Basic introduction
Mandarin
Guoyu is a miscellaneous account of the national history of Zhou, Lu, Qi, Jin, Zheng, Chu and wuyue in the Western Zhou Dynasty (1 1) and the Spring and Autumn Period (770- 476 BC). It is also called. It turns out that this legend was written by Zuo Qiuming, a native of Lu, at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Together with Zuo Zhuan, it was listed as an interpretation of the Spring and Autumn Period. Modern scholars' research confirmed that there were blind historians who specialized in memorizing and telling ancient and modern history in the Spring and Autumn Period. Zuo Qiuming was a famous blind historian before Confucius, whose history was praised by Confucius. The historical events told by blind historians were collected into a book called Yu by later generations, and then divided by countries, namely Zhou Yu and Lu Yu, collectively called Guoyu.
During the Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of ancient books written on bamboo slips were found in Wei Xiangwang's tomb. Among them, there were three articles about Guoyu, which talked about the history of Chu and Jin Dynasties, indicating that this book began to spread during the Warring States Period. The current Mandarin version is probably the confluence of these remaining records. Because it is a sporadic oral record, the content is mainly spoken, and there is no strict standard to distinguish and arrange countries and years.
Of the 2 1 volume of the book, 9 volumes are from today, 2 volumes are in Chu language, and only one volume is in Qi language. Zhou Yu originated in Mu Wang and belonged to the early Western Zhou Dynasty. Mining-team only recorded the historical facts of Huan Gong's discussion about moving eastward, which was before the Spring and Autumn Period. "Today" recorded the demise of Zhi Bo in the early Warring States period. Therefore, the content of Guoyu is not limited to Chunqiu, but it does record many important events in the Western Zhou Dynasty and Chunqiu. Judging from the origin of teaching, it can be considered that it was written by Zuo Qiuming. Guoyu is a kind of original historical materials with high value, so Sima Qian wrote I learned a lot of historical materials from it.
Author controversy
The author of Guoyu has been controversial since ancient times, and there is no conclusion yet. It was Sima Qian, a great historian of the Western Han Dynasty, who first proposed that the author of Guoyu was Zuo Qiuming. He said in "Bao Ren An": "Zuo Qiu is blind and has Mandarin." Since then, Ban Gu, a historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty, has also recorded in the Annals of Hanshu Arts and Literature: "Twenty-one pieces of Mandarin were written by Zuo Qiuming." According to them, Zuo Qiuming was unfortunately blind after The Biography of Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period, but he said, "IELTS didn't finish the exam ... collect its essays and compile other stories ..." According to the remaining materials, he edited another book, namely Mandarin. Ban Gu, Li Ang, etc. It also means that the national language is Chunqiu Zhuan or Zuo Family Biography.
However, after the Jin Dynasty, many scholars doubted this statement. Fu Xuan, a thinker of Jin Dynasty, was the first to raise an objection. In Zuo Zhuan Ai Thirteen Years: Justice, he quoted a sentence: "Mandarin was not written by Zuo Qiuming. Whenever * * * says one thing, the two texts are different, it must be that Guoyu is empty, and Zuozhuan is real, and its words are contrary and cannot be combined. " Liu Shi 'an, Lu Daguang and Zhu in the Song Dynasty and You Dong and Pi in the Qing Dynasty all doubted Zuo Qiuming's Mandarin.
Since the Song Dynasty, many scholars, including Kang Youwei, have suspected that Zuo Zhuan is a fake of Liu Xin in the Western Han Dynasty.
In modern times, academic circles still argue endlessly, generally denying that Zuo Qiuming is the author of Guoyu, but lacking conclusive evidence. It is generally believed that Mandarin was compiled by some people familiar with the history of various countries in the early Warring States period according to the historical materials of the royal family and vassal States of the Zhou Dynasty at that time. They believe that Mandarin does not come from one person, one time or one place. Mainly from the accounts of historians of various countries in the Spring and Autumn Period, and later polished by people familiar with historical anecdotes, a book about the early years of the Warring States Period or later was compiled.
On April 24th, 20 12, at the launching ceremony of the book Bamboo Slips of Warring States Period of Zhejiang University, several bamboo slips were displayed, with brown color, neat edges, clear handwriting and strong ink color. Bamboo slips are flat at the upper end, curved at the lower end and free and easy in writing. These bamboo slips were originally sold overseas. After being repurchased by Zhejiang University alumni, he returned from overseas in 2009 and was collected by Zhejiang University. After cleaning and repairing, * * * there are 60 complete bamboo slips 160, including more than 20 bamboo slips100 with more than * * * 3 100 words. After scientific and archaeological appraisal by Peking University, Fudan University, Zhejiang University and other research institutions, it was finally determined to be produced by the State of Chu during the Warring States Period in 340 BC. The appearance of Zuo Zhuan, a bamboo book in the Warring States Period, provided a reliable factual basis for the dispute over the authenticity of Zuo Zhuan.
Ideological tendency
The thought of Guoyu is more complicated. It focuses on recording facts, so the ideas it expresses will change with the people and words it remembers. For example, the Confucian language in Lu Yu You Yue contains Confucianism. In Adventure, Guan Zhongmin talks about hegemony; Fan Li is still feminine, greedy and retired, with Taoist color. Guan Zhong saw that Qi Huangong's Guoyu was different from Zuo Zhuan and Historical Records, and the author didn't add notes such as "Gentleman Yue" or "Taishi Gong Yue". Therefore, the author's point of view is not obvious and objective. Guoyu mainly embodies the Confucian concept of respecting ceremony and people. The thought of respecting heaven and protecting the people since the Western Zhou Dynasty has been inherited in the book. Although many places in Putonghua emphasize destiny and ask God for advice, people have paid equal attention to God in the relationship between God and people, from the worship of destiny to the attention to personnel. Therefore, we attach importance to the status and role of the people and take the people's hearts as the foundation of governance. For example, in "A Covenant between Lu and Yu", when commenting on the killing of its monarch Gong Li by Jin people, Lu Taishilige thought that the tyrant deserved to be killed and the resistance of his subjects was understandable. Another example is "Zhou Yushang", in which Shao Gong admonished slanderers, and Princess Shao wanted to "declare her words" and examine the rise and fall of the country and political gains and losses from the people's remarks. Only by observing people's feelings, doing well what people should do, getting rid of what people hate, and increasing people's wealth and food and clothing can the country maintain long-term stability.
social influence
There is a strong ethical tendency in the content of Mandarin, which advocates the spirit of virtue, respects etiquette norms and holds that "courtesy" is the foundation of governing the country. It emphasizes loyalty to the monarch.
The political view of Mandarin is relatively progressive, it opposes autocracy and corruption, attaches importance to public opinion and talents, and has a strong people-oriented thought.
Putonghua records the economy, finance, military affairs, art of war, diplomacy, education, law and marriage in the Spring and Autumn Period, which is very important for studying the history of the pre-Qin period.