China is currently the country with the largest tobacco production and consumption in the world, with an annual output of 654.38+0.7 trillion cigarettes, and the second tobacco producer in the world? 2.5 times that of the United States. At present, there are 1 1 billion smokers in the world, accounting for 1/3 of China, and most of them are men. Compared with the 1980s, the average age of smokers in China will be 19.7, and now it is 13- 18. Smoking in public places and workplaces is serious, and 738 million non-smokers are forced to smoke secondhand smoke, including 65.438+82 million children. The number of people who die of smoking-related diseases in China exceeds 1 10,000 every year. Experts predict that it will reach 2 million by 2020, and a total ban on smoking is imminent.
First, talk about cigarettes.
1, what is a cigarette? Tobacco is an important cash crop, belonging to the genus Panicum of Solanaceae, which is native to some islands in America, Oceania and South Pacific. At present, 66 species have been found, and only two species are cultivated and utilized, namely, ordinary tobacco, also known as safflower tobacco and yellow tobacco.
2. The history of tobacco development in China. Tobacco was introduced to China in the middle of16th century, and air-dried tobacco was first introduced, which has been planted for more than 400 years. 1900 planting flue-cured tobacco in Taiwan Province province. 19 10 was successfully planted in Shandong, Henan, Anhui, Liaoning and other places. From 1937 to 1940, it was planted in Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan, and developed into a high-quality tobacco-growing area in China. In 1950s, oriental tobacco was introduced, and burley tobacco was introduced in 1960s, which was successfully planted in Xinchang, Zhejiang and Jianshi, Hubei respectively. Huanghua tobacco was introduced into northern China from Russian about 200 years ago.
3. The toxicity of smoke. As early as in the compilation of Chinese Medicine Essentials in Ming Dynasty in China, South Yunnan Materia Medica recorded: "Tobacco is warm, pungent and hemp, and highly toxic." "Tobacco tastes spicy and impetuous, and if you consume essence by smoking, it will make people drunk," said the series "Lao Lao Heng Yan", which is a must-read in TCM clinic. 1560 When tobacco was not popular, Jean? Nico sent tobacco back to China as a medicine to treat many diseases. Hundreds of years later, chemists finally revealed that the misused drug in tobacco was harmful and named it nicotine.
Nicotine is an odorous, bitter, colorless and transparent oily liquid, which is highly volatile, easily oxidized to dark gray in air, quickly soluble in water and alcohol, and easily absorbed by human body through nasal, oral and bronchial mucosa. Nicotine stuck to the skin surface can also be absorbed and penetrated into the body. Nicotine in one cigarette can poison a mouse, and nicotine in 20 cigarettes can poison a cow. The lethal dose of human is 50-70 mg, which is equivalent to the nicotine content of 20-25 cigarettes. If nicotine in a cigar or three cigarettes is injected into a person's vein for 3-5 minutes, he will die. Tobacco is not only harmful to higher animals, but also harmful to lower animals, so it is also the main component of agricultural pesticides. So "poisonous snakes don't bite smokers", because they smell the bitter taste of smoking, they run away.
Acute poisoning death caused by smoking has occurred in China. If you smoke too much, you will be drunk and spit yellow water on the ground and die. So Emperor Chongzhen once ordered a ban on smoking. It is also reported abroad that a young man in the Soviet Union smoked for the first time and died after smoking a big cigar. A 40-year-old healthy man who smokes for a long time in Britain is engaged in a very important job; I smoked 14 cigars and 40 cigarettes overnight. I felt sick in the morning and died after being rescued by a doctor. A French club held a smoking competition. The winner smoked 60 cigarettes and died before receiving the prize. Other participants were dying and went to the hospital for rescue.
So why do some people smoke a lot but are not poisoned? There are many people who smoke more than one box (20 cigarettes) every day, among which the nicotine content greatly exceeds the lethal dose of people, but few people die of acute poisoning, because some nicotine in tobacco is neutralized by formaldehyde, a poison in smoke, and most people do not smoke continuously, and these nicotine slowly enters the human body intermittently. In addition, 50% of nicotine diffuses into the air with smoke, 5% is thrown away with cigarette butts, 25% is destroyed by burning, and only 20% is absorbed by human body. Nicotine is rapidly detoxified in the body and excreted with urine. Coupled with long-term smokers, the body has tolerance and addiction to nicotine, making people addicted to cigarettes.
