Economically, the West is a moderately developed capitalist industrial country. In the early 1980s, Spain began to implement austerity, adjustment and reform policies and adopted a series of economic liberalization measures. With 1986 joining the European Union as an opportunity, the economic development reached a climax. In the early 1990s, due to overheating, economic growth slowed down and fell into recession. Since the mid-1990s, with the macro-control policies adopted by western governments, the economy has started to pick up and maintained steady growth. 1in may 1998, Spain became one of the first countries to join the euro zone. At present, the western economy continues to maintain a steady growth trend.

The main economic data for 2006 are as follows:

Gross domestic product: 976.2 billion euros.

Per capita GDP: 265,438+0,834 euros.

Economic growth rate: 3.9%.

Currency name: Euro

Inflation rate: 2.7%

Unemployment rate: 8.7%

Main mineral reserves: 8.8 billion tons of coal, 65.438+0.9 billion tons of iron, 500 million tons of pyrite, 4 million tons of copper, 6.5438+0.9 million tons of zinc and 700,000 tons of mercury. The total forest area is14.37 million hectares.

In 2005, the industrial output value was 266.275 billion euros, accounting for 28.5% of the GDP. The main industrial sectors are shipbuilding, steel, automobile, cement, mining, construction, textile, chemical, leather, electric power and other industries. Among them, automobile production ranks seventh in the world, second only to South Korea. In 2004, the output of automobiles in western China was 2.978 million, with 76.5438 million employees. Direct and indirect employees account for 65.438+065.438+0% of the national employed population. There are 65.438+08 automobile factories, and automobile exports account for 65.438+0/4 of western exports. The output of major industrial products in recent years is as follows (unit: 10,000 tons):

200 1 2002 2003

Steel 165 1-

Cars (ten thousand vehicles) 284.7 285.4 252.0

Cement 405 1 4238.3 4422.5

(Source: Spanish Statistical Office 2005 report)

In 2005, the agricultural output value of agriculture and fishery was 32.7 billion euros, accounting for 3.5% of GDP. The agricultural land area is 3.33110,000 hectares, of which 2510.7 million hectares have been utilized and arable land10.665 million hectares. The number of pigs, sheep and cattle on hand is 265,438+200,000, 20 million and 6 million respectively. The output of major agricultural products in western China in recent years is as follows (unit: 10,000 tons):

200 1 2002 2003

Wheat 50 1.9 679.5 629.0

Barley 624.5 832.8 869.8

Corn 493.6 448.7 433.9

Rice 837 8 1 1-

Sour fruit 53 1.7 570. 1-

Wine (1 billion liters) 35.05 35.76 47.29

Olive color 525.8 456.9 44 1.5

Olive oil 102. 1 88.3 83.7

(Source: Report of Western National Bureau of Statistics, 2005)

Service industry is an important pillar of the western national economy, including culture, education, health, commerce, tourism, scientific research, social insurance, transportation and finance, among which tourism and finance are relatively developed. In 2005, the output value of western service industry was 635.324 billion euros, accounting for 68% of GDP.

Tourism is an important pillar of the western economy and one of the main sources of foreign exchange. In 2005, it received 55.6 million foreign tourists, an increase of 6% over the previous year, and its net income was 46 billion euros, an increase of 1% over the previous year. There are 17402 hotels in China with about 15 1000 beds, and the occupancy rate is 53.58%. There are 77,565,438+0 travel agencies in China. In 2004, the employed population was 6.5438+0.226 million, accounting for 7.2% of the total employed population. Famous tourist attractions include Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, Sunshine Coast and Beautiful Coast.

Transportation is mainly by land. In 2003, the main transportation situation was as follows:

Railway: total length 1566 1 km; There were 654 million passengers and 32.3 million tons of freight.

Highway: The total length is 665,637 kilometers, including 24,857 kilometers of national highway, 70,270 kilometers of highway managed by local government and 69,457 kilometers of other highways. There were 2.865 billion passengers and 654.38 billion tons of freight.

Water transportation: 1 18033 all kinds of ships; Passenger traffic and freight volume were 23.5 million passengers and 382 million tons respectively. There are 27 major ports, the most important of which are Barcelona, Bilbao, tarragona, Sila, Alge, etc.

