Main achievements: the establishment of special relativity-as early as 16, Einstein learned from books that light is a very fast electromagnetic wave, and he had an idea. If a person moves at the speed of light, what kind of world scene will he see? He will not see the advancing light, but only the electromagnetic field that oscillates in space but stagnates. Is this possible?
The establishment of the general theory of relativity-1905 Einstein published his first article on the special theory of relativity, which did not immediately arouse great repercussions. But Planck, the authority of German physics, noticed his article and thought that Einstein's work could be comparable to Copernicus's. It is precisely because of Planck's promotion that relativity quickly became a topic of research and discussion, and Einstein also attracted the attention of academic circles.
2. Qian Xuesen: Male, Han nationality, from Hangzhou, Zhejiang. Party member, an outstanding producer in China, a loyal fighter, an outstanding scientist at home and abroad, the founder of China's space industry, and one of the winners of China's two bombs and one satellite meritorious medal. He used to be a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and California Institute of Technology, vice chairman of the 6th, 7th and 8th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, honorary chairman of China Association for Science and Technology, and vice chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
Main achievements: jet propulsion and aerospace technology-from the 1940s to the early 1960s, Qian Xuesen put forward some important concepts in the field of rockets and aerospace: in the 1940s, JATO was put forward and realized, which shortened the runway distance; 1949, put forward the concept of rocket passenger plane and the idea of nuclear rocket; 1953 studied the possibility of interplanetary flight theory. In "Introduction to Interstellar Navigation" published by 1962, the concept of a round-trip transportation system between heaven and earth is put forward, in which a large aircraft equipped with a jet engine is the first-stage vehicle and an aircraft equipped with a rocket engine is the second-stage vehicle.
Applied mechanics-Qian Xuesen has done pioneering work in aerodynamics and solid mechanics of applied mechanics; The research on compressible boundary layer carried out in cooperation with von Carmen reveals some temperature changes in this field, and the Carmen-Qian Xuesen method is established. In cooperation with Guo Yonghuai, the concept of upper and lower critical Mach numbers is introduced into transonic flow for the first time. 3. Marie Curie: A world-famous scientist, who studied radioactive phenomena and discovered two natural radioactive elements, radium and polonium (pū), won the Nobel Prize twice in his life (the first Nobel Prize in physics and the second Nobel Prize in chemistry). In the process of studying radium for several years, as an outstanding scientist, Madame Curie has social influence that ordinary scientists do not have.
Main achievements: Discovering two new elements-polonium (po) and radium (Lei)-Maria met another lecturer of Paris University, pierre curie, who was her later husband. The two of them often study radioactive materials together, mainly pitchblende, because the total radioactivity of this ore is stronger than that of the uranium it contains. 1898, the curies put forward a logical inference to this phenomenon: pitchblende must contain some unknown radioactive component, which is much more radioactive than uranium. On February 26th, 65438, Madame Curie announced the idea of the existence of this new substance.
In the following years, the Curies continued to refine the radioactive components in pitchblende. After unremitting efforts, the Curies finally isolated radium chloride and discovered two new chemical elements: polonium (po) and radium (lei). 4. stephen william hawking: Professor of the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Cambridge University, UK, the most important contemporary general relativity and cosmologist, one of the great men with international reputation in this century, known as the greatest living scientist and the "king of the universe". In the 1970s, he and Penrose proved the famous singularity theorem, for which they both won the Wolf Prize in Physics of 1988. He is therefore known as the most famous scientific thinker and the most outstanding theoretical physicist in the world after Einstein. He also proved the area theorem of black holes, that is, the area of black holes does not decrease with the increase of time. This naturally makes people associate the area of a black hole with the entropy of thermodynamics.
Main achievement: Does a black hole exist? Hawking has been studying black holes all his life. He was worried that black holes might be just a theoretical concept, but they don't exist in reality. 1975, he and another physicist, Kip Thorne, made a bet on the existence of black holes. To hedge, Hawking bet that black holes don't exist. If he "unfortunately" wins, Hawking's life-long efforts will be destroyed, but Thorne will subscribe him to Private Eyes magazine for four years, specializing in the scandal of the British royal family. If Hawking is "lucky" to lose, he will give Thorne a one-year subscription fee to the erotic magazine "Attic".
