Fan's Reading Notes for College Students
A thousand readers means a thousand hamlets. This speech is about the things that trigger my sensitivity. Happy or angry, I just want you to smile.
A long time ago, a group of people with slightly bent hair were looking for food in the jungle. They couldn't see the sun. On the way, I met several monkeys, who were swinging their long arms and jumping among the intertwined trees. The monkey's eyes are full of strange colors, perhaps because he wants to know why similar creatures walk upright on the ground. The pedestrians on this ground, in the gap of collecting wild fruits, occasionally glance at the monkeys hanging on the vines, which is full of disdain and contempt.
When the storm came, a group of people in the cave gathered together in fear and looked at the sky in fear. At this time, terrible thunder and lightning sounded in the air to paint. The blazing fire dispelled the chill caused by some heavy rains, and several wild animal bones in the fire had already been baked black.
At this time, the jungle was not calm, and the monkeys who had just enjoyed themselves suddenly panicked. The heavy rain poured down, giving the monkeys a modest lesson. The old monkey guided the little monkey to prance among the vines. Whether you choose a man who walks upright or a monkey who lives in a tree, all creatures are afraid of the violence of nature.
After the rainstorm, people are as contemptuous as ever, and monkeys are as puzzled as ever.
For many years, those monkeys and those people seem to have disappeared, as if they had disappeared in the long river of history. The aggregation effect of human beings is inevitable, which will lead to complex social relations. City people joke that country people are backward and conservative, but country people are also lamenting that city people can't tell the difference between hulled oats. The world in the besieged city is changing with each passing day, and people's lives are also changing rapidly in the direction they expect. In the countryside outside the fence, people here have the traditional concept of "being born in Sri Lanka, growing up in Sri Lanka and dying in Sri Lanka". Even under the pressure of population, most young people who leave follow the trend and yearn for city life. In this way, urban people are becoming more and more urban and rural people are becoming more and more rural.
Darwin's theory of evolution tells us that the same organism will gradually produce reproductive isolation because of geographical isolation. A wall separates people who are born of the same root and belong to the big river basin far away, not distance, but thought. Then, it is understandable that the concept of city people and country people is drifting away.
Local culture is the most basic starting point. China has been a big grain country since ancient times, and there are always some people who have cultivated the land for generations. And there are always some such people who have lived and worked in this land for generations. No matter how the times develop, this place will not be lost. City people are the fruits of scattered leaves of country people. This sentence may be bad, but it hits the nail on the head.
Some people say that they have seen China people reclaiming land on grasslands suitable for grazing. I don't think that China is from the city. This judgment is not contempt, but reflects that ideas determine people's behavior patterns. Rural people live in the countryside and have a long-term stability. The life closest to nature gives them the most life-saving lifestyle. Wise things often work long and slowly. This is beyond the understanding of urban residents with thinking framework, so it is called "soil". "Earth" is the most precious quality of those real country people, just like what city people call "dignity".
In rural society, the most useless thing is words. The problems faced by ancestors will hardly change, and a few thick personal letters are certainly not as good as words and deeds. Houses in rural areas are all tile houses, and there are few standing layered structures. You can use voice contact in front of the house and behind it. This is not a bird's nest house with a closed space in the besieged city. Sound waves will not collide and reflect everywhere, so don't worry about causing * * * vibration and collapse.
I have also seen the saying that rural areas do not need innovation. I won't say anything about it. Traditional Weddings, Funerals and the West
Which foreign wedding church is better? Sit in a cafe and sip a cup of coffee, or lie on an old cane chair and enjoy a pot of old tea in the sunset? Existence is reasonable. Innovation is to reject the old. When mechanized operations are all over the farmland, is there nothing to do with the distant customs that have passed through the Millennium? The countryside is stubborn and does not accept innovation.
What city people lack most now is a sense of belonging. This may be a bit idealistic. In fact, where a person lives for a long time will naturally produce attachment and praise. Urban buildings with geometric features may have warm light in the eyes of urban people. But sometimes it is not as good as those thin dead branches in the country.
To put it bluntly, city people don't understand the soil of country people, and country people don't understand the drunkenness of city people.
China was born from the mainland, so no matter how it evolves, there will always be some local colors. This is a compliment. How terrible a product without history and past is. The characteristic of local China is its differential order pattern. The relationship between people has completely changed, like a stone thrown into the water, causing layers of water waves. Stone is you, water wave is your interpersonal relationship. This kind of thing will naturally be understood after living in China for a long time, and it cannot be described in words.
