the heavy responsibility, so as to avoid being trusted and ruining the overall situation because you led the northern expedition and entered the customs. Zhuge Liang's narrative touched the heart of my late master, and he was willing to accept what he said before, which was also a confession when he left. It was really a heart. The article changed from a suggestion to a self-narrative life, which opened the pen and ink and made the writing more ups and downs and more impressive.
Tell the story with great promise and push it to a climax. After twenty-one years of suffering, the table continues to describe Bai Di's feelings and work after entrusting orphans, so as to show his determination to settle in the Central Plains in the north. The previous discussion about the world, advice and lyricism ended here, and the characteristics expressed by the teacher were completely clear. Tracing back to the story of entrusting orphans, this paper explains the historical roots of this mentoring relationship. "Since I was appointed, I have been worried and sighed every night, for fear that entrustment would not work, thus hurting the understanding of the first emperor." This explains the ideological basis of this apprenticeship. "The filter through May is barren. Today, the South has decided ",pointing out the material preparation for this beginning. On the basis of fully describing the conditions, it is put forward that "the three armies will reward each other, the north will set the Central Plains, the traitors will be eliminated in the turbid waves, the Han Dynasty will be revived, and the old capital will be returned". The police are brilliant. At this point, the "model" got off and went straight to the point. The previous suggestion is to ensure that you have the conditions to start a business, and the middle narrative is to explain that you have the conditions to start a business. At this point, the two lines are unified. Putting forward that you want to start a career is like a ripe melon, full of pregnancy.
Summarize the former meaning, the whole article. Before the end of the article, put the two meanings of teacher and suggestion together. On the one hand, it is suggested that "I hope your majesty will entrust it with the effect of recruiting thieves to save the nation, and if it doesn't work, I will punish it", on the other hand, it is also suggested that "your majesty should ask for help, consult a good prescription and judge your words". Zhuge Liang took the initiative to accept the task, saying that if he failed in his duty, he would be punished to show the principle of justice. Finally, I was not at ease, and earnestly warned the first major "deep pursuit of the posthumous edict of the first emperor." When the first emperor was dying, he instructed the second emperor: "Don't do it with small evils, don't do it with small goodness." Only virtue and virtue can serve others. "Finally, we returned to the issue of" opening a shrine ",which shows the relationship between Ming Xiu's internal affairs and the victory or defeat of the Northern Expedition. This also communicates the internal relationship between the first two parts.
The text ends with "I should be far away now, but I don't know what I said". My voice is choked with tears, and my feelings are abundant. Now I am diligent and loyal.
"He died before he could conquer." Unfortunately, Zhuge Liang died first after his trip failed, and later generations felt a lot about it. Du Fu once wrote: "The three summonses put state affairs first, and the second generation takes sincerity. But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats. " (Book of Scholarship) In the Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang was imprisoned and sang "Or Be a Model", and the ghosts and gods cried heroically. "("Song Zhengqi ") Lu You has repeatedly mentioned" a model ":"A model is a mirror of the past and the present, so look closely at it at midnight. " (I was in a book when I was sick) "Introduction to Millennium" ("You Zhuge Wuhou Taiwan"), "Who will continue the introduction" ("Singing at the Age of 72") and "List of Excellent Teachers" cannot be deleted. ("Feeling"), "Introduction" is a real name, and it can't compare with anyone in a thousand years. "In short, this" model "has always been loved by people because of its deep affection and kindness to send calligraphy, loyalty to the liver and bravery.
It is no accident that the model can be written now. These items are all useful. When the Northern Expedition was just around the corner, Zhuge Liang, as commander in chief, wanted to make a statement to the monarch, not as a routine, but from the overall situation of the Northern Expedition. Only by cultivating politics can the late ruler ensure the smooth northern expedition, so he advanced his words and expressed his determination to win. The epigraph also attaches great importance to the characteristics of the recipient, so it is by no means a generalization, but a fusion of discussion, narration and lyricism to enlighten stupidity. Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the late Lord and the object of "trusting the orphans". It is inappropriate for him to write an article to the late teacher in a reproachful tone or humble voice. It is appropriate to write neither humble nor supercilious. In particular, it is most appropriate to call the first emperor in the article. The full text says that the first emperor has been there thirteen times, which shows that the love story is very sincere. Zhuge Liang told himself that "the first emperor knew that I was cautious, so he sent me to do great things when I was on the verge of collapse", and it was true that "Zhuge was cautious all his life." The meticulous display of this article, from the consideration of things to the wording, embodies the spirit of "caution", which is also an important reason why this table is called "Wen Zhi".