(A) Sentence allusions
Su Shi's poem "Visiting a Buddhist temple, drinking seven cups of tea a day and playing scriptures diligently": "It shows that Wei Moyuan is not sick and has forgotten his home at home. There is no need for Di Wei to take a pill and use seven bowls of tea in Lutong. " (The Poems of Su Shi, page 508) This is a seven-character quatrain, in which four events of four people are quoted as allusions. The first sentence is "Vimalakīrti Jing": "Vimalakīrti said: From infatuation to love, I was ill; All beings are sick, so my illness is also; If all beings are not sick, then I am sick. " The second sentence is from Tongguang Lu: "Zen master Wu Ke said," If you become a pure, intelligent and wonderful monk, you should become a monk at home, just like Xie Lingyun. " "The third sentence says" Song History? Le Zhi: Wei Wen Zheliu Liu: No matter how high the Western Hills are, they are infinitely high. There are two fairies in the world who don't drink or eat. Give me a pill, it will give off five colors of light. After serving for four or five days, the body gives birth to wings. The fourth sentence comes from Lu Tong's "Xie Meng remonstrates to send new tea": "One throat is moist, the other is lonely and boring, and the third is poor, but there are only 5,000 volumes of words; Four hairs are light and sweaty, life is unfair, and pores are made; Five bones and muscles are clear; Six immortals; I can't eat it for seven times, but I feel the wind blowing under my arm. 」
(b) More than one sentence with code.
1. Six sentences and one code: the poem "Haizhou Stone House and Cai": "Fairy Furong traveled to her old place, and Cang Teng Cui Bi had no way at first. In the play, the peach stones are wrapped in yellow mud and the stones are scattered like wind and rain. Sitting makes the empty mountain beautiful, and leaning on the sky shines countless flowers on the sea. (Su Shi's poetry anthology, page 1 178) The first six sentences of this poem allude to Shi Yannian's deeds before and after his death. The first sentence is Ouyang Xiu's poem on June 1st: "Stone is proud of poetry and wine, and looks like William. J, his poems are excellent, and his writing is also very skillful. His body is full of beauty and willows, and he is cherished by the world. ..... After Man Qing died, a man of insight seemed like a dream. They say I am a ghost fairy, and I am the owner of Furong City. If you want to invite an old friend to swim, you can't ride away angrily on a donkey. ("The Complete Works of Song Poetry", page 2 18), the last five sentences quote Ouyang Gong's poem: "The stone crosses the sea continent to judge the case, and the mountain is too high to be decorated with flowers, which makes people throw walnuts wrapped in mud on the mountain. When I was one or two years old, the mountains were full of flowers and rotted like brocade embroidery. " (Poems of Su Shi, page 1 178) was written by Shi Yannian in six sentences, which shows that Su Shi is good at telling stories.
2. Four sentences and one canon: "Break the piano poem, and narrate": "The poor family rules, follow the customs. I know Dong, but I don't know anyone who has no matchmaking. (Su Shi's Poems, p. 1769) The house order law is the house management in the Tang Dynasty, compiled by Old Tang Book. "Biography of Housing Management": "At this time, I am responsible as the prime minister and have no intention of negligence. But he talked with Herry Liu, Li Yi, He Ji and others, saying that stone cause and effect and Lao Tzu were nothing. In addition, after listening to Dong playing the piano, he went to war, gathered piano guests to hold a banquet, and court officials naturally went to war because they often took bribes. When Yan Zhenqing was a doctor, he didn't want to be unfilial and didn't care about the party's jealousy. He went to Korea after drinking and was demoted to xiping county Sima. Kenji also used Dong to solicit bribes, put him in charge of private prosecution in North Korea and reprimanded him. Because it's private ownership, it's not personal. Zhang Gao, a doctor, was advised to be free and unfettered, saying that ministers and public guests had been bribed and should not be tired. Two years later, in May, he was demoted to the Prince of Shao Shi, and he remained the Prime Minister. (The Book of New Learning and Old Tang Dynasty, p. 3322) Su Shi's poem Breaking Qin satirizes the behavior of Herry Liu, Jia Yi, Zhu Guangting and others through housing management, and Herry Liu was finally convicted and demoted like housing management.