Hawking once said in A Brief History of Time (1988): "When we made a bet in 1975, 80% were sure that Cygnus X- 1 was a black hole. Now I can say that I am 95% sure, but this bet is still inconclusive. "
Does naked singularity exist? -199 1, Hawking asked for gambling again. This time Thorne stood with him, and the gambler was physicist John Preskill. At that time, the proposition was whether there was a naked singularity whose singularity should be surrounded by black holes instead of black holes.
Hawking and Thorne bet that the singularity of nudity does not exist, and then they bet with Peschi that whoever loses will give each other a T-shirt to cover the nudity and write appropriate words of submission. Hawking revised his theory in 1997, and pointed out that naked singularity might exist. 5. Yuan Longping: 1930 Born in Beiping (now Beijing) in September, Han nationality, born in Dean County, Jiangxi Province, without party affiliation, now lives in Changsha, Hunan Province. China hybrid rice breeding expert, academician of China Academy of Engineering. He is currently the director of China National Hybrid Rice Work Technology Center and Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, a professor at Hunan Agricultural University, a visiting professor at China Agricultural University, honorary president of Huaihua Vocational and Technical College, chief consultant of FAO, honorary chairman of World Chinese Healthy Diet Association, vice chairman of Hunan Science and Technology Association and vice chairman of Hunan CPPCC. In April 2006, he was elected as a foreign academician of the American Academy of Sciences, and was known as the "father of hybrid rice".
Main achievements: hybrid rice (there are many kinds of hybrid rice)-from1June 1964 to1July 1965, he and his wife Deng Zhe discovered six male sterile plants. When mature, the seeds of the first generation of naturally pollinated male sterile materials are harvested respectively. After two spring and autumn experiments and the analysis of scientific data, the first important paper, Rice Male Sterility, was written and published in the fourth issue of Science Bulletin, volume 1966. It is also predicted that through further breeding, male sterile lines, maintainer lines (maintaining male sterility of offspring) and restorer lines (restoring male fertility) can be obtained, and the three lines can be matched, making it possible to make use of the advantages of the first generation of hybrid rice, which will bring about large-scale and large-scale agricultural production increase. The publication of this important paper was regarded by some colleagues as the marching horn of "blowing the second green revolution".
After eight years of hard work, 1974 successfully prepared seeds and determined its advantages. 1975, with the support of Hunan provincial party Committee and provincial government, large-scale seed production was successful, and seeds were prepared for large-scale popularization in the following year, which made the research results enter the stage of large-scale popularization.
1in the winter of 975, the State Council made a decision to rapidly expand trial planting and popularize hybrid rice in large quantities. The state has invested a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources to carry out breeding and seed production three times a year, and promoted it at the fastest speed. 1976 fixed-point demonstration of 2.08 million mu, the national application of production. By 1988, the area of hybrid rice in China was1940,000 mu, accounting for 39.6% of the rice area, while the total output accounted for 18.5%. In the year of 10, the total planting area of hybrid rice in China was12.56 million mu, and the total output value increased by10 billion kilograms, which achieved great economic and social benefits. The masses praised that the problem of eating was solved by two "flats", one by the policy of the top of the CPC Central Committee and the other by the hybrid rice in Yuan Longping. People spoke the minds of hundreds of millions of farmers in China in plain language. 6. Zhang Heng: Born in the third year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 78); Yonghe died in the fourth year (AD 139). Ping Zi was born in Xi, Nanyang (now Shiqiao, Nanyang City, Henan Province), Han nationality. He was a great astronomer, mathematician, inventor, geographer, cartographer, poet and official of the Han Dynasty in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and made indelible contributions to the development of astronomy, mechanical technology and seismology in China. Because of his outstanding contribution, the United Nations Astronomical Organization once named the asteroid 1802 in the solar system "Zhang Hengxing".