Air transport: There are 47 airports in China. The main airports are Ba Laha Airport in Madrid, Palma de Mallorca Airport and Barcelona Airport. In 2003, the passenger volume and freight volume were 654.38+520 million passengers and 580 million tons respectively.

(Source: Spanish Statistical Office 2005 report)

In recent years, the financial revenue and expenditure of the West are as follows (unit: one billion euros):

200 1 2002 2003

Income: 2,595,438+0.6438+06 2,767.48+0.20089.00000000006

Expenditure 2593.45 2765.07 2680.96

Deficit 2.29 2.4 1-120.65

(Source: Statistical Report 2005)

Western fiscal revenue mainly depends on direct taxes and indirect taxes, and privatization income also accounts for a considerable proportion in recent years. The fiscal deficit in 2003 was equivalent to 0.6% of 65438+GDP. By the end of 2005, the foreign debt of the western region was11373.22 billion euros, and the foreign exchange reserves of the western region were 146 billion euros.

Major Spanish banks: Santander Central Bank of Spain, Bilbao Biscay Bank of Argentina and Volkswagen Bank.

Foreign Trade In 2005, the foreign trade of West Africa increased by 8.86%, of which imports increased by 1 1% and exports increased by 4.5%. The foreign trade situation in recent years is as follows (unit: billion euros):

In 2003, 2004 and 2005.

Import value 1840.9 20438+0.2 338+0.

Export value1378.5438+0.1464.5+0552.4.

Contrast -462.8 -606.7 -784.7

(Source: Statistics of the Bank of Spain, 2006)

It mainly imports petroleum, industrial raw materials, machinery and equipment and consumer goods. Mainly exported to automobiles, steel, chemical products, leather products, textiles, wine and olive oil. The main trading partners are the European Union, Asia, Latin America and the United States. In 2004, Spain's imports and exports to the EU accounted for 64.6% and 73.9% of the total imports and exports in that year, respectively, 14.6% and 5.5% for Asia, 3.6% and 4% for the United States.

Direct Investment In 2003, Spain's foreign direct investment was 2,434,438+0 billion euros, a decrease of 465.438+0.6438+0% over the previous year. The main investment fields are transportation, telecommunications, energy, finance, insurance and real estate. The main investment area is Latin America. In 2005, the actual utilization of foreign capital in West China was 654.38+066.1800 million euros.

People's Livelihood In recent years, the welfare expenditure of western governments has been increasing. All employees can enjoy social insurance, with the cost borne by the state at 30.8% and enterprises and individuals at 69.2%. The average life expectancy of western men is 77.2 years and that of women is 83.7 years. In 2004, there were 774 general hospitals with 65,438+900,000 doctors, with an average of 2,034 beds in each hospital and 37 beds per 10,000 people. There are 62 cars per 100 people. The average monthly salary is 26 16.5 USD.

(Source: Report of Western National Bureau of Statistics, 2005)

Culture and people's livelihood

Religion:

Since Roman rule, Spain has established its position as a Catholic country. After the "reconquest" war in the eighth century AD drove the Arabs out of the peninsula, Catholicism completely controlled the whole of Spain. In the Middle Ages, Spain's "inquisition" ran across Europe, indiscriminately torturing and killing pagans, from princes to ministers to ordinary people. During the Reformation in Europe, Spain became a thorn in the side of western European countries. /kloc-after the 0/8th century, the contradiction between the church and secular forces intensified, the anti-religious right movement rose day by day, and the church power gradually declined. However, 94% of Spaniards still believe in Catholicism, and the rest are Protestants, Jews and Muslims.

Spain is divided into eleven parishes, of which Toledo parish is the largest and most important one. Bishop Toledo has been a cardinal in Spain since the Gothic period.

The influence of Catholicism is more reflected in the daily life of Spaniards. Like other Catholics, the most important moments in Spanish life are spent in the church: the baptism after birth, the first communion, the wedding and funeral after death. There are many festivals in Spain. One reason is that every city, village and occupation has a saint as the patron saint. Every saint's birthday, cities or trade associations will hold large-scale mass and religious demonstrations. In addition, every believer also has his own patron saint, who not only celebrates his own birthday, but also celebrates the birthday of saints, called "Día del Santo". Spanish names are mostly taken from saints. The most common male and female names are "Jose" and "Maria", and both men and women often use these two names together. For example, the former Spanish Prime Minister was called "jose maria Aznar".