As we all know, smoking is harmful to health. Different kinds of tobacco will release different chemicals when they are lit, but mainly tar and carbon monoxide. Substances harmful to human body after cigarette ignition can be roughly divided into six categories: first, aldehydes, nitrides and olefins, which have stimulating effects on respiratory tract. The second is nicotine, which can stimulate sympathetic nerve and cause intimal damage. The third is amines, cyanide and heavy metals, all of which are toxic substances. Fourth, radioactive substances such as phenylpropyl pyrene, arsenic, cadmium, methylhydrazine and aminophenol. These substances are carcinogenic. Fifth, phenolic compounds and formaldehyde can accelerate cancer. Sixth, carbon monoxide will reduce the ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the whole body.
Second, smoking.
(A) the reasons for smoking
With the improvement of people's living standards and the development and progress of society, people are more and more aware of the harm of smoking. But the reasons why there are still a large number of smokers are complicated. According to the survey, the main reasons that lead people to smoke are:
1, curious. For most teenagers who smoke, they are just curious at first, and often hear people say that "a cigarette after a meal is better than a living fairy", so they want to experience the taste for themselves.
2. Imitation. Cigarettes have many symbolic functions. Many great men in history like smoking, such as Churchill's cigars, Stalin's big pipe and Mao Zedong's addiction. The images of these great men attracted many teenagers to imitate them. In addition, the influence of adults or peers, as well as the natural and unrestrained and carefree manner of smokers, are very attractive to young people and attract young people to imitate them.
3. The need for communication. In China, smoking has become a way of communication. Smoking is often a prelude to social interaction, which can shorten the psychological distance between people. Offering cigarettes to each other can communicate feelings, bring psychological closeness and help solve problems. Many people started out purely for social intercourse. Before you do something, you should order one for each other and then one for yourself. When someone offers you a cigarette, it is impolite not to accept it. With the increase of this kind of "reciprocity", it gradually changed from uncomfortable to not smoking for a long time, and finally joined the ranks of smoking.
4. eliminate concerns. Many people use smoking to relieve their tension and eliminate all their troubles after their work, study and life are frustrated.
5, refreshing. After smoking addiction, people find that smoking has a certain exciting effect, while physical addiction makes smoking a habit and enjoyment. Many heavy smokers have no spirit without smoking, but they are refreshed and open-minded when they smoke.
6. Show your maturity. In the eyes of many teenagers, smoking is a sign of adulthood and maturity. In order to prove that I am no longer a child, I chose to smoke.
(B) the characteristics of smoking
1. The number of smokers is increasing. From a few cigarettes a day to one pack, two packs and more, some people sit there and smoke one after another without turning off the fire.
Once you don't smoke, you will have a negative reaction. Such as dozing off, yawning, tears, depression, fidgeting, etc.
People who smoke are extroverted and impulsive. He is good at communication, gregarious, adventurous, reckless, impulsive, easy to lose his temper, and has poor emotional control ability.
People who smoke have many hobbies. The survey shows that 7 1% people have other hobbies, such as drinking strong tea, wine and coffee.
The benefits of smoking
1, dispel emptiness and loneliness. When everyone is frustrated, frustrated, empty and lonely, smoking can make people feel a little illusory companionship. Looking at the smoke when you are free, it feels like someone is with you, giving people an unrealistic sense of fulfillment.
2. Calm down. When people feel nervous, excited, angry or angry, smoking a cigarette can relieve tension, calm their mood and play a calming role.
3. Promote socialization. If two people who are both smokers offer each other a cigarette when they meet for the first time, it is a sign of courtesy and respect for others, which may shorten the distance between hearts.
4, refreshing. For smokers, lighting a cigarette after working for a long time, especially after staying up late, can temporarily drive away fatigue and cheer up.