The city will eventually return to the countryside. It's just that at present, the development models of cities and villages are very different, cities are becoming more and more unfamiliar, and villages are not completely pure. No matter you are a city dweller or a country dweller, you should face up to your identity. Never say things you don't know easily. Just like the uncertainty principle, no one in the world can see the truth clearly.
At the end of the article, you may say that this is not a standard reading note. But I think I'm talking about my real feelings after reading Native China. There is no standard in the world, and a set of logical products was born out of fear of exploration and rut.
Opening books is beneficial. As long as you study, you will gain something.
Reading Notes for College Students: Fan
By chance, I saw someone commenting on Mr. Fei Xiaotong's "Native China" on the Internet: "Although this book is an introductory reading of sociology, it is supported by profound theoretical literacy; Easy-to-understand language, coupled with a strong local flavor, has no unforgettable and incomprehensible theoretical terms. After reading it, there is indeed a feeling of being suddenly enlightened. " It is this high evaluation that has aroused my interest in native China. Sure enough, I felt a lot after reading it.
It includes local color, writing about the countryside, writing about the countryside again, poor order pattern, maintaining private morality, family, the difference between men and women, the order of courtesy and righteousness, no litigation, inaction politics, the rule of the elderly, the separation of geography and blood, famous teachers, from desire to need, etc., which vividly describes the basic situation of rural areas in China.
The first sentence in the opening of Native China says, "From the perspective of grassroots, China society is native." As Mr. Fei Lao said, the grass-roots society in China does have a strong local flavor. The "local flavor" here is not the ignorance of "there are not many words, and I don't know whether to turn left or right when I hear the car horn", and practice has proved that the learning ability of rural people is not worse than that of urban people, but the demand for knowledge and urban life rules is not as strong as that of urban people. As we all know, the traditional China society is based on the self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy, and the closed and conservative nature of the traditional China society restricts the thinking mode and ideological and cultural development of China people, especially the grassroots people. In addition, rural society is a society with very slow social change, and people have become accustomed to the stable life of rural society, so that they cannot adapt to other rapidly changing societies. This is the reason why "rural society" is "rural".
Fei Lao believes that "if the grassroots of China society has changed, only after the change can the words go to the countryside." Language and writing are tools to express feelings, but they are not. In rural society, people have their own language and communication methods, and sometimes words are unnecessary. Expressions, movements and sounds are all unique ways of communication. Unless the nature of rural society changes, the process of writing to the countryside will be quite slow.
As far as social structure is concerned, rural China simply divides the society into "group mode" of western society and "differential pattern" of traditional society in China. Group structure refers to the connection between individuals relying on a * * * same shelf, which first existed but was related to each other; The difference model is a interpersonal network. Fei Lao also made an interesting metaphor. He is self-centered and throws himself into the water like a stone. His social relationship with others is not like a molecule in a group, but like a ripple of water, pushing outwards in circles, pushing farther and farther, pushing thinner and thinner. The so-called ethics is the one who has social relations with himself. Contemporary China society is not a "differential pattern" in rural China. When people do things, they always look for relationships first. It is the nature of this social relationship that leads to many "back door" phenomena and many official corruption phenomena. This metaphor is simple and profound, which makes me feel deeply when I look at people's selfishness
The rule of virtue emphasized in contemporary society still comes from the order of rule of courtesy in rural society. "Maintaining private morality" needs to be observed through the internal restraint of individuals, so many rules that should be observed become "courtesy", and "courtesy is recognized as an appropriate code of conduct." Contemporary society should be a society ruled by law, but "rule by courtesy" still exists. In rural areas, when encountering contradictions, some elders or people will be invited to judge. If mediation really does not work, they choose to resort to legal means. Over time, a "lawsuit-free" society has been formed.
In the unchangeable rural society, the conservative and closed characteristics have formed the phenomenon of "inaction politics" and "elder rule". Even in the contemporary democratic society, people still don't pay attention to their own power, treat election activities in a perfunctory way and don't care about political events. Only when their own interests are threatened will they seek political or legal asylum. In rural society, the life experience of the elders is the richest, so the elders are sexual, and the younger generation can only do what they say.
