College? Number one? Don't scream? Dean. Weighing? Shan Chang?
Fan Zhongyan in Northern Song Dynasty? To do the problem, you must do it yourself first.
From the ancient academy? Number one? Don't scream? Dean. , a few names? Shan Chang? 、? Lord of the cave? . This is because ancient academies were mostly built on mountains with beautiful environment and pleasant scenery, and they liked to be adjacent to Taoist temples and temples. After the Song Dynasty, the Academy became an academic shrine in the minds of ancient China literati. The lofty status of the college is achieved by its school-running philosophy.
The idea and mode of running a college are completely different from that of official schools, with no portal, complete openness and free lectures. The training goal of students is not the political elite, but the academic elite. Academies deliberately keep a certain distance from official schools, professors maintain independent academic ethics, and students respect independent self-study spirit.
College implementation? Mountain leadership responsibility system? Shan Chang is equivalent to today's university president. Although he has no administrative rank, he has absolute power and authority. He is not only the highest administrative leader of the college, but also the chief teaching supervisor and? Academic leader? .
Shan Chang always puts teaching first and participates in front-line teaching. Such as Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Sima Guang, Fan Zhongyan, Zhu, Zhang Qian and other famous Confucian masters, when presiding over the daily teaching of the college, they all teach students in class.
In daily teaching, Shan Chang's lectures are generally held on 1, 3, 6 and 8 days of each month. Generally, there are three class exams in the college every month, and the hill is responsible for the questions from the speech to the marking. Ming Dow Academy of Jiankang (now Nanjing), established in the first year of Chunyou in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 124 1), stipulated that? Every ten days, when the mountain chief enters the class, he will call vocational high school students to give lectures, sign lectures, repeat lectures, attend lectures on the third and eighth days, and attend lectures on the first and sixth days, which will be recorded in the lecture book. There are three classes a month, the first half talks about doubts, the second half talks about doubts, and the second half talks about career. ?
Fan Zhongyan, an educator in the Northern Song Dynasty, once taught at Yingtian Academy. Diligent and respectful, take the lead? , according to the Fan Wenzheng public? Record of words and deeds, Fan Zhongyan? If you want to write a question for students to write a poem, you must do it yourself first. You have to know its difficulty and intention, and it will also make scholars think it is a law. .
Give the students a test composition and do one yourself first. Can this be unpopular with students? Fan Zhongyan's fame spread far and wide. Quartet from scholars? .
There is no threshold for college entrance and no household registration restrictions.
Students of Wenchang Academy in Ming Dynasty? Don't need a bunch of hospitalization?
One of the biggest characteristics of ancient academies is the feelings of civilian education, even though many academies have been changed to? Official? This feeling has not changed.
Since its birth, the college has been open to the lower classes and folk scholars. There is no threshold for college entrance and no household registration restrictions. As long as you are interested in your studies, you can enter the school regardless of the rich and the poor, which is what Confucius advocated? Don't teach in class . For example, Sichuan Wenchang Academy? Admissions brochure? There is a saying in Wenchang Academy:? Anyone who gives birth to a child without restraint will have to be hospitalized and watch classes on a monthly basis. Donate cheap rewards, make teaching materials, and don't attend classes. ?
? No class? Has always been the principle of running a school? Don't teach in class The sublimation of school-running concept. Although there is no threshold for admission, there are still some requirements for admission. Because there are many applicants, there are more prestigious schools. Admission criteria? It is also very strict, and its cultural level and its own quality are relatively high. Comprehensive quality test and assessment, including academic work, is not enough just to study well. For example, Bailudong Academy once asked candidates to be juren, as evidenced by Zhu's "recruiting into the Academy".
The enrollment indicators of ancient academies are determined by their educational strength, ranging from dozens to hundreds. In addition to recruiting students with excellent exam results? Ordinary students? Will you be admitted later? Extra students? . Additional students also write? Underage students? . For example, the Juxing Academy in Fuyang, Anhui Province, during the light years of the Qing Dynasty, the annual enrollment quota (quota) was 20 in the main course and 20 in the sub-course.
Teachers have the final decision on enrollment. For example, Bailudong's "List of Cave Studies" has such a regulation on the selection of candidates. From now on, anyone engaged in public service should be careful about his choice. After the trip, anyone who can be rejected by the cave owner will be rejected, and the boss will not have to scratch his rights. People with lofty ideals from all directions listened to his graduation. ?
It can be seen that today's officially recommended students and nursing students with letters of introduction from leaders are not welcomed by the college. Even after entering the school, if the class teacher (cave teacher) feels bad after the exam, he will still be dismissed, and the leader (boss) can't interfere.
What is the main source of school funding? Xuetian?
In the Yuan Dynasty, every student in Ming Dow College was given five coupons every month? Money for the fire?
In ancient times, in addition to school funding? Official help? In addition, it mainly relies on private fund-raising, donations, college income and self-raised funds, among which? Xuetian? Income is the main source of school funds. Every college will try its best to reduce the financial burden of students. Many times, students study in the academy, not only without tuition, but also? Does it include all board and lodging? . Such as Wenchang Academy, Student Union? You don't need a bunch, and you have to be hospitalized? . Besides, what about the college? More eager to set up a bookstore, give a fire, attract students to learn and cultivate extensively? .
So-called? Cream fire? Is the cost of students during their study commonly known as the ancients? Training fee? . ? Cream fire? Originally used to subsidize students with difficulties, it has been widely distributed in practice, and both students and apprentices have one. Either give money, or give food, or both.