The harm of smoking
1, carcinogenicity. People have realized that smoking can cause cancer. Epidemiological investigation shows that smoking is one of the important pathogenic factors of lung cancer. The risk of lung cancer of smokers is 13 times that of non-smokers. If you smoke more than 35 cigarettes a day, your risk is 45 times that of non-smokers. The mortality rate of lung cancer is 10 ~ 13 times higher than that of non-smokers. About 85% of lung cancer deaths are caused by smoking. If smokers are exposed to chemical carcinogens (such as asbestos, nickel, uranium and arsenic, etc. ), the risk of lung cancer will be higher. Smoking will reduce the activity of natural killer cells, thus weakening the body's function of monitoring, killing and clearing tumor cells, which further explains that smoking is a high risk factor for many cancers. The incidence of laryngeal cancer in smokers is ten times higher than that in non-smokers. The incidence of bladder cancer has tripled. In addition, smoking is also related to the occurrence of lip cancer, tongue cancer, oral cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer and cervical cancer. Clinical research and animal experiments show that carcinogens in smoke can also affect the fetus through the placenta, leading to a significant increase in the incidence of cancer in its offspring.
2. Influence on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Many studies believe that smoking is the main risk factor of many cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and the incidence of coronary heart disease, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease of smokers has increased significantly. Statistics show that 75% of patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension have a history of smoking. The incidence of coronary heart disease in smokers is 3.5 times higher than that in non-smokers, the mortality of coronary heart disease is 6 times higher than that in non-smokers, and the incidence of myocardial infarction is 2-6 times higher than that in non-smokers. Hypertension, high cholesterol and the incidence of coronary heart disease in smokers increased by 9 ~ 12 times. 30% ~ 40% of cardiovascular deaths are caused by smoking, and the increase of mortality is directly proportional to the amount of smoking. It is reported that the risk of stroke of smokers is 2 ~ 3.5 times that of non-smokers. If smoking and hypertension coexist, the risk of stroke will increase nearly 20 times. In addition, smokers are prone to arteriosclerosis obliterans and thromboangiitis obliterans. Smoking will lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and eventually lead to pulmonary heart disease.
3, the impact on the brain. Smoking can cause many brain diseases, reduce oxygen and blood circulating in the brain, lead to cerebral vascular bleeding and occlusion, and lead to paralysis, mental decline and stroke. Smokers are twice as likely to have a stroke as nonsmokers.
4. Effects on respiratory tract. Smoking is one of the main causes of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic airway obstruction. Experimental research shows that long-term smoking can damage and shorten the cilia of bronchial mucosa and affect the cilia removal function. In addition, submucosal gland hyperplasia, hypertrophy, increased mucus secretion, composition has also changed, easy to block bronchioles. In dog experiments, exposure to a large amount of smoke can cause changes in emphysema. It is also reported that there were nearly 30,000 COPD patients in the United States during 1986, and more than 90,000 people died in 199 1 year. Smoking is the main reason. The probability of smokers suffering from chronic bronchitis is 2 ~ 4 times higher than that of non-smokers, and it is directly proportional to the amount of smoking and the number of years of smoking. Patients often have chronic cough, expectoration and dyspnea during activities. Pulmonary function examination showed airway obstruction, decreased lung compliance, ventilation function and diffusion function, and decreased arterial oxygen partial pressure. Even young asymptomatic smokers have slight pulmonary dysfunction. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is prone to spontaneous pneumothorax. Smokers often suffer from chronic pharyngitis and vocal cord inflammation.
5, the impact on the digestive tract. Smoking can increase gastric acid secretion, which is generally 965438 0.5% higher than that of non-smokers, and can inhibit the secretion of sodium bicarbonate by pancreas, thus increasing duodenal acid load and inducing ulcer. Nicotine in tobacco can reduce the tension of pyloric sphincter, make bile easy to reflux, thus weaken the defense factors of gastric and duodenal mucosa, promote chronic inflammation and ulcer, and delay the healing of original ulcer. In addition, smoking can reduce the tension of lower esophageal sphincter and easily cause reflux esophagitis.
