(1) scientific basis?

The contemporary linguist who studies gender language from the linguistic point of view is Danish linguist Jaspersson. In his book The Development and Structure of English published by 1923, he pointed out the gender phenomenon in the use of English. 1929, Sapir published Language Forms for Men and Women in Yana. Famous linguists in the 1970s, such as Leikauf, Trajil, zimmermann and West. From 1980s to 1990s, Boehlinger's research deepened the study of gender language. Contemporary works on the language differences between men and women specifically expound the performance of gender differences in language. Gregson, an American anthropologist and linguist, put forward the establishment of a new linguistic discipline-gender linguistics in the preface to Reading, which attracted wide attention from linguists, sociologists, psychologists and anthropologists. ?

Linguists in China began to pay attention to gender language in 1960s, which was initially limited to foreign languages. Foreign academic journals have been published one after another.

Most of the articles are translation introductions. In the mid-1960s, gender language research from foreign language development to language started in China and developed rapidly. In the field of sociolinguistics and sociopsycholinguistics, Chen Yuan's Sociolinguistics (1983), Chen Songcen's Sociolinguistics Course (1985), Liu Ning's Introduction to Linguistics (1987) and Wang Dechun's Sociolinguistics (65438). At the same time, the relationship between gender differences and language use has also become the focus of language researchers. ?

The research on gender language at home and abroad mainly includes three aspects: first, the language discrimination against women (that is, gender discrimination) and the reform plan; The second is the gender difference of language, that is, what is the difference between female language and male language; Third, language sexism and inarticulate.

Genetic research. In these three aspects, the main academic viewpoints of various schools can be summarized as follows; ?

1, sexism in language?

Language discriminates against women, that is, the so-called language sexism, which is manifested in the following aspects: (1) language takes men as the norm, male language as the standard and subject, while female language is only an accessory variant; (2) Female nouns develop in the direction of "derogatory meaning" and male nouns develop in the direction of "commendatory meaning", which makes male nouns have positive meaning and female nouns have negative meaning; (3) In word order, men come before women, such as husband and wife, children and in-laws. ?

2. Gender differences in speech?

There are differences between men and women in the use of language, which are mainly manifested in: (1) pronunciation; British and American women prefer to use reverse pressure than men; The phenomenon of "female national voice" among young women in Beijing. (2) In terms of vocabulary, women prefer to use modal words, color words, exaggerated words and euphemisms. (3) Women pay more attention to the elegance and implication of language. Women pay more attention to the standardization of speech than men and are more accustomed to following the rules of language; (4) Women are used to not talking about topics. In addition, there are many differences between men and women in verbal communication. Men and women at the same psychological age have different characteristics in oral speech, written speech and internal speech.

3. Analysis of the causes of language gender discrimination and language gender differences?

Researchers believe that there are many reasons for language gender discrimination and language differences, including: social status and power; Psychological reasons, the psychological characteristics of women and men are different, leading to the emergence of speech differences; Physiological reasons, the physiology of men and women, especially the difference of pronunciation organs, lead to the difference of pronunciation; Traditional ideas, etc. ?

Studying the poverty of language does not exclude the sociality of language. Language is a summary of the characteristics of many individual words in society, and any individual language is the concrete application and individual embodiment of the national language in communication. As a social group, women reflect the collectivity of group language in language communication, but they are different from male groups. Women's communicative language embodies the characteristics and style of women's self. It reflects the characteristics of women in different countries and nationalities in verbal communication activities. ?

(2) The certainty of language differences between men and women?

Modern psychology has proved that men and women not only have their own physiological and physiological characteristics, but also have psychological differences. This difference is manifested in perception, personality characteristics, hobbies and behaviors, and speech is no exception. Everyone's speech behavior shows certain gender characteristics. This can be seen from three aspects:?

1. There are differences between men and women in the choice of language materials. This is reflected in the phonetics, vocabulary, grammar and other language levels of men and women. ?

Lexically, it is true. There are some exclamations in English that are used by men or women respectively. For example, men often use "damn", while women often use "ohdear", "shit", "ohfudge", "good" and so on. We have the same example in Chinese. For example, the modal particle "ba" generally only appears at the end of a sentence, indicating that there are more doubts than beliefs. But now young women in Beijing take "ba" with their mouths open, which often appears in sentences, such as "The movie I saw yesterday was really great". "I'll tell you one thing, that thing, you must do it." It is also manifested in grammar. Some people think that women use tag questions more than men. they

Don't just say, "You can do this." But "you can do it, can't you?" ?

2. Men and women are different in speech, that is, speech act. For example, women's speech acts have unique gender characteristics such as strong feelings, subtle colors, delicate styles and gentle emotions. In terms of strong feelings, women's psychological sensitivity is higher than that of men, and there are more words, behaviors and emotional components. ?