Main achievements: The wheel well in Zhang Hengrui is an unprecedented mechanical device. The so-called pod is a mythical plant. It is said that he grew up under the living steps of Emperor Yao. With the appearance of the new moon, 1 day has 1 pod, and the full moon has 15 pod. After the full moon, 1 pod will be dropped in one day. In this way, by counting the pods, we can know which day in the new moon and the moon phase of that day. This myth reflects the progress of astronomical calendar in the era of Emperor Yao. Zhang Heng's mechanical device was invented under the inspiration of this myth. It is said that "the moon is empty and rises and falls according to the calendar", which is equivalent to the date display in today's watch.
Zhang Heng's Globe-Another outstanding scientific field of Zhang Heng is seismology. His masterpiece is the invention of a seismograph that vibrates ancient and modern times. However, it should be declared that the seismograph that China sees now was not invented by Zhang Heng, but was restored by later generations. The seismograph invented by Zhang Heng has long been destroyed by the war. It was invented in the first year of Yangjia (AD 132). This is his last big move in Taishiling. This matter is recorded in detail in the Book of Were Zhang Hengchuan. /kloc-since the 0/9th century, people have tried to restore Zhang Heng's great inventions by using modern scientific and technological knowledge according to the records in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty. In 1950s, Mr. Wang Zhenduo "restored" Zhang Heng's seismograph (see right), which was considered scientific and even widely included in primary school textbooks. However, the seismograph repaired by Wang Zhenduo has repeatedly made a splash in front of the public. Either you can't move, or stomp your feet and consider it an earthquake. However, people mistakenly believe that Wang Zhenduo's restoration is Zhang Heng's original creation, and scholars at home and abroad have long denied it. Among them, there are many people with fierce words, which have had a great negative impact on Zhang Heng and even the reputation of ancient science and technology in China. It has been proved today that it is not Zhang Heng's seismograph that is wrong, but Mr. Wang Zhenduo's restoration is wrong in principle. However, Wang Zhenduo has made great achievements in the restoration of the appearance of seismograph, which should be affirmed. 7. Li Shizhen was born in Dongbi in his later years in qi zhou, Hubei Province (now qi zhou Town, Qichun County, Huanggang City, Hubei Province), Han nationality. Born in the 13th year of Zhengde in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 15 18), he died in the 22nd year of Zongshen Wanli (A.D. 65438).
Main achievements: Compendium of Materia Medica-After a long period of preparation, Li Shizhen began to write Compendium of Materia Medica. In the process of writing, wearing straw sandals and carrying a medicine basket, he took his students and his son Jianyuan over mountains and mountains to seek medical advice, and traveled thousands of miles to Henan, Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei and other vast areas, as well as Niushou Mountain, Sheshan (called Sheshan in ancient times, now Qixia Mountain), Maoshan and Taihe Mountain.
Compendium of Materia Medica consists of 16 parts, 52 volumes and about 1.9 million words. The book contains 15 18 kinds of drugs collected from various herbs, and 374 kinds of drugs are added on the basis of predecessors, accounting for 1892 kinds, including 1 195 kinds of plants; * * * Collected 1 1096 ancient pharmacists' prescriptions and folk prescriptions; There are more than 1 100 pictures of drug morphology in front of the book. This masterpiece has absorbed the essence of herbal works of past dynasties, corrected the previous mistakes as much as possible, supplemented the shortcomings, and made many important discoveries and breakthroughs. It is the most systematic, complete and scientific medical work in China up to16th century. Isaac newton: A great British mathematician, physicist, astronomer and natural philosopher. His research fields include physics, mathematics, astronomy, theology, natural philosophy and alchemy. Newton's main contributions include inventing calculus, discovering the law of universal gravitation and classical mechanics, designing and actually manufacturing the first reflective telescope, and so on. He is regarded as the greatest and most influential scientist in human history. In order to commemorate Newton's outstanding achievements in classical mechanics, "Newton" later became a physical unit to measure the size of force.
Main achievements: binomial theorem-1665, Newton, who was only 22 years old, discovered binomial theorem, which is an essential step for the all-round development of calculus. The binomial theorem turns energy into something discovered by direct calculation. Binomial series expansion is a powerful tool to study series theory, function theory, mathematical analysis and equation theory. Today, we will find that this method is only applicable to the case where n is a positive integer, when n is a positive integer 1, 2, 3, ..., and the series ends at n+ 1 If n is not a positive integer, the series will not end, and this method is not applicable. But you know, Leibniz introduced the word function in 1694. In the early stage of calculus, it is the most effective method to treat transcendental function with the level of transcendental function.
