The Oriental Art Museum in this museum, most of which are rare treasures of China, has everything, totaling more than 30,000 pieces, most of which are priceless.

British library

There are more than 60,000 kinds of precious documents and ancient books in China, including the earliest version of Paramita Classic, 45 volumes of Yongle Grand Ceremony, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bamboo slips, woodcut ancient books, Dunhuang scriptures and maps.

Nelson Museum of Art, USA

The most outstanding collection of the museum is the Oriental cultural relics, among which the most wonderful and famous is the China cultural relics, with a large number and high quality.

Boston museum of art

The museum is famous for its oriental works of art, and now there are more than 5,000 paintings from China and Japan. There were many famous paintings in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, such as the well-preserved Daolian Map and Five-color Parrot in the Song and Tang Dynasties.

school of art institute of chicago

The eastern part of the museum is famous for its collection of Chinese bronzes. The most fascinating thing is a hanging beam in the Warring States period.

Russian Museum of Oriental Culture

The museum has a collection of bronzes, paintings and sculptures from the Shang Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Are there Tang Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty in the painting? Maid map of Chou Ying in Ming Dynasty, lotus flower of Ren Bonian in Qing Dynasty.

Friel Museum of Art, Washington, USA

Almost half of the museum's collections are China cultural relics, including calligraphy and painting, Buddhist art, bronze, jade and pottery.

San Francisco Asian Art Museum

This is a museum that mainly collects Asian cultural relics, especially China cultural relics. Among them, there are more than 2,000 pieces of ceramics, which began in the Neolithic Age and ended in the Qing Dynasty. The Jade Department has more than 1200 pieces, which is the museum with the richest collection of China jade in the world. There are about 800 pieces in the bronze department.

Fogg Museum of Art, Harvard University

The museum has a considerable collection of China murals, stone carvings, bronzes, jade articles, paintings and other precious cultural relics.

In addition, the Louvre is the most concentrated place for French collection of China cultural relics. Only its branch, Ji Mei Museum, has collected tens of thousands of China cultural relics, including 65,438+2,000 pieces of ceramics of past dynasties, ranking first in China ceramic collections of overseas museums. The Louvre also has a collection of more than 6,000 exquisite porcelains and more than 200 paintings of the Tang and Song Dynasties. The collection of China cultural relics in the Paris Museum is comparable to that in the Louvre. There are thousands of Japanese museums that collect China's cultural relics, especially the Tokyo National Museum, which has five exhibition halls to display China's cultural relics. The University of Pennsylvania Museum is famous for its collection of China ancient sculptures, especially during the Han, Wei, Sui and Tang Dynasties. Lou Zi is in the museum. In addition, there are tens of thousands of overseas private collections, which are difficult to count.

Turn over an article and talk about the whereabouts of cultural relics.

/kloc-how many cultural relics have been lost overseas in China in the past 50 years, and where are they now? I'm afraid the exact number will always be a mystery. Our government, scholars and people of insight have been devoted to investigating the loss of overseas cultural relics, but due to the limitations of conditions, this kind of investigation is far from ideal. According to the incomplete statistics of relevant departments in China, there are more than one million pieces of China cultural relics in more than 200 museums in 47 countries around the world, and they are all excellent cultural relics, most of which were lost overseas from old China. Coupled with the illegal excavation of smuggled cultural relics after the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially after the 1980s, it can be speculated that there are at least millions of cultural relics living abroad.

There are three main channels for the loss of old China cultural relics overseas: first, the imperialist powers snatched them from China after the Opium War; Second, some foreigners who came to China stole it from China at that time; Third, foreigners colluded with reactionary warlords and profiteers at that time to buy and smuggle out of the country at a very low price.

As early as 1840, the great powers listed China's cultural relics as an important part of cultural aggression, which started the great loss of cultural relics in modern China. 1860, the British and French allied forces savagely looted and burned the Yuanmingyuan. There are countless rosewood furniture in 40 or 50 halls in Yuanmingyuan, displaying a large number of rare treasures at home and abroad, including furniture, tapestries, carpets, Shang and Zhou bronzes, ceramics, lacquerware, tooth carvings, agates, amber, crystals, wood carvings and jade articles, precious stones, calligraphy and painting, clocks and watches, ancient books and so on. Hugo, a French writer at that time, said: "Even if all the treasures of Notre Dame in China are added together, it can't compare with this magnificent Oriental Museum." However, this art treasure house has been completely looted, and a large number of rare treasures, including Yongle Dadian, have been taken overseas and collected by museums and private individuals in Britain, France, the United States, Japan and Western Europe, especially the British Museum and the Fontainebleau Palace in France. Except for some of the Yuanmingyuan treasures snatched by the British army, the rest were dedicated to Queen Victoria and kept in the British Museum. At present, there are more than 30,000 China rare books in the British Museum, including A Woman's History, the earliest collection of which was collected by Gu Kaizhi in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The China Pavilion in the French Fontainebleau Palace has a collection of more than 30,000 famous China paintings, jade articles, porcelain, incense burners, chimes, precious stones and gold and silver wares.

According to the textual research of Professor Yu Sway of Renmin University of China, who has been engaged in the historical research of the late Qing Dynasty for a long time, Eight-Nation Alliance did whatever he wanted in three days, and the ancient capital, Gyeonggi, suffered unprecedented catastrophe. Whether it is the Forbidden City, residential houses or commercial shops, it has not been spared. After the Forbidden City was looted, more than half of the collections were lost and valuables were looted. "Three Seas"-South China Sea, China Sea and North Sea were robbed, and there were few collections left. The treasures displayed in the Palace Summer Palace were almost looted. After this catastrophe, Beijing's savings since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, from laws and regulations to treasures, were swept away and lost hundreds of thousands.

