Shanjeri 2009-2-7 0: 49: 07 71.198.25438+09. * Don't be afraid to say it. Practice more and speak more. Speak slowly. . .
Have enough confidence in yourself.
716701,2009-8-31,17: 39: 30, 58.20.169. * Report the phenomenon of repeated pronunciation or word-breaking. Is a habitual language defect. It is called stuttering.
Stuttering is definitely more than stuttering!
Stuttering, in English, is a very complicated language barrier, involving heredity, neurophysiological development, psychological stress, language behavior and many other aspects.
Stuttering is not just a stuttering phenomenon when you speak. In fact, it contains three closely related levels:
1. The core behavior of stuttering: also known as the core characteristics of stuttering.
It refers to your stuttering and abnormal language expression. In other words, you should have a smooth and rhythmic language expression process, which is interrupted by too many uncontrollable voices repeating, delaying and getting stuck.
2. Accessory behavior of stuttering: also known as secondary behavior of stuttering, or secondary symptoms of stuttering.
It refers to all kinds of abnormal actions and behaviors that you show in order to escape and get rid of stuttering. For example, blinking, stamping, clearing throat, facial and head twitching, biting fingers … and deliberately not talking, or avoiding some situations that make you feel stressed and stuttering.
3. Emotional reaction: The most mysterious and huge part of stuttering includes emotional and cognitive aspects.
It includes not only the negative feelings and emotions such as fear, anxiety, pressure, shame, guilt and frustration caused by stuttering, but also your views and cognition of stuttering, yourself, the whole life and the world.
When you understand the three dimensions of stuttering, we can clearly outline the real structure of eating for export through the following schematic diagram:
Schematic diagram of stuttering structure
This schematic diagram of stuttering structure contains the following three basic and most important meanings:
1. Stuttering is not a simple language problem, nor a simple psychological problem, it is a complex polyhedron!
It is a very complicated language barrier, which consists of "stuttering core behavior", "stuttering additional behavior" and "stuttering psychology". These three levels are closely intertwined and become a whole and inseparable.
3. Stuttering is not static, but a dynamic vicious circle!
The core behavior of stuttering, the additional behavior of stuttering and the stuttering psychology constitute a dynamic vicious circle.
The speech act of stuttering leads to stuttering psychology;
Stuttering psychology brings anxiety, tension and pressure, which will not only make you stutter more; It will also lead to additional behavior;
The additional behavior of stuttering is originally the behavior that stutterers escape and get rid of stuttering because of fear and shame. However, it makes the stutterer's language behavior more "abnormal" and eventually becomes a part of this "abnormal language behavior", which, together with the core behavior of stuttering, in turn further aggravates the deterioration of stuttering psychology.
Self-psychological adjustment of stuttering correction
A person's mood is closely related to his behavior. In a good mood, I can feel it when I walk.
Relaxed, light and full of energy; In a bad mood, I walked dejected and listless. stutter
So is the patient. When they are in a good mood, they will not stutter or stutter symptoms will be alleviated. Speak when you are in a bad mood
Eating is a very serious phenomenon. How to keep yourself in a good mood often, can you correct or relieve stuttering?
Good eating symptoms. People don't live in a vacuum, and they often encounter all kinds of troubles, setbacks and confusions.
These troubles, setbacks and confusions often make people feel bad and depressed. People who stutter face trouble,
When encountering frustration and confusion, you can use psychological defense, which will undoubtedly alleviate or eliminate stuttering symptoms.
How to carry out psychological defense? We put forward the following points for your reference:
1. Overcome inferiority with rationalization.
People who stutter feel inferior because they take stuttering too seriously. They use
Looking at stuttering defects with a magnifying glass exaggerates the seriousness of stuttering. In the mind of stutterers, people seem to
Look down on them like thieves, so they are also very sensitive to stuttering; I'm afraid people will know I'm talking.
Eat patients, so as to do everything possible not to let people know that they are stuttering. Some stutterers and their wives *
After living together for several years, my wife didn't even know that her husband stuttered. Some stutterers are interested in stuttering.
"These two words are very sensitive. When you see the word "stutter", you will turn red with fear, so close it quickly.
