Common psychological barriers of college students are as follows:
(a) neurosis, also known as mental illness, is mainly caused by psychological factors. This is the most common functional disease for adolescent college students. Incomplete personality characteristics are the basis of this kind of disease. On this basis, if you encounter major psychological trauma, it will lead to neurosis. Among college students, the highest incidence rate is mainly anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and neurasthenia.
1. Anxiety is a common neurosis. When college students enter the new environment, all aspects should start to adapt and adjust again. If you expect too much from yourself and have too much pressure, everything will be painful over time, leading to persistent anxiety, anxiety, fear and panic, accompanied by obvious sports anxiety and various physical discomfort. Anxiety patients also have certain characteristics in personality. Most of them are timid, hesitant and have poor adaptability to new things and new environments. When they encounter certain mental stimulation, they are prone to anxiety. People suffering from anxiety often feel nervous with no obvious reason, no clear object, vacillation and wide range; I'm always on tenterhooks, but I can't say why. Patients pay too much attention to the things around them, and it is difficult to concentrate, which makes the efficiency of work and study decrease obviously. For anxiety disorder, on the one hand, drug therapy can be carried out, on the other hand, psychological training can be carried out, such as various self-relaxation training, qigong, biofeedback therapy and so on. , has a certain effect.
2. Depression is a common psychological obstacle among college students. Mainly manifested as sadness, despair, loneliness, inferiority, self-blame, etc. And regard everything outside as "gloomy". Some college students are not interested in boring professional studies, tired of rigid lifestyles, frustrated with their unsuccessful studies or social contacts, and fall into a state of depression and pessimism. Long-term depression can lead to mental retardation, insomnia, physical decline, etc., which is very harmful to individuals. The high proportion of college students suffering from depression is mainly due to: on the one hand, they have various strong needs for society and try to show their talents; On the other hand, they lack understanding of the complexity of society and the rationality and possibility of their own behavior. In addition, their outlook on life and values have not been established steadily, and their ability to withstand setbacks and psychological defense are immature and imperfect, so it is easy to show melancholy mood and state of mind.
Generally speaking, most patients with neurotic depression can find some mental factors before the onset. For example, unfortunate experiences in life, major setbacks and difficulties in study, and serious injuries to self-esteem in public places. The occurrence of this disease is also related to personality. People with strong self-esteem are easy to be disappointed after setbacks, while people with strong sense of inferiority are easy to be disappointed and feel inferior after setbacks. People who are not cheerful, sentimental, sensitive and dependent are also prone to depression under the influence of mental factors.
Depression can be overcome by the following methods:
First, learn to vent their sadness and pain in an appropriate way to reduce psychological pressure. Such as talking, keeping a diary, crying, etc. Can reduce the psychological load.
The second is to communicate with other students and try to look at the problems they face from another angle and broaden their horizons.
Third, consciously participate in some real activities, such as physical exercise, cultural and recreational activities, to free themselves from distress.
3. Obsessive-compulsive disorder refers to the existence of some irresistible and compulsive thoughts, emotions, intentions or behaviors. Obsessive-compulsive disorder patients know that a certain behavior or idea is unreasonable, but they can't get rid of it, so it is very painful. Most of these symptoms are induced by strong and lasting mental factors and emotional experiences, which are related to patients' past life experiences, mental trauma or childhood experiences.
Most college students suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder are related to their personality defects, such as lack of self-confidence, being too cautious when encountering things, rigid living habits, ruthlessness, constant fear of misfortune, poor activity ability and lack of initiative. The radical cure of obsessive-compulsive disorder is more difficult. Behavioral therapy has a certain effect on compulsive behavior. Explaining all kinds of knowledge in spiritual life to patients, enhancing patients' self-confidence, has a certain effect on relieving symptoms.
4. Neurasthenia Neurasthenia is also a common psychological obstacle among college students. It is characterized by easy excitement and rapid fatigue, often accompanied by various physical discomfort and sleep disorders. The reason of neurasthenia is that some long-standing mental factors cause excessive stress in brain functional activities and weaken the ability of mental activities. People with susceptible qualities and bad personality characteristics are more likely to suffer from neurasthenia.
The occurrence of college students' neurasthenia is mainly due to the lack of courage to face the reality and good adaptability, such as excessive study burden, unstable professional thinking, failure of individual self-regulation, too much thinking about society and life, indecision on family issues and love issues. All these have produced a strong ideological conflict in the patient's mind, which makes the process of nerve activity in a strong and lasting state of tension, which exceeds the endurance of the nervous system itself, thus causing collapse and disorder. For students with neurasthenia, reasonable arrangements for study and life, appropriate participation in recreational activities and physical exercise, and necessary psychotherapy can generally achieve good results.
(2) Personality disorder personality, in layman's terms, is a person's personality. In the university stage, the personality characteristics of college students have been basically formed under the influence of heredity and acquired factors. But some college students have bad personalities. On the one hand, these bad personality characteristics seriously affect their study, interpersonal relationship and social activities, resulting in various psychological problems; On the other hand, when college students are aware of these negative aspects and their consequences, but unable to change them, they will show negative defensive reactions and self-denial, which will have a serious impact on the smooth development of individuals.
Generally speaking, the so-called personality disorder refers to the uncoordinated development of personality system, which is mainly manifested as emotional and behavioral obstacles. Personality disorder college students can generally handle their daily life and study well, with normal intelligence and clear consciousness. However, due to their lack of self-knowledge of their own personality, they often have conflicts with people around them, but it is difficult to learn from their mistakes and correct them.
