1. Introduction to Dutch law major
Holland is a tulip kingdom and a windmill kingdom with beautiful scenery. Holland, a beautiful country, gives most people the impression that it is a country with relatively prosperous commerce and trade. However, there is still one thing we don't understand about the Netherlands, that is, the Netherlands is still a country with a sound legal system. For example, the International Court of Justice is located in the Netherlands, and the first European Code was born in Leiden University in the Netherlands. Therefore, all these aspects can reflect the Dutch high-quality legal system.
The Netherlands is a parliamentary country with a constitutional monarchy, and all bills formulated by the government must be based on parliamentary bills. The Dutch Constitution stipulates: "The formulation of civil law, criminal law, civil procedure law and criminal procedure law must be based on the unified code formulated by parliament, but it does not prevent other fields from being regulated according to separate acts of parliament." Therefore, Dutch law is a legal system consisting of parliamentary acts, codes, treaties and case law. Unlike American or British laws, Dutch laws are not based on traditional laws, but on French laws, which originated from 1789 Civil Code and Criminal Code during the French Revolution. The International Court of Justice is located in the Netherlands, and the sound and high-quality legal system in the Netherlands provides strong support for legal education in the Netherlands. Legal English courses offered by Dutch universities reflect the Dutch legal tradition. Many legal courses are related to international law and often involve the comparison of legal systems. Therefore, students can learn more comprehensive and thorough legal knowledge.
Students can fully experience vivid law teaching, get in touch with rich history and extensive professional knowledge, and feel the international atmosphere and international vision. What is more noteworthy is that the legal system in the Netherlands is very similar to that in mainland China, which is very helpful for students to study. Therefore, the Netherlands is the first choice for studying law.
Universities with advantages in the field of Dutch law include Leiden University, Amsterdam University, Free University of Amsterdam, Maastricht University and H-class University in The Hague ... Leiden University was founded in 1575, which is the oldest university in the Netherlands and the top university in the world 100. The school's legal major ranks fifth in the world, and commercial law and international law are the best legal majors in the Netherlands. These colleges and universities are very strong in law. If you want to apply for a Dutch law student, you can consider it. Generally speaking, the requirements for applying for law major are higher, IELTS generally requires a score of 6.5 or above, and some also require a score of 7.0 or above.
The following are the introductions of universities with good Dutch law:
Apply for attention
The strictness of application materials is no longer only reflected in GPA, but also requires applicants to provide more reasonable motives, high-quality recommendation letters and standard application forms to fill in. It seems that the requirements of the master's degree are strict, so our materials are strict, so we should apply early. Only by applying early can you have more opportunities to apply for Dutch signboard majors such as international business administration, financial management, law and architecture. There may be more opportunities to get scholarships. Under the condition that students' conditions are not very prominent, only by applying early can we show our advantages. Because there are too many applicants every year, the judges will not have much time to read every document, so the application materials must be professionally produced with rich experience in order to stand out from the numerous materials and attract the attention of the judges.
Introduction to German Legal Profession
As a powerful European country, Germany has become a popular country for studying abroad in recent years because its universities are free of tuition fees and recognize China's degree. Many students go to Germany to study.
Germany is a representative country of civil law system, and the German code is a reference for many civil law countries to formulate codes. China is also a country with civil law system, so it is very advantageous for students studying law in China to go to Germany for further study.
In Manager Magazin's ranking of law majors, the University of Mü nster ranks 1, the University of Freiburg, which is famous for its law, ranks1,and the University of Bonn ranks1. He is a master of comparative law for international students (within the scope of European legal forum) and a doctor of political law.
Mannheim University ranks 12, and its main research fields are public law, criminal law, civil law, labor law, private international law, criminology and philosophy of law. The University of Bremen ranks 32nd in the ranking of law majors in Manager Magazin, and holds a master's degree in European and international law. The Law Department of the University of Cologne is one of the largest law departments in Germany. The Law Department of the University of Augsburg includes criminal law, civil law, public law, private law, international law and law. The Law School of Heidelberg University has majors in law, foreign and international private law and economic law, legal history, social economic law, criminal law, finance and taxation, and German and European management laws. The major of economic law in the law department is famous all over the country.
German university professional ranking: German university law professional ranking.
1. University of Heidelberg
2. Hamburg Bucerius Law School (Hamburg Law School)
3. University of Bonn
4. LMU Munich (University of Munich)
5. University of Freiburg
6. University of Mü nster
7. Hublin (Humboldt University of Berlin)
8. Pasho University
9. University of Cologne
10. University of Tü bingen
The following is the ranking of German law schools by major.
Civil law (Zivilrecht)
1 Munster
2 Tubingen
3 pasho
4 Munich
5 cologne
6 Heidelberg
Regensburg No.7
Bayreuther No.8
9 augsburg
Frejborg 10
commercial law
1 Munster
2 Tubingen
3 cologne
4 Kiel
5 mu
American law
First, American law schools and American Bar Association, AALS and AALL Association.