Newton's method, also known as Newton-Raphson method, is a method proposed by Newton in17th century to approximately solve equations in real number domain and complex number domain. Most equations have no formula for finding the root, so it is difficult or even impossible to find the exact root, so it is particularly important to find the approximate root of the equation. Methods The first few terms of Taylor series of function f(x) were used to find the root of equation f(x) = 0. Newton iteration method is one of the important methods to find the roots of equations. Its greatest advantage is that it has square convergence near the single root of the equation f(x) = 0, and it can also be used to find the multiple roots and complex roots of the equation. In addition, this method is widely used in computer programming. 9. Gauss: A famous German mathematician, physicist, astronomer and geodetic scientist. Known as the prince of mathematics, he is one of the greatest mathematicians in history, as well as Archimedes, Newton and Euler.
Main achievements: Gauss, age 1 and 18, discovered the prime number distribution theorem and the least square method. After processing enough measurement data, new probability measurement results can be obtained. On this basis, Gaussian then focuses on the calculation of surfaces and curves, and successfully obtains Gaussian bell curve (normal distribution curve). Its function is named standard normal distribution (or Gaussian distribution), which is widely used in probability calculation.
2. When Gauss 19 years old, a regular 17 polygon was constructed with only a ruler and compasses, and there was no scale (neither Archimedes nor Newton drew it). It also provides the first important supplement to Euclidean geometry which has been circulated for 2000 years since ancient Greece.
3. Gauss summed up the application of complex numbers when calculating the orbit of Ceres, and strictly proved that every N-order algebraic equation must have N complex solutions. In his first masterpiece, Number Theory, he proved the law of quadratic reciprocity, which became an important basis for the continued development of number theory. The first chapter of this book deduces the concept of triangle congruence theorem.
Archimedes: A famous mathematician and physicist in ancient Greece, the founder of statics and hydrostatics. He is also a legend.
Main achievements: in mechanics-1. Archimedes systematically studied the center of gravity and lever principle of objects on the basis of summarizing the experience of Egyptians lifting heavy objects with levers. This paper puts forward a method to accurately determine the center of gravity of an object, and points out that if it is supported in the center of the object, it can keep the object in balance. At the same time, in the process of studying machinery, he discovered and systematically proved Archimedes principle (that is, lever law), which laid the foundation of statics. In addition, Archimedes used this principle to design and manufacture many machines.
2. In the process of studying floating bodies, he discovered the law of buoyancy, which is also known as Archimedes principle. The formula is: f floating = G drainage = ρ liquid GV drainage.
In Geometry-1, Archimedes determined the area of parabola bow, helix and circle, and the calculation method of surface area and volume of ellipsoid, paraboloid and other complex geometric bodies. In the process of deriving these formulas, he founded the "exhaustive method", which is similar to the method of gradually finding the limit in modern calculus.
He is the first person to study pi scientifically. He proposed to calculate pi by increasing the number of sides and approaching the areas of inscribed polygons and circumscribed polygons. He calculated the range of pi: 223/7 1
3. Facing the tedious numerical representation in ancient Greece, Archimedes also pioneered the method of memorizing large numbers, which broke through the restriction that the number of Greek letters at that time could not exceed 10,000, and used it to solve many mathematical problems.
4. The famous Archimedes axiom is put forward and expressed in modern mathematical language. Archimedes principle means that for any natural number (excluding 0)a and B, if A; b.
Astronomy-1, he invented a planetary instrument driven by water conservancy, and used it to simulate the movements of the sun, planets and the moon, and performed an eclipse of the sun and the moon.
2. He thinks that the earth is spherical and revolves around the sun, which is earlier than Copernicus' Heliocentrism 1800 years. Limited by the conditions at that time, he did not make a thorough and systematic study on this issue. The above is my answer, I hope it will help you. No matter before or after the ranking.
American Life Experience: Four Vacation Arrangements in American Universities
By June 5438+February, many inte