At the same time, some foreign explorers plundered countless China cultural relics in the name of scientific investigation. According to statistics, during the period from1856 to1932, Russia, Britain, Germany, France, Japan, Sweden, the United States and other countries visited the northwest of China for 66 times, and each visit plundered a large number of China cultural relics. In all previous investigations, Stein and Boccio plundered the most cultural relics in Dunhuang Tibetan Sutra Cave. Stein stole more than 9000 papers and more than 500 paintings, some of which were collected in the British Museum, some in the British Library and some in the Library of Indian Affairs. More than 6,000 kinds of classics and some scrolls stolen by pelliot are mainly collected in the French National Library. After years of looting, coupled with some domestic warlords, profiteers and ignorant citizens, a large number of China cultural relics have been smuggled out of the country, and China cultural relics abroad have become increasingly rich.

Around 1899, Oracle Bone Inscriptions was discovered in Yinxu, Anyang, Henan. Oracle Bone Inscriptions has been losing since it was unearthed. It was first sold as a medicinal material, and then bought in large quantities by cultural brokers of western powers in various names. According to incomplete statistics, there are nearly 200,000 pieces of Oracle bones unearthed in Xiaotun, Anyang, and nearly 30,000 pieces have been lost overseas and collected by 12 countries and regions.

After the Revolution of 1911 (19 1 1), cultural relics flooded out of the country. 1922, the last emperor Puyi stole 1200 pieces of calligraphy and painting in six boxes, most of which were sold and looted and lost overseas. 1928, the tomb of Empress Dowager Cixi in the Qing Dongling was brutally excavated by warlord Sun Dianying, and the national treasures hidden in the tomb were looted, most of which were lost because they were sold to buy arms.

After the1931"9.18" incident, the Japanese army carried out large-scale cultural relics excavation in Northeast China, North China, Central China and East China, and a large number of cultural relics were robbed. During this period, Americans used the social unrest in China to buy China cultural relics.

1949 after liberation, China once bid farewell to the history of a large number of cultural relics outflow. However, since 1980s, stimulated by illegal profits, criminals at home and abroad colluded with each other and set off a wave of theft and smuggling of cultural relics.

According to statistics, since 1982, more than 800 ancient tombs have been stolen in yugan county, Jiangxi. 19871~ In just half a year from June, more than 700 villagers in Qinghai/kloc-0 robbed more than 2,000 ancient tombs and took away more than 2,000 pieces of cultural relics 10000; 1990, 23952 ancient tombs were stolen in Sichuan province. The area of ancient tombs stolen from a county in Shaoyang City, Hunan Province in 2003 accounted for nearly one-fifth of the county's 2,000 square kilometers. Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan provinces, which are rich in cultural relics, once became the golden triangle for smugglers at home and abroad to buy and sell cultural relics? According to the statistics of the General Administration of Customs, from 199 1 to 2000, the national customs seized more than 654.38 million smuggled cultural relics. 1in may 1997, Tianjin customs seized a case of smuggling cultural relics in a container containing more than 5,000 cultural relics. According to the incomplete statistics of the Ministry of Public Security, from 1993 to 1997, the public security organs cracked 4,943 cultural relics cases and seized more than 50,000 cultural relics.

In the past 20 years, the smuggling of China cultural relics overseas has reached a climax, and the number of cultural relics smuggled out of Hong Kong alone is unimaginable. It is reported that Hong Kong masters who collect and store cultural relics boxes and pots are very busy, sometimes earning more than 500,000 to 600,000 Hong Kong dollars a month. After London and new york, with a large number of smuggled cultural relics from the mainland, Hong Kong quickly became the third largest cultural relics art center in the world after the 1980s.

Combined with the large-scale cultural relics excavation and smuggling activities in China in the past 20 years, if we estimate that there are at least hundreds of thousands of cultural relics in these 20 years, or even close to one million.

According to relevant data, as far as painting is concerned, the United States has the largest collection, with more than 1200 paintings in Flier Museum alone. There are nearly 500 Chinese paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of America. Chinese paintings in the British Museum are the best. In terms of porcelain, the French Ji Mei Museum, which is famous for its collection of Asian artworks, has the best collection. The porcelain in the museum ranges from the earliest primitive porcelain in China to blue-and-white and colorful porcelain in Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are all kinds of famous kiln products in various dynasties, most of which are fine products. As far as local chronicles and ancient books are concerned, the United States has the most, and the Library of Congress has more than 4,000 kinds of local chronicles. There are more than 3,000 rare books and 2,000 genealogies in the United States. As far as Oracle bone fragments are concerned, Japan has the largest collection. Among the nearly 30,000 pieces of Oracle bone fragments lost overseas, there are nearly 1.3 million pieces in Japan. As far as Dunhuang treasures are concerned, there are only more than 20 thousand Dunhuang suicide notes in China, accounting for only 30%; Oriental Writing Headquarters of British Library 13700 pieces; There are 6,000 pieces in the National Library of Paris, France; Institute of Asian Nationalities in St. Petersburg, Russia 12000 pieces; The British Indian Affairs Library has nearly 2000 pieces. In addition, there are Dunhuang cultural relics collections in Japan, the United States, Sweden, Austria and South Korea.