Because the political system of the United States is a federal system and a country with a highly developed market economy, the main body of education in the United States is mainly the affairs of the governments or individuals of various States (counties and cities), and there is no university law school organized by the federal government in the United States. The weak control of the central government, coupled with private donations to university law schools, has led to differences in curriculum and teaching between law schools. In order to ensure that the minimum ethical standards and professional quality of legal professionals can be maintained, the federal and state governments mainly rely on unofficial trade associations-American Bar Association (ABA) and American Law School Association. AALS) and the American Association of Law Libraries (AALL). Aba was founded in 1878. The Association has a Standing Committee on Legal Education, which is responsible for issuing "licenses" to universities wishing to set up law schools and stipulating various hardware requirements of law schools. AALS was founded in 1900 and 197 1 year, and AALS is recognized as one of the two major legal institutions in China (the other is Aba Legal Education and Lawyer Qualification Department). The Journal of Legal Education published by AALS has a long-standing reputation. AALL manages the national law library industry, formulates various standards and norms, and conducts regular evaluation, inspection and acceptance. Of course, education in the United States has become an industry, and market regulation also has a great impact on the survival of an educational institution.
Second, American legal education is vocational education.
The professional feature of American legal education is the basis of other features and the most essential feature of American legal education. Specifically, legal education in the United States aims at training lawyers. The so-called vocational education refers to the concept that legal education should be separated from humanistic education; It is assumed that students have acquired the necessary humanistic knowledge before they begin to study law; Typical law students are just mature and ready to engage in legal profession; The task of law school is to provide all kinds of technical training for law students to analyze and solve problems in legal practice. Its purpose is to train them to "think like lawyers".
The occupation of legal education requires that law schools should focus on case teaching method, supplemented by various legal skills training methods. However, case teaching is too time-consuming. Therefore, the law school still maintains Socratic teaching method in the first year's curriculum, and adopts "program teaching", "seminar", "clinical procedure", "CALL" and "simulation method". Classroom teaching has not been completely replaced.
Third, American law education is post-undergraduate education.
The primary legal education in the United States, after undergraduate education, is usually regarded as graduate-level vocational education, which is different from other countries in the world. Judging from the entrance requirements of American law schools, students applying for law schools need to have obtained a bachelor's degree or a bachelor's degree from a college or university. To sum up, there are at least three reasons why the United States puts law education after undergraduate courses: first, law is a profound subject, and students must have considerable maturity to have a profound understanding of it; Second, lawyers are vital to national stability and social development, and legal education should have a high starting point; Third, putting legal education on a higher platform is conducive to the progress of the legal profession itself.
Four, several degrees in American legal education
1.J.D. (Dr. Julies), doctor of law. Historically, the degrees awarded by American law schools are mainly Bachelor of Laws (LL. B) degrees. From the 1960 s, referring to the tradition of medical schools, law schools began to replace LL. Have a doctorate in law. The reason lies in the establishment of post-undergraduate legal education system and three years of strict primary legal education, which is considered to have the level of graduate students. In short, the doctor of law degree is a junior law degree in the American legal system.
2. Master of Laws (LLM), LLM. The degree lasts for one year, that is to say, after getting the doctor of law, you can study for another year, and after passing the exam, you can get the master of law. However, there are very few students studying for master of law in the United States. There are two kinds of degrees: one is aimed at the academic direction of legal education or legal research; The other is to deepen the skills and professional knowledge of a specific subject, and the most common direction is tax law.
3. S.J.D. or J.S.D (doctor of law or doctor of judicial science), doctor of law. Engaged in pure legal theory research, the academic system is 2-20 years, and some even can't get a degree for life. Even fewer Americans continue to pursue this degree. For foreigners, getting this degree may be a golden opportunity. To get this degree, you only need to study at school for one year. You can leave school after a year, work hard to write a paper, and come back to defend after the paper is completed.
In addition, the law school also awarded foreign lawyers engaged in advanced research in the United States a master's degree in comparative law (M.C.L) and a doctor of law (LL. D) Degrees are awarded to citizens who think they have made outstanding contributions to society.
After graduation, most law school students in the United States are engaged in the practice of lawyers. If they want to practice in a certain state, they must pass the bar exam sponsored by that state. Then, after a certain character inspection, you can obtain a lawyer's license and represent the parties in the state court. The United States implements a strict judge selection system, and students have no chance to take up the post of judge immediately after graduation. However, some excellent graduates may have the opportunity to be the clerks of famous judges for one or two years. Some students want to be law professors in the future, and teachers will encourage them to work in relevant departments for several years, and then go back to school to teach or further their studies.