Tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid constitute tetanus diphtheria toxoid adsorption preparation. Although tetanus is rare, the mortality rate is high, and one third of cases are caused by minor injuries, so it is necessary to popularize vaccination.
Adults who have not been vaccinated with three doses of tetanus vaccine continuously in childhood should be vaccinated again, and then vaccinated with two and three doses one month and six months after the first vaccination, and then vaccinated once every 10 year to protect lifelong immunity.
Some health authorities also believe that long-term immunization can be obtained after the initial immunization, and it is recommended to strengthen immunization at the age of 50.
2. Hepatitis B vaccine:
Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended to be immunized three or four times in a row. If the antibody drop is very low, vaccination can put people at risk of contracting hepatitis B virus through blood or sexual activities, including medical personnel, corpse porters, patients receiving blood transfusion or hemodialysis regularly, intravenous drug users, homosexuals or sexual partners of hepatitis B virus carriers.
In addition, anyone who is not infected but accidentally exposed to the virus (such as a nurse with a contaminated needle wound) should also be injected.
3, influenza A virus vaccine:
Influenza A virus has antigen drift every year, so a new epidemic virus strain is needed for immunization every year. Since influenza outbreaks usually occur in early winter to mid-winter, vaccination should be carried out in autumn.
The high-risk groups of vaccination include people over 65 years old, patients in nursing institutions, people suffering from chronic cardiopulmonary diseases, metabolic disorders, renal failure, hemoglobin diseases, immunosuppression and HIV infection, medical staff and anyone who wants to avoid infection.
When influenza occurs in nursing environment, preventive drugs such as amantadine and its derivatives should be taken regardless of vaccination.
4. Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine is a multivalent vaccine;
Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine is a multivalent vaccine containing 23 virulent antigens of 83 pneumococcal subtypes. The effective rate of preventing adult bacteremia is 56%-8 1%, but the effective rate of preventing adult bacteremia is low.
People who are prone to pneumococcal disease and its complications should be vaccinated. If there is a risk of influenza complications, and patients with spleen deficiency, alcoholism, malignant tumor of blood system, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, etc., they can be vaccinated at the same time with influenza A virus vaccine, but lifelong immunization should be carried out in different parts, such as the lateral deltoid muscle, but high-risk patients should consider strengthening/kloc-0 once every 6 years.
5, chicken pox vaccine:
Chickenpox vaccine is an attenuated live vaccine, which is suitable for uninfected teenagers, especially medical staff with close contact history and immunocompromised people.
After inoculation, 97% anti-varicella antibody was positive, and 70% had no clinical symptoms after exposure. Immunoglobulin, including varicella-zoster immunoglobulin, should not be used 5 months before inoculation and 2 months after inoculation.
The vaccine can be inoculated simultaneously with measles and mumps-rubella vaccine. Because of the risk of Reye's syndrome, recipients should avoid using salicylate for 6 weeks.