Eyes, leave the scene.
Many stutterers can't say what they want to say when they see others talking fluently.
I feel very uncomfortable. Very few stutterers will have the idea that life is worse than death, and sometimes they will want to "return"
This is a death count. "
Some stutterers think that interpersonal communication is very important in modern society, and the main means of interpersonal communication is language.
Words communicate with people, but I stutter and can't communicate with people. So, think pessimistically that your life is over.
Nothing can be done. Sighing all day, listless. In fact, the inferiority complex of stutterers is not.
A well-founded person's evaluation of a person mainly depends on his character, his moral character and his behavior.
Will not be looked down upon because of stuttering. Of course, there will be some people in society who stutter.
Sometimes they laugh at him, but most of these people just think that the patient looks strange when stuttering, and they just smile.
Counting, only a few people are really up to no good. When you stutter and others make fun of you, you act.
You laugh and I laugh, and everyone laughs it off, so you won't feel embarrassed. Mencius said, "Heaven has sent down great responsibilities."
If you are a person, you must first suffer your heart, your bones and muscles, your body and abdomen are hungry, and you are empty ... "I have a stutter.
God's gift to me is a big job. You haven't had a chance yet!
Many stutterers have achieved great success in their careers. The stutterers we treated.
They are college students, graduate students, professors, factory directors, managers and others.
Some are section chiefs, some are directors, and some are PLA officers. In ancient and modern times, many stutterers have become
A world-famous celebrity. For example, Han Yu, a famous scholar in ancient China, Churchill, British Prime Minister, and a famous contemporary writer.
Sand, etc. None of them affected their performance in one aspect because of stuttering. Stuttering does
People's speech has brought a lot of inconvenience, which has a certain impact on people's career, but it is not decisive.
Factors. The decisive factor that determines a person's success is his comprehensive quality. These comprehensive qualities are mainly politics.
Ideological quality, scientific and cultural quality, labor skill quality, physical quality and psychological quality, in addition,
There are opportunities. The effect of stuttering is only a small part of it. Therefore, stutterers should never take stuttering seriously.
Too much attention can easily lead to inferiority complex, and stuttering will be more serious.
Many people who stutter think they are inferior to others and feel that they can't lift their heads. Our stuttering is just
This is just a bad habit of speaking. It is really unreasonable for people to be funny when they see some so-called shortcomings.
Affectionate people are people with low taste. He laughs at others, which only shows his low character and lack of literacy.
This phenomenon is not worth worrying about and being depressed. Besides, stuttering happens to everyone, even on radio and TV.
The host sometimes stutters. Don't take accidental stuttering to heart, that is, no.
Care about it. If you don't care about it, it will gradually disappear. On the contrary, if you care, you will stutter more and more.
Seriously. In this sense, the stuttering hat is put on by yourself.
2. See your success with psychological compensation, and then overcome stuttering.
We should firmly believe this truth-"I was born to use it." The world is rich and colorful, and the talents needed are also rich and colorful.
All kinds, everyone should have a place to play their talents in this world. Everyone has it.
Have potential ability. Everyone has his strengths and weaknesses, so we should foster strengths and avoid weaknesses. There are many mouths
Eating patients, on the one hand, has been initially successful, or there are signs of success, which is his own.
People unconsciously use the result of psychological compensation. If some stutterers find it difficult to talk at ordinary times, they will
Choose occupations that use less languages, such as accounting and computer industry. They study hard in this field.
After a few years, if they have achieved something in this field, they will look down on stuttering and never have it again.
Care so much. Don't worry about stuttering, it will get better gradually. There are also stutterers who are interested in themselves.
Some people take stuttering too seriously, which will only cover up their success or bury their specialties. You know, one
Truth: Nothing is difficult in the world. No matter how difficult it is, you can make it easy as long as you make up your mind to overcome it.
Things. It is not difficult to correct stuttering. As long as you make up your mind, you can certainly overcome it. If the stutterer believes this,
Point, we will succeed in the process of correcting stuttering, and the free kingdom of language also belongs to stutterers.
There is a junior high school student who has a good grade in primary school. Because of stuttering, the school teacher will be promoted.