Although the social changes in rural society are slow, rural society is not static after all. When the old social system does not conform to the actual situation and cannot solve practical problems, there will be a situation of "separation of name and reality" "Name" is a rule set by our ancestors and cannot be easily changed, so people have to adopt this name and their own "reality" in actual operation. This may also reflect the characteristics of traditional China people's protection and closure.
Writing here, I can't help but sigh Mr. Fei Xiaotong's tireless exploration spirit. Although Native China was written 65 years ago, the theory studied in this book is still enduring, and the essence of traditional grass-roots society in China is so thoroughly understood. I will read this book several times to deepen my understanding of the local society.
Reading Notes for College Students: Fan Wensan
In the preface, Mr. Fei Xiaotong directly said that the purpose of writing "Native China" is to introduce "what kind of society the native society is as the grass-roots society in China". He introduced the characteristics of people's life, knowledge, human feelings, manners and customs, morality and so on from reality, so that readers can understand the inner world of the native people from reality.
In the first chapter, Fei Lao put forward the "rural nature" of rural people. Rural people can't live without land. It is normal for people who live on agriculture to settle down from generation to generation, but it is abnormal to migrate. This is what the Analects of Confucius said. Moreover, the life in rural society is full of local characteristics, which is absolutely invisible in the city. This is a "rustic" feature and a custom.
Next, Fei Lao talked about writing to the countryside. He said that writing is just a tool to convey feelings, paying attention to grammar and art, but in a face-to-face rural society, it is unnecessary because there is a barrier between space and time. In rural society, they have their own jargon, which has the effect of "words are better than words". Illiteracy in rural society is not due to the "stupidity" of rural people, but the essence of rural society. And country people don't need words.
Fei Lao also talked about the pattern of difference order. In the contrast between China and the West, the pattern of the West is a group, tied together like a bundle of matches, while China is a family. It's like throwing a stone into the water and making a ripple. It is flexible and has the characteristics of "warm and cold human feelings, climbing relationships and stressing friendship", while the pattern in the West is a power issue. The author says that the subjects in the network composed of people are integrated.
The author also talked about the contents of family, non-litigation, inaction politics and elder rule. I think these are all caused by our traditional culture. What we are pursuing is Confucian culture, and what we are talking about is "harmony and courtesy", which is the normal state of secular human feelings.
Finally, the author also talked about the separation of blood and geography, desire and need, name and reality. Blood relationship is the foundation of identity society, and geography is the foundation of contract society. The distance between name and reality increases with the speed of social change, but the speed of change in rural society is very slow.
This book is easy for readers to understand through comparative narration, and it also gives many examples, which is very close to people's lives and easy to accept.
Reading Notes for College Students: Fan
Where does the origin or bud of war begin? Will the word war disappear from our dictionary? After reading On War, I only got some answers, some of which may never be known.
War is the result of the infinite expansion of the struggle between the enemy and ourselves. On the battlefield, I fought the enemy. In order to survive, I will try my best to defeat the enemy. My combat skills and weapon status may determine my life and death. Countless soldiers like me fight against the enemy, which is the weapon status of a country and a nation. The overall quality, formation and tactics of soldiers determine the victory or defeat of a war. Therefore, when the western powers have absolute advantages over the big blades of wooden boats in the Qing Dynasty, they will naturally win the war.
So where did the war begin? There were few people in ancient times, so there could be no war. There are only two savages fighting or dueling for a female savage, just like animals mating, but actually for the continuation of survival. With the growth of population, wars have taken place between tribes, between races and between countries. In the final analysis, it is for a purpose, a better purpose of development and survival. For example, Japan's expansion is to adapt to the increase in population. All wars cannot escape such a purpose. From primitive conquest to modern politics. All for profit. If there is no interest, no one wants to fight. A war is mutually destructive, and there is never a winner. The so-called victory is nothing more than adding your own losses to the enemy. Therefore, war is a political means and a process of gaining benefits and bloodshed.
People exist in the world, and if they don't control their desires, there will always be struggles, ranging from class interests contradictions within the country to the survival of the country. War will be related to people's ideological realm. Humans have been asking for it, from nature, from countries that they have the ability to conquer (so there are colonies and slaves). God's ability to give people is limited, but people's desires are infinite.
Therefore, war originated from people's desires. With the progress of society and the change of state and political system, war has become a tool for rulers to gain greater benefits. How shameful it was for mankind to forcibly seize the development rights of other nations (colonial demands, concessions, tariffs and huge war reparations) under the banner of national rejuvenation from the Qin Dynasty to the Second World War! ! War has become a political means and a tool for other countries to intervene in other countries.