3. There are also differences between men and women in posture and facial expressions. People mainly use spoken language in verbal communication, so verbal communication mainly studies the process of people using language to communicate. However, when people use audio language, they often unconsciously use gestures, gestures, expressions and other silent languages to strengthen or even replace the communicative function of audio language. So linguistics should study the use of these auxiliary tools. Including their gender differences. If women are embarrassed, they tend to cover their faces with their hands, while men grasp the back of their heads with their hands. Girls will blow with their mouths when they are nervous and cheer when they are happy. When you are wronged, you pout and twist your waist. Young man, if you do this, it will look funny. Men and women buckle their waists in different ways. In normal times, men use more gestures, while women use more expressions, especially eyes. "flirting" and "flirting" are all descriptions of women's eyes. ?

4. What's the difference between male and female communication languages?

Communicative language is the use of language. This is a dynamic language use process. In the process of communication, the subject and object of communicative language change with the change of situation (context) at any time. Wang Dechun pointed out in the article "Contextualism is the Foundation of Rhetoric": "Context is the environment in which objective factors such as time, place, occasion and object and subjective factors such as people, identity, thought, personality, occupation, accomplishment, situation and mood use language." Among them, the "object" as an objective factor is inseparable from its gender type, while "people who use language, identity, thoughts, personality, occupation, cultivation, situation, emotions, etc." as a subjective factor all appear in certain gender roles. They are all related to gender identity. In the verbal communication between men and women, the differences in discourse styles between men and women stem from gender differences. This is particularly prominent for women. For example, the limitation and passivity of topic selection, the traditional gender culture defines the existence of women in private fields such as family and childbirth. Under the restriction of this patriarchal culture, women's topics often focus on family, consciously or unconsciously focusing on events closely related to themselves. In sexual communication, it is often difficult to control the initiative of the topic, showing the characteristics of limitation and passivity. In the way of discourse, women pursue elegant and beautiful style, which is reflected in the choice of words and the use of sentence patterns. In terms of speech strategies, women follow the cooperative principle and politeness principle and perform better. ?

Therefore, no matter in the internal factors of language or in the expression of language use, female language shows its uniqueness, which makes the study of female language have scientific significance. ?

Second, what did the sex study say about women's language?

Female language is not a language in the pure sense of gender, which is determined by the integrity of female language. Female language refers to a language group with the overall characteristics of women, which is different from gender language in a narrow sense. Therefore, female language is a society.

Gender concept. It is a comprehensive study of the language of women as a social group in social life from the perspective of language. Because language is influenced by social psychology, gender differences in language expression are influenced by gender factors. For example, boys who dare not speak in public will be considered "unmanly". Girls who talk loudly in public will be considered "unlike girls". The influence of social psychology on people causes the role consciousness of language individuals, and shapes their own language image according to their own role language. But gender and female language do not correspond completely. There is a problem of "sex" in any language communication between men and women. There are different degrees of gender differences between men and women with different psychological types. The foundation is the study of sex. Gender is a concept used to reflect the degree of male characteristics and female characteristics. It abandons the biological distinction between men and women, and abstracts people's psychological characteristics into two categories: male behavior and female behavior, which means that the psychological differences between men and women are attributed to the degree of men and women. No matter what a person's gender is, there is a certain proportion of male and female sexual characteristics. ?

The traditional gender role model holds that: first, the dimension of gender role is single. Masculinity and feminization are the two poles of this dimension, and the individual's gender role is at a certain point in this dimension; Secondly, men with masculine characteristics and women with feminine characteristics are psychologically healthier. ?

In 1964, Rossi put forward a concept of "androgyny" which is different from the traditional view mentioned above, that is, "individuals have traditional personality characteristics that both men and women should have", and regarded [CM (28)] as the most suitable gender role model, rather than the traditional single gender role model. ?

1974, Bem developed the BEM Gender Role Scale, namely BSRI(Be), based on this concept and social identity.

MsexRolelnventory), including male subscale, female subscale and neutral interference scale, each with 20 items and ***60 items. Results The correlation between male subscale and female subscale was very low, which supported the hypothesis that male traits and female traits were two different dimensions rather than one. She divided the subjects into four gender role types by median classification: hermaphrodite, masculine, feminine and undifferentiated. ?

Spence developed a similar scale based on social stereotype, but she failed to repeat Bem's research on verifying gender schema theory. She pointed out that gender roles are multidimensional, and which dimension to apply in a particular study depends on situational factors. ?

Peking University Qian, Zhang Guangjian and Luo studied Bem and Spence's methods, and based on social stereotypes and social identity, compiled the Gender Role Scale for College Students in China (Journal of Psychology 200 1. 1). At the same time, they measured 380 college students with positive and negative scales. The results show that the scale has good reliability and validity. Using this scale, college students are divided into four gender role types: masculine, feminine, androgynous and undifferentiated, with males accounting for 24.7% and females 15.4, 310.5% and 28.4%, accounting for 22.5%, 28.0%, 25.0% and 24.5% respectively. ?