There are many types of personality disorders, three of which are more common among college students:
1. Paranoid personality disorder This personality disorder is characterized by subjectivity, stubbornness, sensitivity and suspicion, narrow-mindedness and strong revenge. On the one hand, he is arrogant and pretentious, always thinking that he is incompetent and has a high self-evaluation; On the other hand, when encountering setbacks and failures, we are too sensitive, blindly blame others, shirk objectivity, and easily have conflicts and disputes with others. This kind of personality disorder is more common in male college students.
2. emotional type's personality disorder is a kind of personality disorder, which accounts for a high proportion of college students. It can be manifested in three forms: depressive personality, manic personality and manic-depressive personality. Depressed personality is mostly characterized by depression, full of affection, low mood and few words. Everything will be viewed with a pessimistic eye, and it is impossible to experience a bright mood. Manic personality, on the other hand, is characterized by high mood, impatience and enthusiasm, with many ideas, but no end. He is cheerful, ambitious and overly optimistic all day, and often shows joy for no reason.
3. Schizophrenic personality disorder mainly refers to the inconsistency in emotion, will and behavior of such people. The main manifestations are introverted, withdrawn, strange in speech, unsociable, indifferent to others' evaluation of themselves, often addicted to thinking, and may also be addicted to studying some purely theoretical problems. They avoid competitive occasions, are indifferent to others, and are solitary. College students with this personality disorder can adapt to the lonely environment and even achieve excellent results in their studies; However, in crowded occasions and cooperative tasks, it is often difficult to adapt because it is completely incompatible with others, leading to extreme inadaptability.
(3) Adaptation disorder-confused, indifferent and suicidal college students, especially junior college students, have sensitive and unstable psychological characteristics. After entering the university, I will encounter a series of problems in my study, life and interpersonal relationship. How to adjust yourself quickly, make yourself adapt to the present reality as soon as possible, and take the initiative to accept the challenges of college life for several years is the most practical and urgent problem that every college student faces. Adaptation disorder refers to psychological disorder caused by maladjustment. Its main manifestations are loss, indifference and suicide.
The sense of loss mainly refers to an inner experience formed by the strong contrast between college students' feelings and evaluations before and after an event. When college students first enter school, they are often full of hope for life and feel that they will get everything they want when they enter college. However, with the development of real life, it is found that the true nature of life is not as full of romantic feelings as imagined. This kind of reality is unexpected for college students who are still one-sided in thinking and have a smooth life experience and are in the period of youth agitation. This can easily lead to psychological imbalance. They suddenly fell from the spire of hope to the bottom of loss. There may be rising confidence at first, but I always feel that my strength is very weak and that it is difficult to change myself and the environment. So I may simply give up all my efforts and often fall into depression and hesitation emotionally.
The indifference of college students is also a common phenomenon. It has many performances, as usual, "nothing interesting" and "nothing interesting". It seems that there is nothing worth working for in this world. Further analysis, this phenomenon is actually a lack of awareness of their own existence, do not know what they should do, do not know why they are alive. On the one hand, with the rapid increase of information in modern society, college students often feel small and powerless. Being in a metropolis, loneliness is aggravated, and individuals lose empathy with others, so they are indifferent; On the other hand, students who enter colleges and universities through fierce competition suddenly lose their goals and are at a loss. In addition, if you don't handle interpersonal relationships well and are not interested in your major, you will be disheartened and feel bored.
One of the main reasons for loss and indifference is the loss of goals. Before entering university, going to university has become the first dream of many middle school students. When their dreams come true and they calm down from ecstasy, if they don't set new goals in time, or their future goals are unattractive, they will feel that life is dull, boring and helpless. Re-emergence needs strong motivation, and people are often inert and easily depressed, maintaining their psychological balance with indifference to people and things. If this situation develops to an extreme, it is likely to induce suicidal thoughts and even actions.
Strictly speaking, suicide is not a mental illness, but a self-destructive behavior in a state of tension after frustration. There is no doubt that suicide is closely related to psychological stress. According to the survey, the suicide rate of college students is higher among their peers. In the college life environment, there are many factors that cause setbacks, such as academic failure (unsatisfactory grades, failure in exams, etc. ), lovelorn, academic competition pressure, tense interpersonal relationship, unsatisfactory major and unsatisfactory graduation distribution. In addition, due to serious illness or physical defects, they are not competent for learning, feel difficulties in their study and life, and are prone to frustration. These setbacks are the main factors that induce college students' suicidal behavior. Despair comes from frustration, and suicide has become a means to get rid of this emotion. However, these alone cannot fully explain the phenomenon of college students' suicide. There is also a problem of tolerance for setbacks. When a big setback falls on a person with low frustration tolerance, especially those who are depressed and withdrawn, the tragedy of suicide is more likely to happen. The relationship between frustration and suicide will be discussed in detail in the following chapters.
At the end of this section, it is worth mentioning that the diagnosis of psychological disorders, especially neurosis and personality disorders, is a highly professional work. The so-called standard for distinguishing normal from abnormal is relative, not absolute. Moreover, the distinction between normal and abnormal is also influenced by certain cultural environment. What seems abnormal in a certain range is surprising in another environment. Therefore, the diagnosis of mental illness is very difficult, and it is best not to blindly self-diagnose and draw conclusions. It is extremely harmful to cover yourself up when you see some symptoms written in the book. If you really find that you have an unsolvable problem, you should consult an expert or a doctor.