Whether the war can disappear depends on whether human society can truly unite, have no national boundaries and racial discrimination, make education really work, and realize that we are all earthlings. Only in this way can war really disappear from the dictionary.
From a political point of view, On War holds that politics dominates war, war is only a means, and politics is the purpose. This is correct. Recognizing this, we can grasp a war more effectively. We don't need to consider the aphorism that "forgetting the war is dangerous, and fighting is death". We can deeply understand the war by remembering the purpose of politics, which is probably the case in the US-Iraq war. The ultimate destination of mankind should still be a harmonious society. I hope everyone will recognize the essence of war.
China people love peace, and we don't want war, but if you think we are easy to bully and you have the ability to conquer, then come on, and we will accept the challenge. You measure the world with your values, and I will return your values to you. Those who openly commit crimes against me will be punished from a distance.
At the same time, don't forget one sentence: soldiers, national events, places of life and death, and ways of life and death must not be ignored.
Reading Notes for College Students: Fan
The purpose of war is to make the enemy obey our will. In order to achieve this goal, it is bound to make the enemy unable to resist. To make the enemy unable to resist, it is necessary to destroy the enemy's military strength. The military strength here should include the spiritual strength of the army and the enemy, that is, willpower. Because war is a struggle between people, it must be within the scope of feelings. Therefore, the spiritual power of war can not be ignored, especially in some life-and-death struggles. To make the enemy unable to resist, it is necessary to destroy the will of his country and people to resist, at least in theory, and its surface feature can be to sign a peace treaty and demand sexual intercourse. These characteristics at least show that the enemy has admitted defeat at present, and what will happen in the future is the future.
Conceptually speaking, making the enemy unable to resist will make the struggle extreme, but in fact it must be corrected. Because people have feelings and will not gain strength for pure logic. War is full of contingency, which is also because spiritual strength, that is, willpower, has played a great role in the war.
People can't cover everything in the war, especially in the fierce war. Any negligence will lead to the change of the war process (relative to the pre-war prediction). This is also a chance.
Never forget that war is a continuation of politics in another way. Therefore, political goals always exist at the beginning and end of the war. Perhaps the progress of the war process has an impact on the original political purpose, or even greater. But we usually think that this kind of influence will not fundamentally affect the original political purpose or the limit of influence is extremely limited. What needs to be explained is that in the case that the hostile feelings and intentions of both sides are not strong or the forces are symmetrical, political goals will often play a great role and even affect the progress of the war. Even under general conditions, political purposes will greatly affect the course of the war, or strictly control its scale, or expand it without restraint (even if there is no real hostile intention and purpose). Usually, its scale is strictly controlled.
War is the continuation of politics, and politics is the inherent attribute of war. Politics is often much smarter than war. The war itself is often full of contingency and violence. Among them, human feelings are the key factor.
In reality, to destroy the enemy's army and willpower, we often have to consider our own consumption, whether it will be destroyed by the enemy, and the range where the enemy's defense is stronger than the attack, so that the war will not develop to extremes. To sum up, due to their own concerns and objective conditions, the war process may be full of uncertainty. This uncertainty seems to make our previous analysis meaningless. Facts also show that many times, the real war (that is, the real tearing of both sides) did not happen. It should be considered that military action in a war should include two aspects: first, all preparations for a real war, including military mobilization, material transportation and the adjustment and assembly of troops. The second is the real war, the real tearing. We can know that when the strength of the two sides is very different, when one side realizes that the military strength of the other side far exceeds its own strength, it will automatically give up resistance. This is the so-called "enemy without fighting". In fact, the war process has already begun.
This uncertainty is not contradictory to the purpose of the war, even if the enemy is unable to resist. Because when one side is not prepared or determined not to take decisive action against the enemy, and the other side has the positive purpose of destroying the opponent at any time, this side is bound to be at a disadvantage in the war, because he has made a negative determination not to take decisive action without judging that the other side will not take decisive action in the war, so he is bound to be in a panic and cannot concentrate his strength to the limit. Such a result is doomed to be tragic.
Therefore, the purpose of making the enemy unable to resist, destroying the enemy's military strength and crushing the enemy's willpower is not the goal to be achieved in every war, but it has existed in all military actions since the beginning of the war and can only be alleviated or contained for political purposes or other reasons.