6, the impact on the whole body bones. Nicotine constricts blood vessels and reduces blood flow to new bones. The carbon monoxide inhaled during smoking also reduces the speed at which oxygen enters the body. Smoking can lead to osteitis and back pain, and most people with severe back pain are addicted to smoking. This is because smoking will reduce the blood flow of the articular disc, and the articular disc will degenerate early. Smoking can lead to arthritis. Smoking a pack of cigarettes a day will increase the prevalence rate by 50%. Smoking will lead to faster bone loss. Smoking can interfere with estrogen, which is an important hormone in bone development.
7. Effect on liver. Smoking will increase the burden on the liver. Regular smoking will affect the lipid metabolism of the liver, increase blood lipid, decrease benign cholesterol and increase malignant cholesterol. This has caused the burden of detoxification function of the liver to increase.
8, the impact on the intestine. Smoking can lead to colon cancer. The risk of this kind of cancer is directly proportional to the amount of smoking. Research shows that although quitting smoking can reduce the risk of other diseases such as heart disease and lung cancer, the risk of colon cancer is still high.
9, the impact on the reproductive system. Smoking inhibits the nerve center of the spinal cord, which weakens male sexual desire. Because smoking can make blood vessels contract and spasm, it causes peripheral blood circulation disorder, which directly leads to infertility. Australia and Canada have printed this information directly on cigarette packets.
10, the effect on the skin. Women who smoke are older, wrinkled and gray than women who don't smoke. In particular, wrinkles in the corners of the eyes, upper and lower lips and corners of the mouth have increased significantly. Smoking leads to atrophy of subcutaneous blood vessels and reduction of blood supply to the skin, which not only wrinkles and yellows the facial skin, but also has the same consequences for the whole body skin. If you quit smoking, it may make your skin recover slowly.
(5) Causes of smoking addiction
When it comes to addictive substances, people often immediately think of opium, heroin, marijuana and other drugs, but forget the most used and harmful tobacco in the world. In fact, compared with heroin, except one is legal consumer goods and the other is contraband, there is almost no qualitative difference in other aspects, especially from the perspective of material dependence.
There are two main grounds for judging whether a substance is dependent in medicine. First, it depends on whether people have the characteristics of compulsory use and seeking this substance; The second is whether there is a strong desire to use a substance again after stopping using it and the corresponding behavior.
An interesting phenomenon is that when people are nervous or tired, they often unconsciously want to smoke in order to have a rest or relax. But in fact, smoking can make people's blood pressure rise, breathing excited, and heart rate accelerate, which is just the opposite of what happens when people rest, but the subjective feeling of every smoker is really comfortable and relaxed. What is the reason? In fact, nicotine stimulates the secretion of adrenaline in the body, which can obviously increase the stress ability of the human body, thus improving the adaptability of people to external stimuli and leading to subjective relaxation.
(6) Passive smoking (passive smoking)
Passive smoking means that people who live and work around smokers unconsciously inhale smoke, dust particles and various toxic substances. A research report recently released by Quit Smoking Network pointed out that passive smoking, commonly known as "second-hand smoke", is more dangerous than previously known. Some people who live with smokers are six times more likely to develop lung cancer than ordinary people.
1, the harm of passive smoking to human body. When smokers smoke, they will spit about 70% of the smoke into the air for others to "share". If the indoor ventilation is not good, everyone present will "benefit a lot". And the concentration of harmful substances in the smoke inhaled by passive smokers is not lower than that of smokers. The research shows that the carbon monoxide in the cold smoke exhaled by smokers is five times that of the mainstream smoke; Tar and nicotine are three times; Ammonia is 46 times; Nitrosamine (a strong carcinogen) is 50 times.
2. Secondhand smoke and smoking have the same cancer risk. Experts point out that if you spend more than 15 minutes with smokers every day, the harm of "second-hand smoke" is equivalent to that of smokers. 75% of lung cancer patients were finally investigated whether they smoked or not. Everyone has a "proto-oncogene", which enables people to grow in the embryonic period, but it should stop working at an appropriate time, otherwise people will easily get cancer, and smoking can make this gene work again, leading to cancer. According to an international sampling survey, 50% of cancer patients caused by smoking are passive smokers. A large number of epidemiological surveys show that the prevalence rate of lung cancer of husbands who smoke is 1.6-3.4 times higher than that of husbands who don't smoke. Experts remind that non-smokers and smokers live or work together, and the harm of smelling smoke for 15 minutes every day for more than one year is equivalent to smoking.