All the above studies show that gender role is a set of behavioral norms corresponding to one's own gender obtained through imitation learning in the process of socialization. Due to individual social behavior, everyone has masculinity and femininity in a language society. It's just that the degree of collocation between men and women is different. In the real society, there are no people with pure male characteristics and no people with pure female characteristics. In most cases, it is either masculine or feminine or neutral. The study of sexology provides a psychological reference for the study of women's language, that is, everyone has different genders. In a language with poor sex, gender is not a clear boundary. Female language is a collective concept, and its task and purpose is to study the overall language characteristics of women. ?

3. What are the limitations of the sociality of language on female language?

Female communicative linguistics refers to the user's language system. This system exists in the language system used by society. It exists in the phonetic system, vocabulary system and grammar system established by society. Follow the commonly used vocabulary materials and grammatical norms, and embody the law of * * * in language use. ?

No matter what kind of language, we must abide by the social laws of language. In any language communication, whether it is the choice of language materials or the combination of language forms, we should adopt the common laws of materials and combinations in our national language and use the same language, so we must abide by the same language form in order to make people understand and accept it. ?

Because communicative language is the concrete application of language, the real society is complicated, and the verbal communication in life is ever-changing, and the people as communication objects are even more different. This determines the complexity of female communication language. Communicative language requires the study of communicative environment, including social environment and specific language environment. Study the age, identity, education level, ideological and moral character, occupation, experience, accomplishment, occasion, etc. of the communication object. The characteristics of women's discourse style are not determined by a single factor, but the result of the interaction of many factors. Therefore, it is neither objective nor realistic to overemphasize the role of gender. In addition, the speech role characteristics of the speech subject must also be paid attention to. In social relations, everyone is determined by certain role characteristics and role status. Researchers should not only explore gender factors, but also calmly and objectively evaluate their status, which is a manifestation of the complexity of the discipline itself. Secondly, the diversity of objective conditions. The language differences between men and women are not absolute, and often vary due to factors such as occasions, communication objects, personal education level and personality. Sometimes even the opposite happens. Female discourse style has the characteristics of individual unity and diversity, and group unity and diversity. Moreover, with the progress of society, there has been a fusion of gender discourse styles. It is not easy for researchers to be true and objective, but also to reflect problems typically. ?

The communicative subject of women's communication language is women, which is the language used by women to achieve communication purposes. But this language is not an independent form. Its existence is based on society and has obvious sociality. It does not exclude men, but

With men as partners, the language system is harmonious with architecture. ?

4. Comment on the necessity of social development for women's language research?

No matter from the current situation of rhetoric research, the development prospect of linguistics or the trend of language research, we should attach importance to the study of the relationship between gender and language. 1. Women's language studies have expanded the field of language studies. This is a further deepening of language research. People are increasingly aware that traditional language studies cannot adapt to the development of a dynamic society. From the content point of view, the differences in gender discourse styles formed on the basis of gender will provide some new contents for linguistic research. From the perspective of methodology, language research needs multi-angle research. Research from the perspectives of culture, sociology, psychology and aesthetics. So as to provide methodological reference for language research. 2. The study of women's language conforms to the development trend of language research and is the inevitable requirement of the development of Chinese rhetoric in the 2 1 century. Since 1990s, rhetoric has paid attention to static and dynamic research, and made great progress in oral rhetoric research and reception rhetoric research. The topic of gender and language is put forward on the basis of absorbing various research results. In verbal communication between men and women, paying attention to the gender factors of the subject, especially the receiver, will directly affect the choice of rhetorical methods and the realization of rhetorical purposes. 3. From a global perspective, the development of western rhetoric has provided beneficial enlightenment for the study of China's rhetoric, among which feminist rhetoric criticism makes people think about the relationship between female discourse and patriarchal culture. French feminists believe that language is not only a system of naming, marking and communication, but also a place of power. Therefore, to change the concept, we must start with changing the subject, changing the subject's discourse mode and changing the patriarchal dual thinking mode. This has opened a new horizon for us, and also raised a new and challenging topic for gender language. ?

Marx once said that the degree of civilization of a society is often closely related to the degree of women's liberation. The concern about women's issues in today's society directly reflects the civilization and progress of society. Feminism has become a new frontier discipline, which has established a humanistic perspective that integrates female perspective and male perspective. It attempts to re-examine human culture by supplementing female culture, and also provides a broader research world for the topic of the relationship between gender and rhetoric. Studying the relationship between gender and language is not only the task of linguistics, but also the necessity of social development.