2. Structure 1, methane: molecular formula: CH4 structural formula: electronic tetrahedron structure There are three kinds of natural gas: biogas, pit gas and natural gas 2. Generally speaking, it is chemically stable and does not react with strong acid, strong alkali or strong oxidant (1) to oxidize CH4+2o2co2+2h2o; △H & lt； 0CH4 can't make acidic potassium permanganate fade (2). Substitution reaction: the reaction in which one atom (or radical) of an organic compound molecule is replaced by another atom (radical) CH4+Cl2 CH3cl+HCl CH3cl+Cl2 CH2 Cl2+HCLC H2Cl2+Cl2 CHCl3+HCLC HCl 3+Cl2 CCl4+HCl (3) mainly
3. Refining of ethylene petroleum: petroleum fractionation, catalytic cracking, cracking catalytic cracking: cracking of hydrocarbons with relatively small molecular weight and low boiling point: cracking of gaseous short-chain hydrocarbon petroleum such as ethylene and propylene has become the main method to produce ethylene. 1, ethylene molecular formula: C2H4 structural abbreviation: CH2==CH2 structural formula 2, industrial production method and physical properties of ethylene: petrochemical industry 3. Physical properties It is a colorless and odorless gas at room temperature, slightly lighter than air and almost insoluble in water. Chemical properties (1) oxidation ① Flammability phenomenon: bright flame, black smoke reason: high carbon content ② discoloration of acidic potassium permanganate solution (2) addition reaction.
The reaction phenomenon that carbon atoms at both ends of double bonds (or triple bonds) in organic molecules directly combine with other atoms or atomic groups to form new compounds: bromine water fades CH2=CH2+H2OCH3CH2OH(3) addition polymerization: compounds with small relative molecular weight combine with each other to form compounds with large relative molecular weight. This addition polymerization reaction is called addition polymerization. Uses of ethylene and polyethylene: 1, petrochemical basic raw materials 2, plant growth regulators and ripening agents. Evaluating the development level of a country's ethylene industry has become one of the important indicators to measure this country's petrochemical industry. 4. Comprehensive utilization of coal Benzene 1, coal gasification, liquefaction and dry distillation are the main methods of comprehensive utilization of coal. Coal gasification: coal is converted into gas, and gas coal liquid used as fuel or chemical raw materials-dry distillation of fuel oil and chemical raw materials II. Structure of benzene (1) (2) Liquid, colorless physical properties, special smell, melting point 5.5℃, boiling point 80. 1℃, volatile, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and other organic solvents (3) Chemical properties ① Oxidation A. Combustion 2c6H6+65438.
Organic compounds in food. Ethanol 1. Simple structural formula: CH3C2OH functional group -OH medical disinfectant alcohol is 75%2. Oxidizability ① Combustible CH3C2OH+3O22CO2+3H2O ② Catalytic oxidation of 2CH3C2OH+O22CH3HO+2H2O 1. 3- bond 2 CH3CHO+ O22 CH3COOH3, 2CH3CH2OH+2Na2CH3CH2ONa +H2↑ Uses: fuel, solvent, raw materials and 75% (volume fraction) alcohol as disinfectant.
2. acetic acid 1, structural molecular formula: C2H4O2, structural formula: simple structural formula: CH3COOH2, acidic; CH3COOHCH3COO-+H+ acidity: ch3cooh & gth2co32ch3cooh+na2co32coona+H2O+CO2 ↑ 3. The reaction between alcohol and acid to produce fat and water is called esterification reaction ch3cooh+ch3cooh ch3cococh2ch3+H2O. Reaction type: Substitution reaction essence: Dehydrogenation of concentrated sulfuric acid with acid, catalyst and water absorbent saturated sodium carbonate solution; (1) Neutralization of volatile acetic acid (odor removal of ethyl acetate) (1) Absorption of volatile ethanol (3).
Summary: 3. Ester oil structure: RCOOR' ethyl acetate: floral oil: vegetable oil (liquid) oil: animal fat (solid) oil hydrolysis reaction: saponification reaction under acidic and alkaline conditions: oil hydrolysis reaction under alkaline conditions Glycerol application: (1) Edible (2) soap, glycerol, margarine, fatty acids, etc. Four. The general molecular formula of sugar is Cn(H2O)m 1, Classification of monosaccharides: glucose C6H 12O6 disaccharide: sucrose: c 1 2h2o1kloc-0/polysaccharide: starch, cellulose (C6H 10O5)n2, and properties of glucose (1) oxidation. It is proved that (2) the oxidation reaction in human tissues provides energy C6h 1 2o6 (s)+6o2 (g) = =-1 2804kj mol-1c6h12o62c2h5oh+2co2 = starch/kloc. , some of which are s, P2 and properties. The relative molecular weight is very large (2)★ Salting out: concentrated inorganic salt solution is added to protein solution to reduce the solubility of protein to precipitate it (3)★ Denaturation: protein undergoes chemical changes and condenses into solid matter precipitate (4) Color reaction: protein has color reaction with many reagents (5) Odor: protein burns to give off the special smell of burnt feathers (6) protein hydrolyzes to form amino acid protein amino acid structure general formula: glycine propyl. Amino acids are essential amino acids: the human body cannot synthesize them, and it is necessary to ingest serine, valine, lysine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, methionine, leucine and threonine through food.