3, often smoking second-hand smoke is easy to get diabetes. A study in the United States shows that those who regularly smoke second-hand smoke may face recessive diabetes, which makes them more prone to diabetes. In 2006, the Veterans Medical Center in Birmingham, Alabama, USA conducted a 15-year research survey on 4572 people in four cities in the United States. The results show that 22% of smokers may have abnormal glucose tolerance (that is, recessive diabetes), and the risk probability of people who do not smoke but always smoke second-hand smoke in this regard also reaches17%; 14% people quit smoking successfully; The number of people who never smoke or smoke secondhand smoke is 12%.
4. 10% sudden infant death is only caused by secondhand smoke. Most harmful chemicals released by tobacco burning can "harass" innocent babies through the placenta. Toxic gases such as carbon monoxide will reduce the maternal blood oxygen concentration, which will lead to fetal hypoxia; Nicotine, an addictive drug in tobacco, will lead to blood vessel stenosis and slow blood flow, which means that the nutrition and oxygen provided to the fetus will be reduced, which will easily lead to premature delivery. Premature infants are prone to respiratory, digestive, thermoregulation and other functional disorders, and even die shortly after birth. The deformity rate of babies born to smoking women is significantly higher than that of non-smoking women, and the rate of mentally retarded and mentally ill children is relatively high. After the baby is born, the smoke in the air will make it difficult for the baby to breathe, and the incidence of neonatal respiratory syndrome is much higher. Therefore, it is easier to suffer from respiratory diseases such as colds, bronchitis, pneumonia and bronchial asthma and infectious diseases of the lungs. Children under smog are physically retarded, more prone to fidgety and crying, and more difficult to feed. At the same time, the chance of ear, nose and throat infection also increases, and their hearing will also be affected.
(7) Ways to reduce the harm of smoking
1, reasonable diet. The human body is a natural tobacco regulator. Reasonable diet adjustment, eating less foods containing high fat, eating more fresh vegetables and fruits, eating more iron-rich soybeans, egg yolks, milk rich in vitamin b 12 and apples rich in vitamin C can supplement the loss and reduction of vitamin C and antioxidants caused by smoking, eliminate excess oxygen free radicals in the body, and help to coordinate the balance between free radical generation and elimination, oxidation and reduction in the body, thus maintaining good health.
Nicotine enters the human body with smoke, which will make cholesterol adhere to the blood vessel wall, leading to arteriosclerosis; A large amount of taurine in oysters can decompose cholesterol, so eating more oysters can solve nicotine poisoning; Others found the bane of nicotine in milk, broad beans and fruits. These foods contain vitamin b2, which can decompose 3,4-benzo [a] pyrene compounds in tar, and the decomposed compounds will be excreted with cellulose, so eat more vegetables.
2. Drink more tea. According to scientific research, drinking tea can reduce the harm of smoking, because tea polyphenols, vitamin C and other components in tea can degrade various harmful substances contained in cigarettes. When smoking while drinking tea, toxins can be released continuously with drinking tea and excreted through feces.
According to research, tea does have the ability to block the synthesis of nitrosamines in human body; Tea polyphenols can combine with carcinogens after entering the human body, decompose carcinogens, reduce carcinogenic activity, and thus inhibit the growth of carcinogenic cells; The leaves of green tea are rich in anticancer substances, and their concentration is quite high enough to produce anticancer effect in human body. John, honorary chairman of the American Health Foundation? Dr. weisberg said, "My research shows that if you drink six cups of tea every day, you can avoid cancer." Therefore, smokers drinking tea can help reduce the occurrence of cancer.
