Data show that in 2020, the number of fresh graduates in China is expected to reach 8.74 million, an increase of 400,000 over last year. In 2020, the total number of people who need employment is expected to reach more than 9.5 million, and more unemployed people will flood into the job market to find jobs. In 2020, the employment pressure will further expand and the recession of the job market will further intensify. The phenomenon of unemployment among college students after graduation is increasing year by year.
The phenomenon of college students' unemployment after graduation is mainly structural unemployment. When a large number of available job opportunities coexist with a large number of unemployment, and the unemployed lack the necessary qualifications, structural unemployment appears. The structural unemployment of college students refers to the change of market demand factors such as China's economic structure, regional economic structure adjustment, and the requirement of "experience acquisition" in the workplace. The mismatch of knowledge structure, professional quality, workplace experience, employment concept, information possession, distribution of colleges and universities, and distribution of professional quantity required by college students to adapt to this change leads to the coexistence of job vacancies and unemployment.
At present, the unemployment of college students is a new structural unemployment. The most obvious feature of this unemployment phenomenon is the loss of position of college students, which makes some college students unable to find their suitable jobs, while others cannot find the college students they need, resulting in job vacancies and unemployment. College students' unemployment brings great pressure to college students and their families, which causes physical and mental harm; There are also many unstable factors in society. As Zeng Xiangquan, Dean of the School of Labor and Personnel of China Renmin University, said: The contradiction between employment willingness and reality is very prominent, the problems existing in students' examination-oriented education since childhood, and the speed and ability of higher education to cope with the labor market. , leading to the difficult employment situation for college students. Reasons for college students' unemployment after graduation (1) Unreasonable majors and courses in colleges and universities.
In recent years, the information of talent demand all over the country clearly shows that the most needed talents in China are a large number of skilled workers such as middle and senior technicians, and the educational level is mostly concentrated at the junior college level. The reality is that all colleges and universities in China are eager to become universities, and all universities are eager to become first-class comprehensive universities, requiring all students to become comprehensive talents as soon as they enter the school gate. In addition, the reform of education system can't keep up with the development of higher education, and the market-oriented school-running mechanism has not yet been established, which leads to similar phenomena of specialty setting. A few years ago, the supply of some majors exceeded the demand, and they also blindly expanded their enrollment, which further aggravated the unemployment of college students.
At present, the majors and courses in some colleges and universities are out of touch with the social needs, and there is no market-oriented planning, which leads to the blindness and serious convergence of majors, resulting in oversupply; In many schools, the division of majors is too fine, and the knowledge of graduates is narrow. In addition, in solving the employment problem of college students, there is a situation of "grabbing" at all levels, and there is no difference in majors, so there is a "crowding out effect", which is also a kind of structural unemployment.
(2) their own quality is backward. The quality of college graduates is one of the key points that employers consider when recruiting students, but the quality structure of college graduates lags behind the market demand at present. Its main performance is:
1. The basic professional knowledge is not solid. It is the most important thing for students to master solid basic knowledge and professional knowledge and learn this course well. From the opening of various professional courses to the training objectives of various majors, it revolves around the growth and success of students. Through the study of professional courses, students' innovative spirit and practical ability can be cultivated, which is also an important foundation for students to form professional skills and the cornerstone for future development. 2. The specialty setting is too detailed, which leads to the narrow knowledge of graduates; 3. The quality of teaching is declining, and the quality of students is not high. According to the follow-up survey of some colleges and universities, only about 70% of college graduates can adapt to work, and a considerable number of graduates can't adapt to work.
(3) Employment expectations are generally high. Employment expectations are too high. College students blindly pursue departments and units with high wages, good welfare and easy and stable work, and are unwilling to apply for jobs with difficult conditions and great challenges, so they give up jobs with low employment awareness. Expectations are too high and career choices are too picky. This shows that the deviation between college students' subjective desire for employment and objective reality is employment-oriented deviation unemployment.
Regional and urban-rural differences. In some big cities in China, such as Beijing and Shanghai, there is a phenomenon of high consumption of talents, resulting in a waste of human resources. However, in some small and medium-sized cities and counties, especially in the western region, there is a serious shortage of talents, especially higher education talents. On the one hand, the economic and social development of these places is relatively backward, and talents are urgently needed to promote development and change the status quo; On the other hand, talents are reluctant to go to these places. This talent flow has caused a serious shortage of talents in underdeveloped areas, while there is a surplus of talents in economically developed areas. This polarization of college students' employment choice has aggravated the deviation between the regional distribution of high-quality labor and the urban-rural distribution, and further widened the gap between regional and urban-rural economic development.
According to the statistics of relevant departments, the eastern region of China has absorbed more than 50% of college graduates, while the western region has only absorbed less than 20% of college graduates, resulting in a relative surplus of human resources in developed regions and intensifying the already fierce employment competition. In fact, since the reform and opening up, China's labor market has gradually developed. However, due to the defects of relevant employment policies and regulations, such as the selection of college graduates across provinces, cities, departments and regions, especially in large and medium-sized cities, there are still restrictions on access and household registration indicators, which leads to very high job transfer costs (including job acceptance costs of the original unit, turnover costs and transaction costs).
In addition, China's labor market competitiveness is not enough, and there is a serious institutional division between urban and rural areas. Once college students want to leave the city to work in the countryside, it will be caused by the high cost of job-hopping. Therefore, some college students prefer to work in the southeast coastal areas and some large and medium-sized cities, which has nothing to do with their majors, and it is difficult to give full play to their specialties, and they are unwilling to work in grassroots or rural areas with professional counterparts and favorable treatment, resulting in structural unemployment of college students. The structural unemployment of college students is a waste of human resources, which will hit the enthusiasm of society and families for human capital investment, reduce people's enthusiasm for education and training, and adversely affect the labor market. If it is not handled properly, it will affect social stability. Basic countermeasures to solve the structural problems of college students
1) Re-examine the enrollment expansion policy of higher education. The important factor that determines the future development of a society is not the number of college students and graduates in a certain period, but the knowledge and ability necessary for all sectors of society to absorb new technologies. China's higher education reform must adapt to the current coordinated development of social needs and environment, conform to the overall goal of national development, adopt the correct growth mode of higher education, adhere to the fundamental purpose of improving quality, and change the long-term extensive development idea of simply increasing the proportion of college graduates in the national population. With the rapid development of China's economy and society, higher education needs to develop accordingly. But at the same time of rapid development, we should also pay attention to the needs and affordability of society. If we blindly pursue the number of graduates and ignore the quality, it will have a negative impact on the employment of college students.
(B) adjust the level of training and professional settings
Higher education should be guided by market demand, macroeconomic trends, meso-economic changes and microeconomic needs, and make fundamental changes in training levels and specialty settings. Change the professional structure in time; Change passive response into active adaptation, actively guide industrial structure adjustment, and give full play to R&; The role of the d center. Therefore, colleges and universities should conduct extensive and in-depth investigation and analysis of the employment market, understand the demand and supply of professionals in the next few years, adjust the educational structure, reform the teaching content and specialty settings, give priority to the development of high-tech and applied disciplines, and cultivate talents and products that adapt to the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. Improving college students' ability will make them confident. With self-confidence, they can better adapt to the needs of society.
Only by combining reasonable knowledge structure, scientific thinking mode and strong practical ability can college students be in a favorable position in the employment process. From their own point of view, it is mainly because in the process of education, students only master book knowledge, ignore practical ability, have low comprehensive quality and lack social competitiveness.