Second, organic polymer synthesis 1, ethylene synthesis polyethylene-food packaging bags, insurance film 2, polystyrene-toys, foamed plastics n-PVC-film organic polymer synthesis has provided many new materials for human beings, making our lives more colorful.
Organic system nomenclature 1 and alkane system nomenclature (1) determine the main chain: as long as it is not, it will be short. Choose the longest carbon chain in the molecule as the main chain (the name of alkane is determined by the number of carbon atoms in the main chain) ⑵ Find the branch chain: the nearest one is not far away. The number from the end nearest to the substituent. (3) Naming: (1) More is less. If there are two carbon chains of the same length, the main chain contains substituents. (2) Simple and uncomplicated. If different substituents appear at the same position at the same distance from both ends, the simple substituents are numbered first (if they are the same substituents, which end to start numbering from can minimize the sum of the positions of substituents). ③ Write the name of substituent first, and then the name of alkane; The arrangement order of substituents is from simple to complex; The same substituents are combined together and represented by Chinese characters and numbers; The positions of substituents are represented by Arabic numerals of carbon atoms in the main chain and written in front of Chinese characters representing substituents. Position numbers are separated by ",",and Arabic numerals are connected with Chinese characters by "-". (4) The writing format of alkane naming: 2. Naming of compounds containing functional groups (1) Determine the matrix: Determine the matrix according to the functional groups in the compound molecule. For example, the compound containing carbon-carbon double bond takes olefin as the parent, and the final name of the compound is "an olefin"; The compounds containing hydroxyl, aldehyde and carboxyl groups of alcohol take alcohol, aldehyde and acid as the parent respectively; The homologues of benzene are named after benzene. ⑵ Fixed main chain: the longest carbon chain containing as many functional groups as possible is the main chain. ⑶ Naming: Minimize the number of functional groups. Other rules are similar to alkanes. For example, it is called 2,3-dimethyl -2- butanol and 2,3-dimethyl -2- ethyl butyraldehyde.
Organic chemical reaction type 1, substitution reaction refers to the reaction in which some atoms or groups in organic molecules are replaced by other atoms or groups. Common substitution reactions: (1) halogenation of hydrocarbons (mainly alkanes and aromatics); (2) Nitration of aromatic hydrocarbons; (3) the reaction between alcohol and halogen acid, and the substitution of hydroxyl hydrogen atom of alcohol; (4) hydrolysis of ester (including oil); 5. Hydrolysis of acid anhydride, sugar and protein. 2. Addition reaction refers to the reaction in which reagents combine with molecules of unsaturated compounds to reduce the unsaturation of unsaturated compounds or generate saturated compounds. Common addition reactions: (1) Alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds, aldehydes, ketones and other substances can react with hydrogen (also known as hydrogenation, hydrogenation or reduction); (2) Addition reaction of olefins, alkynes and aromatic compounds with halogen; (3) Addition reaction of olefins and alkynes with water and hydrogen halide. 3. Polymerization refers to the reaction in which small molecules with relatively small molecular weight combine with each other to form high molecules with relatively large molecular weight. Small molecules participating in polymerization are called monomers, and macromolecules generated after polymerization are called polymers. Common polymerization reaction: addition polymerization reaction: refers to the reaction that unsaturated small molecules with relatively small molecular weight combine into polymers with relatively large molecular weight. Common polyaddition reactions: ① The polyaddition reaction of mono-olefin in the equation,-CH2-CH2-is called chain, where n is called polymerization degree and CH2=CH2 is called monomer, which is called the polyaddition reaction of diolefins. 4. Redox reaction (1) oxidation reaction: the reaction of adding oxygen or removing hydrogen in organic molecules is an oxidation reaction. Common oxidation reactions: ① The reaction that organic matter discolors acidic potassium permanganate solution. For example, R-CH = CH-R', R-C ≡ C-R', (with α-H), -OH and R-CHO can make the acidic potassium permanganate solution fade. (2) Catalytic oxidation (dehydrogenation) of alcohol; Oxidation reaction of aldehyde; (3) Silver mirror reaction and Fehling reaction of aldehyde (any structure containing aldehyde group or equivalent to aldehyde group in the molecule can have such reaction); (2) Reduction reaction: Deoxidation or hydrogenation reaction in organic molecules is a reduction reaction.