3. Taking a proper amount of vitamin C. Vitamin C may help prevent the harm caused by passive smoking, because passive smoking will cause oxidative damage to human body, but this damage can be offset by antioxidants contained in vitamin C. This is not to encourage people to smoke, but to hope that people who have to stay in a smoky environment can protect themselves by taking vitamin C, especially by eating more fruits and vegetables.
Third, no smoking.
China is a party to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which came into force in early 2006. Last year, China promised to ban smoking in indoor public places and indoor workplaces 100%, but there is still no national smoke-free legislation. A total ban on smoking should be implemented through legislation, and people's health and life should not be sacrificed for the benefit. The public living environment must be protected. Therefore, on 20 1 14124, the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council published the Regulation on Smoking Control in Public Places (Draft for Review) drafted by the Health and Family Planning Commission for public comments. This is the first time that China plans to formulate administrative regulations to comprehensively control tobacco throughout the country. According to the draft, smoking is prohibited in all indoor public places. At the same time, smoking is also completely prohibited in outdoor areas of public places where minors are the main activity groups, outdoor teaching areas of colleges and universities, outdoor areas of maternal and child health care institutions, outdoor areas of children's hospitals, maternity hospitals, outdoor audience seats in sports and fitness places, and outdoor waiting areas of public transport. In fact, on February 29th, 20 13, the general offices of the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council issued the Notice on Matters Related to Leading Cadres Taking the Lead in Smoking Ban in Public Places, requiring leading cadres at all levels to abide by the smoking ban regulations in public places, set an example with practical actions, and consciously safeguard the authority of laws and regulations and the image of party and government organs and leading cadres.
Many countries and regions in the world have implemented strict anti-smoking laws, and Ireland is the first country in the world to legislate for smoke-free workplaces. Italy promulgated the world's first anti-smoking law in 1989; Singapore's anti-smoking law stipulates that anyone who throws cigarette butts in public places will be fined S $500 or hit four boards; From June 65438+ 10/day, 2007, all public places, including restaurants, should say "no" to cigarettes. Except in their own homes, smokers hardly have any chance to take out cigarettes. The severe punishment of HK$ 5,000 for a cigarette butt discourages those smokers who are lucky.
Fourth, quit smoking.
There are many ways to quit smoking, such as e-cigarette, acupuncture, candy and tea. But the most important way is to win psychologically, truly realize the harm of smoking and make up your mind to quit smoking as soon as possible.
1. Relieve nervousness: Is stressful work the main reason for your smoking? If yes, take away all smoking utensils around you and change the working environment and procedures. Put some sugar-free chewing gum, fruit, juice and mineral water in the workplace, take a few breaks and exercise outdoors.
2, weight problem: after quitting smoking, the weight will often increase significantly, generally increasing by 5-8 kg. After quitting smoking, smokers will reduce the basic speed of human metabolism and eat more food instead of smoking, so smokers will gain a few kilograms in a short time after quitting smoking, but they can cope with the weight increase by strengthening physical exercise, because increasing exercise can accelerate metabolism. It is best to eat fat-free snacks. In addition, drink plenty of water and keep your stomach empty.
3, strengthen the awareness of quitting smoking: clear goals to change the working environment and old habits related to smoking, quitters will take the initiative to think of the determination not to smoke. You know, after a few days of quitting smoking, your taste and smell will improve.
4. Find a substitute: One of the main tasks after quitting smoking is to find a non-smoking substitute under the temptation: play some tricks that make you feel like you don't want to smoke by brushing your teeth, or divert your attention through exciting conversations.
5, throw away smoking utensils: ashtrays, lighters, cigarettes will stimulate smokers and should be thrown away.
6. Bet: Some people who used to smoke had a good experience of quitting smoking by betting. One of its effects is to quit smoking openly and win the support of friends and colleagues.
7, strengthen physical exercise: regular exercise to improve mood, talk about smoking addiction, physical exercise will soothe nervous nerves, and will consume calories.
8. Withstand the test of smoking again: Smoking again after quitting smoking does not mean that you have failed to quit smoking. It's not "too late" to take a sip or a cigarette, but we should carefully analyze the reasons for relapse and avoid committing it again in the future.