1, the peasant class is not new but the representative of productive forces and relations of production. They can't overcome the inherent class limitations of small producers, so they can't fundamentally put forward a complete and correct political program and social reform plan. It is impossible to stop and overcome the growth of corruption in the leading group itself, nor can it maintain the unity of the leading group for a long time, which weakens the centripetal force and combat effectiveness of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

2. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom organized and mobilized the masses by religion, but worshipping God was not a scientific theory. Not only did it not guide the war correctly, but it also brought harm to the peasant war.

3. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom can't distinguish the invaders from the people of western countries, and it still lacks a rational understanding of the western aggressors.

4. The Westernization Movement is a self-help reform movement carried out by the Westernization School in the feudal ruling class of the Qing Dynasty in order to maintain the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty. It is progressive, backward and conservative.

The Reform Movement of 1898 was a patriotic national salvation movement. At the critical moment of national peril, the reformists held high the banner of saving the nation from extinction and demanded that China develop capitalism through political reform to make it rich and strong. The political practice and ideological theory of the reformists not only run through the strong spirit of patriotism, but also promote the awakening of the Chinese nation.