In addition to a surname, a teacher and a Taibao, the official positions in the Qing Dynasty were divided into nine categories. According to the normal situation, everyone's promotion time is different. For example, Chen Tingjing used it for 20 years, and Liu Yong 16. So, how difficult is it to go from a product to the front? It can make these bachelors spend more than ten years or even decades trying their best to get promoted.
Official system in Qing dynasty
Ancient official positions were divided into nine grades, and each grade was divided into "positive" and "subordinate" grades, so from grade one to grade nine, one * * * was grade nine and grade eighteen. We can see from the most familiar "Jiupin Sesame Officer" that among these ranks, Jiupin Sesame Officer is the lowest and has the least rights, just like a sesame. So yipin is the highest. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the biggest official position was the Right Way.
This is because the official positions of the third class and below are all open through "outward", so the above is "inward", that is, the official positions that can only be obtained by royalty. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties that the first and second-class official positions were gradually opened to ministers. In the ancient official system, the highest official position among civil servants was the "cabinet college student", which was called Zhengyipin.
In the Qing Dynasty, the cabinet system was called "Three Institutes" during the customs clearance period, namely, the National History Institute, the Secretariat of History Institute and the Hong Wen Institute. There was a university student in the Institute. Later, during the reign of different emperors, there will be some adjustments. For example, during the Shunzhi period, there were Manchu and Han university students and ministers of various ministries, and there were no places; During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Manchu-Han college students used four members; Before Yongzheng, it was mostly used by six members, and the results of college students were all positive subjects.
The Qing Dynasty implemented the dual-track system of Manchu and Han. Minister 12, supervisor 2, co-organizer 2, six departments 16. The position of a college student is six people at most, and under normal circumstances there are four people. In this way, the proportion of entering college students is 16 into 6 or 16 into 4, and the proportion is above 1/4. The probability should not be low.
Moreover, the official robes of Yipin Guan and Zheng Yiping Guan in Qing Dynasty are the same, and they also wear the crown of Dongzhu ruby on their heads. Civil servants are also supplemented by cranes, and military officers are also supplemented by Kirin. But from the official level, it is not so easy to go from a first-class official to a first-class official. Many people become first-class officials for life. What is the reason?
The "hard road" from one product to the right product.
At the administrative level, the six departments of official, household, ceremony, military, criminal and industrial belong to the same level, but in fact, these six departments also have "levels" and are even figuratively compared to "noble, rich, poor, martial, strong and mean" In terms of actual status, the position of the official department is the highest. For example, in the Ming dynasty, the assistant minister of the official department could be on an equal footing with the other five ministers and enjoy the same rights.
In other words, if you are transferred from the Ministry of Industry to five other ministries, it is actually a promotion, while transferring from the official department to five other ministries is actually a demotion.
For example, Chen Tingjing, a famous figure in the reign of Kangxi, was a scholar at the age of 265,438+0, and was later named Zuodu Yushi, that is, the official was the product. Later, it was transferred from the Ministry of Industry to the official department and then to the official department. Although he has not been promoted for more than ten years, his position has been improved. Later, in 1703, he was officially accepted as a college student of Wenyuange and a history of rites, with a first-class grade. It took Chen Tingjing nearly 20 years to travel from Shi Yu as the capital to Wenyuange University.
Promotion also requires qualifications.
According to the regulations, six ministers, co-organizers and Zuodu Shi Yu should be promoted to university president. These first-level officials belong to the same level, and the promotion of first-level officials has the same "starting line". However, in fact, co-sponsors have priority in promotion.
Moreover, most people who can become first-class officials are highly respected or have special achievements. Unless these people make a big mistake, they will be fired and their positions will be vacant. In addition, Zhengyipin officials have always been "dead" and there is no such thing as retirement. Therefore, when there is a vacancy, they will have the opportunity to "fill the position" for the first-level officials, and the people in these positions will be selected from the co-sponsored universities first.
For example, Liu Yong, the minister of the Han Dynasty, was a famous courtier during the Qianlong period. When he was a scholar, he was 32 years old. At the age of 58, he was promoted to Zuodu Yushi, that is, a first-class official position. Since then, he has been in Zuodu Yushi, Zhili Governor, Official Department Shangshu and other positions at the same level in turn. Then, after 16, Liu Yong went to Tijen Hall University. And after Liu Yong's promotion, Gan Long has been accusing, saying that there is really no one else, so he promoted Liu Yonglai to fill this position.
Promotion also depends on "holding time"
The ancient imperial examination system lasted nearly 1200 years, and many people reached a certain age and passed the examination to enter the officialdom. For most people, it is a lucky life to be able to go from a beginner in officialdom to a position of six ministers all his life. According to incomplete statistics, the average age of Jinshi in Qing Dynasty was 34, while the average age of Shangshu was over 50. The most important thing is good health.
Of course, this is aimed at ordinary people, and for those who are Manchu-born and have close or distant relations with the royal family, some of them have been promoted to the university at a young age. For example, at the age of 25, he was promoted to a bachelor's degree in Baohe Hall, but his grandson was not married. At the age of 36, Xiao Shenyang was promoted to a bachelor's degree in Wenhua Hall.
Therefore, in the Qing Dynasty, emperors mostly used the officials of the Qing Dynasty, and among the ministers of the Han nationality, even highly valued and talented ministers like Chen Tingjing and Liu Yong found it even more difficult to get the position of the first grade. In addition, the official position of the Qing dynasty also depends on the above factors, especially birth, age and qualifications, which have nothing to do with their own abilities, but they are rare opportunities.
Therefore, it is difficult for Qing officials to break through the distance and hardship from grade one to grade one and from history to university.