(1) The germination of new thoughts

Lin Zexu was the first person to "look at the world with his eyes open", and Wei Yuan put forward the idea of "learning from foreigners to control them" in the Atlas of Sea Countries.

(2) Westernization of the landlord class

Represented by Yi, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang, they learn from the West and protect the Qing Dynasty, which objectively stimulated the emergence and development of capitalism in China. It paved the way for China's modernization.

2, the peasant class

Hong Ren and Wang Gan put forward a "new chapter on senior minister", advocating the development of capitalism, which transcended the ideological limitations of the peasant class.

3. The bourgeoisie

(1) bourgeois reform thought

Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and other bourgeois reformers opposed autocracy (maintaining the Qing Dynasty), advocated western learning, advocated civil rights and developed capitalism.

(B) the bourgeois revolutionary thought

Sun Yat-sen and other bourgeois revolutionaries advocated overthrowing the rule of the Qing Dynasty by violence, developing the theories of western countries into the Three People's Principles, realizing bourgeois harmony and taking China to the capitalist road.

(3) bourgeois radicals

Advocate democracy and science, and oppose autocracy and superstition; Advocate new morality and oppose old morality; Advocate new literature and oppose old literature. In essence, it was the struggle of bourgeois culture against feudal culture, which impacted feudal ideological and moral culture and opened the floodgate of ideological emancipation.