The number of junior high school places was given to others, which greatly stimulated him. Since then, he has made up his mind to put
Correct stuttering and try not to hinder his future because of stuttering in the future. Therefore, he sought treatment.
During the correction period, he worked hard, and after a few days, the stuttering symptoms disappeared. I used to treat stuttering.
The patient not only corrected the stuttering, but also further developed his language ability and improved himself.
Eloquence, become an excellent insurance agent of insurance company.
[Edit this paragraph] Reason
(1) physiological reasons. Some people think that stuttering is related to heredity or some kind of brain dysfunction.
(2) Psychological reasons. Such as mental stress, anxiety and stress. Mental factors are the main cause of stuttering.
(3) The overall language nerve function is impaired. That is, there is something wrong with the nervous system closely related to pronunciation, language understanding and even reading and writing.
(4) physiological diseases. For example, children with brain infections, head injuries and infectious diseases such as whooping cough, measles, flu and scarlet fever are also prone to stuttering.
(5) Imitation and suggestion.
[Edit this paragraph] Correction and prevention
(1) Relieve the nervousness when speaking, and pay attention to eliminating the bad stimulation.
(2) Strengthen speech training.
(3) Don't think before you speak, don't give yourself psychological hints, and slow down your speech appropriately to make your expression natural.
[Edit this paragraph] Self-treatment
People have a better understanding of the causes and symptoms of stuttering. However, people do not have a unified understanding of the correction methods of stuttering, because so far, people have not found an effective method to correct stuttering.
Although the correction of stuttering is still in the exploratory stage, many effective correction methods have been born, the most influential of which are pronunciation, breathing, Morita therapy, breakthrough and drug therapy.
Pronunciation:
It is to pronounce words gently at the beginning of each sentence to change the characteristics that the first word of stutterers is often urgent and heavy. The speed of speaking should be reduced to a very slow level, starting from 60- 100 words a minute, while people generally speak at a speed of 200 words a minute. This has two functions, one is to make people feel calm and the other is to have a sense of rhythm. These two points can effectively reduce stuttering. The stutterer will not stutter when reciting and singing, because there is a steady sense of rhythm in it.
Breathing method:
Advocate abdominal breathing. Because deep breathing can make muscles get proper movement and coordination, relax and relieve the tension of muscles in various parts of the body and face, and gradually eliminate the accompanying movement. Deep breathing can affect people's mood, and can relieve or even calm the excited mood.
Breakthrough method:
Stuttering patients organize together or go to crowded places alone to talk and sing, and gradually overcome their fear of speaking.
Morita therapy:
Morita therapy is a method to treat mental disorders, and its core idea is "let nature take its course and do whatever you want". Give up treating stuttering, accept stuttering and do what you should do. This kind of thinking is similar to healing without treatment. This method can effectively relieve the psychological pressure of stuttering patients.
Drug therapy:
Taking a certain amount of sedatives to relieve tension every day or before speaking can achieve a certain degree of predictive fluency. Now this method is more popular in western countries. There are some influential drugs such as Xanax, Celexa, prozac, Paxil and zyprexa. Note: medication must be used under the supervision of a doctor. Long-term use may cause harm to the body.
Silent therapy:
It is expressed in English: silent therapy. When you are nervous or have the expectation of stuttering, say less or not. Stuttering is a conditioned reflex. Stuttering for years will strengthen your conditioned reflex. But in a tense environment, if you talk less or say nothing, the probability of stuttering will be reduced, and the conditioned reflex of stuttering will gradually fade away and eventually disappear. It should be emphasized that using this method does not require you to stop talking and talk less. On the contrary, you need to communicate with people often and listen more, and only talk less when you are occasionally nervous or expect to stutter.
There are many ways to correct stuttering. In addition to the treatment that is harmful to the body, stutterers can dare to try. Many stutterers have gained a new life in language through the above methods.
Blue wildcat 2010-1-23 20: 29: 5519.109. * Hello, I'll answer you. Stuttering requires comprehensive psychotherapy. Let me elaborate on it below.
