College computer foundation is a compulsory course for undergraduate students, and students' computer basic ability will be cultivated from three aspects: understanding computer system, using computer and calculating thinking. The following is my introduction to the basics of university computer. Welcome to refer to it!

1 Introduction to College Computer Fundamentals The content of the course "College Computer Fundamentals" is really out of date now and needs to be updated. For example, many college computer basic textbooks are talking about the development of computers and the dating of computers, that is, computers are divided into four generations according to the electronic devices used. I think this statement is a bit old, because the development of computers is not so smooth, but by leaps and bounds. If we still follow the method of electronic devices and divide them into four generations: electron tubes, transistors, integrated circuits and large-scale integrated circuits, there will be many difficulties.

The difficulty is how to explain electron tubes and transistors to students. Nowadays, freshmen are all born after 90. In their time, desktops were rare. If you discuss electron tubes and transistors with them, it's out of the question. If we say the electron tubes after 50 or 60, there can be examples, and some students have even seen them. If it's the post-70s generation, let's talk about transistors. There can be examples, which some students may have seen. However, for the post-90s generation, what's the use of talking about this? You can't even talk about it. Even after 80s, it's a bit out of date to talk about this. If you major in electronics, it may be ok. Because their professional presentations may talk about electron tubes and transistors. But there is no way to talk about other majors, especially liberal arts students.

So how to explain the development of computers? Computer dating is based on the electronic logic devices used, but it is difficult for students to understand the concept of device change and logic, because at this time, binary, logical variables and logical values are out of the question. Therefore, we should avoid using these terms as much as possible. It is better to talk about the changes of electronic equipment from the perspective of the current development of electronic technology, including TV sets, radios and other electronic equipment. Because, these things, students have more contact in life, and the experience of these equipment changes is also the deepest.

For example, it can be said that the progress of technology leads to the rapid upgrading of equipment. The TV set has now changed from a stupid and thick appearance to an LED flat panel. Radio, although the elderly are still listening, young people are basically listening to the FM on their mobile phones. The fundamental reason for these changes is that the electronic equipment inside, also called electronic equipment, has changed. Then, it can be extended to tube radios in the 1950s, transistor radios in the 1960s, and finally transistor or integrated circuit televisions.

Computers are also a kind of electronic equipment. Of course, its internal electronic devices are also changing, so four generations of computers are derived, namely electron tubes, transistors, integrated circuits and large-scale basic circuits. Because there are many electronic devices used in electronic computers, the changes of such electronic devices are more important for computers. Therefore, we use the change of electronic equipment to determine the date of the computer.

It should be noted that although the date determination of the computer is explained, this part is needless to say. Because these are not very important. Integrated circuits are important because they have many advantages. The basis of integrated circuits is transistors, not electron tubes. The electron tube itself has many shortcomings, and the transistor revolutionized it, leading to the integrated circuit. But the electron tube is the 1 th electronic device with amplification function. It is the electron tube that enables the production of various amplification circuits and digital circuits and the production of electronic computers.

Then, when we talk about the development of computers, we should focus on VLSI and introduce microprocessors, microcomputers and PCs on this basis. Furthermore, introduce high-performance computers, because these computers are the giants of today's computers and the future development direction. Another development direction is notebook computers, tablet computers and mobile phones. Talking about the development of computer should be introduced from this angle, which is acceptable to students and conforms to the reality of computer development now. In fact, when talking about computers, it is impossible not to talk about tablets and mobile phones, because now we have entered the era of mobile computing and mobile Internet. In this way, students like to listen, and it is easy to have a sense of * * * with students.

2 Introduction to University Computer Fundamentals

1. Definition of computer: referred to as computer, it is an (electronic) machine for processing information, which can automatically store, transmit and process information at high speed and accurately.

2. Four stages of computer development (according to the electronic components that make up the computer): electron tube computer, transistor computer, integrated circuit computer and VLSI electronics.

3. Computer classification:

High-performance computer: refers to computers with higher performance than microcomputers and workstations, mainly based on computer speed; Microcomputer: also known as personal computer (PC);

Embedded computer (system): the microcomputer or the core components of the microcomputer are installed in special equipment to control and manage the equipment, so that the equipment has the characteristics of intelligent operation.

4. Computer applications: scientific calculation, data processing, auxiliary engineering, remote control and artificial intelligence.

5. Emerging computers in the future: superconducting computers, quantum computers, photonic computers, biological computers and neural networks will be combined with computers.

6. Composition of computer system: A complete computer system consists of hardware system and software system.

7. Hardware system: refers to tangible things that make up a computer, such as physical entities and equipment such as components, circuit boards and spare parts, which are called computer hardware; Hardware system is the general name of all physical devices that make up a computer system, and it is the physical foundation of a computer system, also known as bare metal.

8. Hardware system: including arithmetic unit, controller, memory and input/output equipment;

Arithmetic unit: its main function is to perform various operations on data (arithmetic operation and logical operation);

Controller: The main function is to coordinate and control all components of the computer system to perform the specified work according to the instruction sequence arranged in the program, so that the whole computer system can work in an orderly manner;

Memory: used to store programs, data involved in operations and operation results, and can automatically access programs or data at high speed during computer operation; There are two kinds of memory operations: read operation and write operation.

Basic terms and concepts related to storage:

Memory is usually divided into internal memory and auxiliary memory. Memory is used to store data and instructions to be processed by CPU. External memory is mainly used for long-term storage of programs or data information. Advantages and disadvantages of internal memory and external memory: The internal memory is composed of semiconductor devices, which has high working speed but high cost, and most internal memory information will be lost after power failure; External memory records information by magnetic substances or concave and convex points, so it will not lose information because of power failure. Its cost is lower than that of the same capacity memory, but its working speed is slower.

Bit (b): a binary bit in the computer;

Byte (b): 8 binary bits (8 bits) are called a byte;

Capacity: refers to the number of binary digits that can be stored in the memory, usually represented by B. (The series rate of common computer capacity: 1024) Word length: the number of binary data that the CPU can process at a time;

Address: the computer's memory is divided into storage units to manage, each unit contains several binary bits, and each storage unit has a unique number, which is called the address of the storage unit;

Input device: transmit external information to the host computer and make it into a form that can be recognized by the machine.

Output device: the function is to turn the result of computer processing into a form that people know.

9. Software: refers to the sum of the programs running on the computer and the documents used and maintained by them;

Software system: it is the sum of all kinds of programs, data and documents compiled for running, managing and maintaining computers;

10. Classification of computer software: system software and application software;

System software (required): operating system (Windows series, DOS, Mac OS, UNIX, Linux, OS/2), database system, language processor (C/VB/Java) and diagnostic program;

Operating system: It is the most basic system software and a set of programs for managing and controlling all the software and hardware resources in the computer. (Work

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