? Money for the fire? The subsidy level of each generation and each university is different. Take Jiankang (now Nanjing) Ming Dow College as an example. During the period from the Yuan Dynasty to Mindfulness, it was changed to a government-run college, and each student gave 5 yuan pocket money every month. The permeability is 5000. At that time, I worked as a handyman in the academy, earning only 300 articles a month. Being a student earns more money than working. Besides, every student has a daily ration? Two and a half meters? .
During the light year of the Qing Dynasty, the official students of Fuyang Juxing Academy in Anhui donated 1 200 articles per month, and the secondary students received 500 articles. Tong Sheng has 1000 main course articles and 500 sub-course articles. If students in associate degree and associate degree programs are hospitalized, each student will get another 3 barrels of wheat every month.
Due to the limited funds for running a school, some colleges can't fully cover students' room and board expenses, and also provide students with free meals as much as possible. Generally speaking, there are no ancient academies. Examination fee? 、? Material cost? Ordinary tuition and miscellaneous fees in modern schools.
Can get excellent grades? A reward? 、? bonus
What awards did the top four students in qi zhou Academy in Qing Dynasty win? Two series of articles about making money with paste and fire?
Most of the ancient academies hoped to train their own students. Cultivate one's morality, keep one's family in order, govern the country and level the world? A pillar of talent, so the requirements for students are extremely strict. In terms of work and rest time, regardless of winter and summer, classes are held at five o'clock in the morning, with two classes at five thirty and six three.
In order to enable students to? Study hard and make progress every day? The college also has a reward system. There are various forms of rewards, both spiritual encouragement and material incentives, such as monthly class rewards and integral upgrades. What is a modern scholarship? A reward? 、? Bonus.
The monthly class award is based on the results of each exam and will be cashed after the exam. For example, in the second year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1209), Chen Mi, the magistrate of Yanping, was located at the foot of Jiufeng Mountain in the south of Nanping, imitating Bailudong Academy. A reward? The college stipulates three classes a month, and the teaching materials are divided into classics, theories, strategies and other different contents. Textbooks are waiting to be read, and the best one will be rewarded? .
Rewarding students seems to be the most explicit and higher standard in the academies of Qing Dynasty, which may be different from the academies of Qing Dynasty. Officialization? It's directly related, and the college will exchange money? Bonus? Issuer? Lottery? I see.
Zhangzhou annals in Qing dynasty? According to the school, during the Tongzhi period, the reward standard of qi zhou College in Hubei Province was: students took the exam (official class) equivalent to that organized by the Education Bureau or the Examination Institute today, and each student took four super exams, and each student gave two strings of money; Super students 12, each with a string of 200 words. Literati take 8 volumes per class and string them into 400 articles with paste fire; There are 20 students in the middle grade, each of whom makes a string of articles with paste and fire.
In addition to colleges and universities should give fireworks infrared rays, the education authorities will also? Pay a bonus? To show encouragement.
When Zhang Zhidong was a political student in Hubei in the Qing Dynasty, the Jingxin Academy established in Wuchang, Hubei Province published a collection of excellent compositions during the examination, and successively published the Collection of Jingxin Academy and the Continuation of Jingxin Academy. This kind? Honor award? It's more exciting than giving students bonuses, and it works.
Written by Zhu in Yuelu Academy? Loyalty, filial piety and righteousness?
Rewards and punishments are clear. What are the test papers? Floating ticket? receive
Danyang Academy in Qing Dynasty? Plagiarism is the same as punishment. Stop burning in January?
Clear reward and punishment is one of the basic learning rules of ancient academies. Students who do not study hard in the academy and do not restrain their words and deeds will also be severely punished. Provisions of Danyang Academy in Guizhou, Hubei Province in Qing Dynasty:? Senior inspectors give birth to children in hospitals, are not diligent in their studies, and encourage walkers. If it doesn't obey, report it to the mountain chief and punish it? .
The study rules of qi zhou Academy in Qing Dynasty also clearly required that students should be absent from class once during the long class and be detained with 600 yuan; Special class truancy once, deducted 400; Literacy boys will be deducted for skipping classes in the first volume, 400 for skipping classes in the middle volume, and 300 for skipping classes in the middle volume, and then all of them will be deducted if there are written records or identical ones.
When students study in the academy, their academic performance is dynamic. Has it been implemented? Integral system? , is it? Up and down? . Even excellent students at the time of admission, the so-called? Ordinary students? If you are absent from class, your test scores may not be at the forefront, but you may also be reduced to? Extra students? .
In the Qing Dynasty, Nanyang Public College in Zhou Jun stipulated that the rise and fall were determined by the number of people who missed the exam and the level of the exam. If the students in the class should not attend class once, they should stop giving January cream fire; Those who don't attend classes twice will be demoted to extra classes. If you don't take the main course exam for three consecutive times, you will be reduced to less than the attached course. If you don't take the attached course exam for three consecutive times, you can be promoted to the main course. When it is downgraded, its money will drop to the standard, or even not.
The examination discipline of ancient academies was very strict. Floating ticket? Get it and set the number. Students who cheat and plagiarize in exams will be punished. Provisions of Danyang Academy in Guizhou in Qing Dynasty:? Copying similar and off-campus compositions, handing them in the next day without listing, and not listing for the first time, will be fined for one month; Once again, he was not listed, reduced to an extra course, and the impostor was expelled from the hospital. ?
In line with the modern educational concept, are all ancient academies the same? Moral education? Before? Intellectual education? Of course, due to the limitations of feudal society, ancient times? Moral education? Mainly? Loyalty and filial piety, honesty and integrity? Wait for the content. What if? Wicked? The consequences are very serious. Those who are light will be severely punished, and those who are heavy will be expelled.