Human psychology is a complex phenomenon. At present, people's research on psychology is not deep enough, but we can still divide people's psychology into three aspects: psychological state, psychological process and personality characteristics. Generally speaking, stutterers are mentally normal people who can get along with others normally and live a normal social life. However, the stutterer is a completely abnormal person, or a "mental patient" (we can also regard all patients with phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder as "mental patients" in some aspect).
When it comes to stuttering, the stutterer immediately falls into a state of fear and cannot control it at all; For stuttering, the psychological process of stutterers, that is, cognitive process, completely deviates from normal people; In order to overcome stuttering, stutterers gradually distort their personality. If the mental state, cognitive process and personality characteristics of normal people are close and coordinated with each other, then the mental state, cognitive process and personality characteristics of stutterers are separated and conflicting with each other. Every stuttering is a violent conflict between the three, and the result of the conflict is a greater separation between the three.
According to the pathological mechanism of stuttering phobia, we will adopt three methods to treat stuttering comprehensively: 1, psychoanalysis therapy 2, self-hypnosis therapy 3, and language ability training. In psychoanalytic therapy, we let patients know the source of fear through memory therapy, separate fear from stuttering and isolate fear; Through observation and practice, let patients understand the essence of stuttering; Through the study of German psychologist Adler's inferiority complex theory and American psychologist Honey, we can understand the process of personality distortion of stutterers. Through psychoanalytic therapy, we try to make them return to normal level, reduce their conflicts and make them coordinate with each other.
In self-hypnosis therapy, we hypnotize isolated fears. Hypnotherapy has a long history and magical functions. Modern science can't explain it reasonably, but it has been widely used in psychotherapy. Some people think that hypnosis is a normal, physiological and conscious state of change. It requires two basic conditions: relative concentration of attention and peripheral inhibition. Hypnosis has three main characteristics: (1) increased concentration on psychological process; (2) increase the relaxation of the body; (3) Increased sensitivity to hints. After self-hypnosis, the mood becomes comfortable, the mood is comfortable, and even the energy is extremely strong. Hypnosis calms people and can eliminate the fear of stutterers. Self-hypnosis therapy can not only treat stuttering phobia, but also treat other phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder and other psychological diseases. Language ability training is also very important. Language skills, like painting, singing and dancing, require special training to master them skillfully. Only by mastering these skills can our language ability be greatly improved.
The level of language ability is mainly manifested in: whether the pronunciation is accurate and clear, whether the language has rhythm and rhythm, how the facial expression is, whether the gesture language is coordinated, etc. People who stutter seem to have not received good language training when they are young, and they can't develop their language skills well because of stuttering in adulthood. Therefore, we must train our language expression ability seriously and assiduously. In addition, according to the pathological characteristics of stuttering phobia, maintaining a correct treatment attitude is also the key to successful treatment.
Kang 2010-1-23 21:1:05 60.220.120. * Eating is a very complicated speech disorder, but it can also be corrected. Through a series of training and stuttering correction instruments,
Psychological analysis of children's stuttering How does stuttering appliance treat stuttering?
Causes of stuttering
There are many reasons for stuttering, especially children who stutter.
copy
According to statistics, 70% of stuttering is caused by imitation.
Abnormal speech motor function
Because stuttering belongs to the category of speech dyskinesia, the research focus on stuttering is mostly on the motor function related to stuttering.
Bad advice
It was normal for a person to make occasional slips of the tongue when pronouncing. But patients often shirk their responsibilities, and all normal phenomena are linked with stuttering. In addition, people around them consciously or unconsciously remind them to make fun of and play tricks on their stuttering, which can easily lead to anxiety and distress, and always remind them that they are stutterers.
Auditory system abnormality \ Auditory system disorder.
A study by the American Stuttering Correction Center shows that normal people will stutter unconsciously if they delay auditory feedback slightly through headphones when talking or reading aloud.
A method for treating stuttering
Children's mild and moderate stuttering is self-healing, and severe stuttering needs to be corrected. It is generally believed that about 80% of children's stuttering can heal itself with age, but early intervention by parents or orthodontists is very important. How to treat stuttering? Here are several ways to treat and correct stuttering:
Speech feedback therapy
When stutterers follow others, they stutter less and speak naturally and fluently.