3. Two sentences and a classic: "Two Rhymes See Liu Jingwen": "Don't think a thousand miles because of an old horse, the meaning of drunkenness is not to spit the pot." (Poems of Su Shi, p. 1797) The Book of Jin? Wang Dun said, "After drinking, you should sing Wei Wudi Yuefu songs, saying," An old horse is riding a horse, aiming for a thousand miles. The martyrs were full of courage in their later years. "It's a festival to spit the pot as you like, and the side of the pot is lacking." (New Book of Jin School-based, p. 2557)
(3) Use one more sentence.
Su Shi often melts more than two allusions into one poem, and there is a poetic connection between them, such as:
1. Two yards in one sentence: The Second Rhyme, Jing Ren, Stay Far: "Give me a shake" (Poems of Su Shi, p. 72 1) The History of the Three Kingdoms? Shu Wei? RoyceWong: "Cai Yong, commander of the Left Army, was surprised when Xian Di moved westward to Chang 'an. He is an outstanding scholar and a valuable court. He always rides his bike to fill the driveway and the guests are full. Smell the charm at the door and welcome it. (New School-based History of the Three Kingdoms, p. 597) Give Me a Hold, compiled by Lu Shi in Historical Records. Duke Zhou warned his son Boqin, "I am not cheap. But I am afraid of losing the sages of the world, because I have grabbed my hair, vomited and fed, and waited for scholars. Lu Zi, be careful not to be proud of your country. " (new school-based historical records, 15 18 pages).
2. A sentence of three yards: Zhang 'an Road Music Hall: Infantry plays the piano while drinking (Poems of Su Shi, p. 642); Infantry drinks; Infantry refers to Ruan Ji, edited by Book of Jin. Biography of Ruan Ji: "Books have the ambition to help the world. Belonged to the Wei and Jin Dynasties. There are many reasons in the world, and few celebrities have this integrity. This is because they don't touch the world, so they drink a lot. I heard that people in the infantry kitchen camp are good at making wine and have 300 bottles of wine, so they want to be infantry captains. " (Jin Xin Xue Ben, page 1360) "The piano was shot", and Ji Kang's "Breaking Up" wrote: "Today, I hope to keep the humble alley, raise my children, and forgive my relatives. Chen said, I'll have a glass of turbid wine, play a piano and volunteer to finish it. " (Selected Works of Zhaoming, page 1929) and Yu Xin's poem "Yong Huai": "Infantry don't drink, middle school doesn't play the piano. "A poem * * * refers to two things and a language.
Second, the meaning of allusions
(A) direct use of its meaning
Directly using its meaning should be the simplest skill in using allusions, such as "Lin 'an Three Wonders: Western Shanxi": "Chu people don't laugh, but bathe the monkey crown" (Su Shi's poetry anthology, page 490) quoting "Historical Records? Biography of Xiang Yu: "Wang Xiang saw that Qin Gong was burnt and broken, and wanted to return to the East. He said: "wealth does not return to hometown, like clothes embroidered at night, who knows!" The speaker said, "People say that Chu people bathe with monkeys to crown their ears. Sure enough. " Wang Xiang heard this and cooked this dish. "("New School-based Historical Records ",page 3 15)
(2) More codes and more turns
Su Shi's use of allusions is considered "difficult to read" because Su Shi often combines more than two allusions in one sentence, and the meaning of the words used has changed. For example, he is like this: "Farewell to Dong": "You are full of life, you are full of poems and books. Tired of cooking leaves with old Confucianism, it is better to step on Sophora japonica with children. If it's empty, you can't find a spring horse or see a car. Proud of the secular, Sun Wong wet words such as crow. (Poems of Su Shi, page 22 1) This poem of Su Shi was written when he returned to Chang 'an from Fengxiang. When Su Shi was in Fengxiang, Dong Chuan followed, and there was a poem at that time. There are few records about Dong Chuan in the literature. Judging from this poem, Dong Chuan should be very poor at that time. In the poem "I don't want to go for a ride in the spring", I quote Meng Jiao's poem "After the Examination": "The filth in the past was not enough to brag, but today it is full of debauchery. In the spring breeze, this proud horse runs at the speed of two beats. I gracefully traveled all the scenery in Chang' an in one day. " And "Southern History? "The Story of the Fear of Drama": "The drama is a small house, and it is still awkward to make a seat. Gaudi took the body and looked at it himself, but it was dark and sharp and was broken by the awn. He asked, "How many years have you been here? Play: At the beginning, Brown worshipped the Northern Expedition to help buy. It has been 30 years, but the poor have never done an easy thing. " (The new school-based "History of the South" page 1 178) Quoting Meng Jiao's poems is not a direct quotation from his poems, but a quotation from him: "The spring breeze is proud of horseshoe disease, and you can see all the Chang 'an flowers in one day. Poetic, but turned into a "spring horse"; Quoting the story that Wan Yu didn't do things easily because he was poor for 30 years turned into "nothing in his pocket", and the two allusions merged into one sentence, full of twists and turns.
(three) the same source, different meanings:
Su Shi sometimes quotes the same allusion in different poems, but because of his different mood, he wants to express different poems. Therefore, the same allusion will have different meanings because of different contexts. For example, "Don't Huangzhou" said, "The sick old horse is still embarrassed by the king if he doesn't take the throne. (Poems of Su Shi, p. 120 1 page) and He Yong Sanliang: "I am a dog and a horse, please cover the curtain." (Su Shi's Poems, page 2 184) Also quotes the Book of Rites? Under the sandalwood bow; "Zhong Ni's livestock and dogs died, so Zi Gong buried them. Yue: "I listened, but I didn't give up my curtain to bury the horse." I won't give up and bury the dog. "This mountain is also very poor, and there is no cover. If you seal it and give it a seat, don't let it sink first. Luma died and buried it with a curtain. According to allusions, in the second year of Zongshen Yuanfeng, Su Shi was demoted to Huangzhou because of Wutai poetry case. When Yuan Feng was pardoned and left Huangzhou in seven years, he wrote a poem Farewell to Huangzhou, claiming that the old horse was ill and grateful to be pardoned, but he was repeatedly slandered and vilified. Emotion changed from gratitude to grief and indignation. The same allusion focuses on different meanings.
(4) The same vocabulary has different sources and different meanings:
Another reason why the allusions in Su Shi's poems are difficult to understand is that the allusions used in Su Shi's poems have the same vocabulary, different sources and different meanings, such as Yu Qian and Shang Lu Yunxuan: "You can eat without meat, but you can't help eating without bamboo." No meat makes people thin, no bamboo makes people vulgar. People are thin and fat, but laymen are hopeless. Others scoff at this, so high that they are stupid. If you are still munching on this, there are Yangzhou cranes in the world. (Page 448 of Su Shi's Poems) "The secret pavilion at night is Wang Minfu": "* * * Who talks about the present, only leisure comes to this gentleman. (Su Shi's Poems, p. 225) Both poems have the word "this gentleman", which usually refers to "bamboo" and was published in the Book of Jin. "Biography of Wang Huizhi": "The emblem is a Ziyou. ..... taste living in an empty house and growing bamboo. Or ask him why, but Hui is whistling and pointing at the bamboo: "There is no such evil every day!" " (New Revision of the Book of Jin, page 2 103) There is almost no doubt that "this gentleman" in Su Shi's Hidden Monk Land refers to bamboo, but "the secret pavilion at night is": "Only leisure is for this gentleman" has two notes, Feng and Weng, which are different. Feng Xi said, "This gentleman is human. (Su Shi's poetry anthology, page 225) But Weng Fanggang quoted Bai Juyi's Sixteen Poems of Xiao Tao's Invisible Style (sixth order): "There are no clouds in autumn, and the ground is clean. There is a new clear moon, and a white wheel is born outside the forest. Recalling yesterday's rainy day, it lasted for thirty or forty days. Lai Feng's family is familiar, and he doesn't feel too dizzy. After the rain clears, we can stop talking. As for the new moonlight, I am not drunk and worried. There is wine at the bedside, so I want to drink it. Carrying under the south eaves, diligent. Clear light into the cup gourd ladle, white dew raw clothes towel. You can't have such a gentleman. I have Yuefu poems that adults have never heard of. I'm drunk and excited tonight. I'm crazy about my neighbor. It is better to be rewarded alone than to get married. I think "this gentleman" here refers to wine, and their annotations are different. Although most poems in Tang and Song Dynasties refer to bamboo, Bai Juyi used it to refer to wine in Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, Qin Guan sent Zhang Heshu and Jane Lu Zhi: "I won't try to break the thunder, but I'm still here. "... is not a bottle of wine, who is diligent with children. Lu You's "Song of crutches": "The meditation room listens to the rain in autumn, and the wild shop knocks on the door at dusk. ..... The old man stepped on the Qian Shan Cloud, how can he live without this gentleman for a day? Also used to refer to wine. Looking at Su Shi's poems, six of them use "this gentleman", five refer to "bamboo", and only this one refers to "wine". In front of this poem, there is a sentence "Who * * * meets each other to discuss the present and the present", which is written in "Kyushu Spring and Autumn Period": "Han Sui and Fan Chou met each other for a long time. Although the whole poem doesn't talk about wine and bamboo, I want to come to Su Shi's secret pavilion in the evening, take poetry as my friend and talk about the present with my friends. It should be wine, not bamboo. Weng Fanggang's annotation is right and Feng's annotation is wrong.
Su Shi's use of allusions is considered "difficult to read" because Su Shi often combines more than two allusions in one sentence, and the meaning of the words used has changed. For example, he is like this: "Farewell to Dong": "You are full of life, you are full of poems and books. Tired of cooking leaves with old Confucianism, it is better to step on Sophora japonica with children. If it's empty, you can't find a spring horse or see a car. Proud of the secular, Sun Wong wet words such as crow. (Poems of Su Shi, page 22 1) This poem of Su Shi was written when he returned to Chang 'an from Fengxiang. When Su Shi was in Fengxiang, Dong Chuan followed, and there was a poem at that time. There are few records about Dong Chuan in the literature. Judging from this poem, Dong Chuan should be very poor at that time. In the poem "I don't want to go for a ride in the spring", I quote Meng Jiao's poem "After the Examination": "The filth in the past was not enough to brag, but today it is full of debauchery. In the spring breeze, this proud horse runs at the speed of two beats. I gracefully traveled all the scenery in Chang' an in one day. " And "Southern History? "The Story of the Fear of Drama": "The drama is a small house, and it is still awkward to make a seat. Gaudi took the body and looked at it himself, but it was dark and sharp and was broken by the awn. He asked, "How many years have you been here? Play: At the beginning, Brown worshipped the Northern Expedition to help buy. It has been 30 years, but the poor have never done an easy thing. " (The new school-based "History of the South" page 1 178) Quoting Meng Jiao's poems is not a direct quotation from his poems, but a quotation from him: "The spring breeze is proud of horseshoe disease, and you can see all the Chang 'an flowers in one day. Poetic, but turned into a "spring horse"; Quoting the story that Wan Yu didn't do things easily because he was poor for 30 years turned into "nothing in his pocket", and the two allusions merged into one sentence, full of twists and turns.