Speech fluency training
Speech fluency training aims at adjusting the way of speaking and preventing stuttering.
Psychotherapy, stuttering correction
Scholars at home and abroad have found that patients have a fear of stuttering and have no clear understanding of this speech disorder, which is manifested in avoiding verbal communication with the outside world, and in severe cases, being isolated from the outside world.
Other treatment methods
Respiratory training: The respiratory organs and pronunciation organs of patients are generally normal, but there are often respiratory disorders, improper breathing methods, or disharmony between breathing and pronunciation when speaking.
A method for treating stuttering
Children's mild and moderate stuttering is self-healing, and severe stuttering needs to be corrected. It is generally believed that about 80% of children's stuttering can heal itself with age, but early intervention by parents or orthodontists is very important. How to treat stuttering? Here are several ways to treat and correct stuttering:
First, speech feedback treatment stuttering correction stutterers stutter less when talking with others, and speak naturally and smoothly. Therefore, foreign countries began to study the principle of this aspect in the 1950s, and in the 1960s, a delayed auditory feedback instrument was introduced to simulate this effect. When a person's voice changes, it sounds like someone else is saying the same thing to himself, which helps patients follow others when talking alone, thus improving stuttering immediately. The most effective way to improve fluency is to change voice feedback, which uses "second voice signal", that is, the first voice signal generated by the speaker presents discrete voice signals at the same time, and contains voice actions similar to the first voice signal of the speaker. Different from the endogenous methods that lead to fluency, the external methods that change verbal feedback (ASF) have been proved to make stutterers have stable and natural fluency immediately, and basically do not need cognitive efforts, although sometimes the effect is not lasting. In the past, this kind of stuttering orthosis, which can change speech feedback, was bulky and could only be used in the laboratory, which had no practical effect on correcting stuttering. Until 2 1 century, with the development of science and technology, small stuttering devices similar to "hearing AIDS" appeared. Because it is directly put into the ear and microcomputer language processing technology is applied, the sensitivity and clarity of sound feedback are higher and the effect of correcting stuttering is better.
Second, speech fluency training stuttering correction Speech fluency training aims to adjust the way of speaking to prevent stuttering, or correct it when stuttering occurs, so that speech communication can continue. After mastering these pronunciation skills, patients can speak at a very slow speed, step by step, and finally transition to near normal speech speed. In addition, breaking long sentences, changing the way of speaking and follow-up training are also important contents of speech fluency training. Although speech fluency training can't eliminate the physiological factors leading to stuttering and completely solve the psychological problems, it is indeed a feasible and palliative adjuvant therapy.
Third, psychotherapy stuttering correction domestic and foreign scholars have found that patients have a fear of stuttering and have no clear understanding of this speech disorder, which is manifested in escaping verbal communication with the outside world and being isolated from the outside world in severe cases. The aggravation of psychological disorder aggravates stuttering symptoms, which in turn deepens psychological disorder. As a result of the vicious circle, stuttering is deeply rooted. To eliminate psychological barriers, stuttering must be allowed unconditionally. Show a "natural" attitude, allow stuttering and do whatever you want. The essence and core of stuttering psychotherapy should be to reduce or eliminate the fear of adverse consequences caused by stuttering.
Fourth, other treatment methods stuttering correction breathing training: the patient's respiratory organs and pronunciation organs are generally normal, but breathing disorders often occur when speaking, breathing methods are improper, or breathing and pronunciation are not coordinated. Breathing therapy that conforms to the rules of pronunciation, such as practicing breathing exercises, coordinating breathing and pronunciation training, combined with other treatment methods, can further improve stuttering. Biofeedback therapy: relaxation training through biofeedback, such as breathing and EMG feedback; It can reduce stuttering and improve fluency. Drug therapy: Haloperidol is considered to be an effective drug for stuttering, but it has great side effects. Clomipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant with strong 5- hydroxytryptamine recovery blocking effect) can significantly reduce the severity of stuttering. Some scholars have suggested that calcium channel blockers and cholinergic blockers can be tried to treat stuttering.