Education:

Education in Spain was once controlled by the Catholic Church. At present, Spain's education system is mainly divided into preschool education, universal education, bachelor education, higher education and vocational training.

Children aged 2 to 3 in Germany can voluntarily attend small classes in kindergartens and large classes at the age of 4 to 5. National kindergartens are free, compulsory universal education is also free (6 ~ 16 years old), and transportation and canteens are also free. The goal of universal education is children aged 6 to 65. Three years in junior high school, two years in senior high school and three years in junior high school.

The main courses in primary schools are Chinese, mathematics, social and natural experience, artistic expression, music and physical education.

Junior high school has added humanities, natural sciences, foreign languages, religion and other courses. After finishing junior high school, students can choose to enter a comprehensive middle school (high school, also known as college preparatory course) or find a job by themselves.

There are three main courses in comprehensive middle schools: one is literature, including humanities and classical languages; The second is science, with emphasis on mathematics; Third, technical courses in agriculture and industry. Students choose different subjects to study in school, complete courses in any subject, and get a bachelor's degree after passing the examination. In two forms of vocational schools, workshop schools and industrial homes, vocational training is divided into professional theory and enterprise practice, and vocational training is also free. In addition to basic courses, you can also study industrial drawing, management and various professional courses there.

The University of Salamanca and the University of Granada in Spain are both among the oldest universities in Europe. According to the Spanish Constitution, university associations have freedom of study, freedom of teaching and university autonomy. Self-made universities can make their own rules, elect school leaders, formulate budgets and staffing, and evaluate their degrees independently.

There are 30 km universities and 4 private universities sponsored by churches in Spain. The Autonomous University of Madrid is the largest institution of higher learning in Spain. Other famous universities include the University of Madrid, the University of Salamanca and the Central University of Barcelona.

Six years in primary school, four years in middle school and four to five years in college. In 2003, education expenditure accounted for 4.35% of GDP, most of which was invested by the public sector.

The total number of students in the 2004-2005 school year was 84,465,438+0,665,438+0.6, including schools and students at all levels:

School (college) students (people)

Preschool education 3596 14 19307

Primary school 12272 2494598

Special school -29283

Middle school 6276 1876322

Preparatory course -632 154

College -5 16504

University 72 1473448

Teachers engaged in non-higher education * * 5625 10, including public schools 4 1 1399, private schools1511,and higher education * * 8668.

(Source: Statistical Report of the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science in 2004-2005)

Spanish social etiquette

Etiquette and manners

Local women have a "myth". For example, when a woman turns on the fan and covers the lower part of her face, it means: I love you. Do you like me? If you open it and close it for a while, it means: I miss you very much. Therefore, women who have just arrived in Spain, if they don't understand the language of fans, it is best not to use fans.

Meeting etiquette

Spaniards usually shake hands when meeting guests in formal social situations. Boyfriends often hug each other when they meet acquaintances. Spanish names usually have three or four parts. The first two sections are my name, the penultimate section is my father's surname, and the last section is my mother's surname. Usually it is the father's surname.

business etiquette

Spaniards attach great importance to credibility and always try their best to fulfill signed contracts. Even if the contract is found to have disadvantages, it is unwilling to admit its mistakes publicly. In this case, if the other party can help them sincerely, it will win the respect and friendship of the Spanish. Spaniards are punctual only when they take part in bullfighting, but guests should also be punctual, even if the other party is late, don't blame them.

Travel etiquette

Spaniards are cheerful and enthusiastic, but easily excited. Sometimes it is normal to quarrel, and they are used to it. When a Spaniard eats, he usually politely invites people around him to share with him, but this is just a gesture of etiquette. Don't accept it easily, or they will think you are uneducated.

Press and publication: national newspapers 155 and national magazines 170, with a sales volume of * * * 4.2 million copies. Daily average circulation of major newspapers: El Pais, with a circulation of 460,000; Le Monde, 3 1 10,000 copies; Abesai, 280,000; Pioneer, 200,000 copies; Catalonia, 6.5438+0.7 million copies; 654.38+500,000 copies of truth.

Main news agency: Effie, the official news agency, was established in June 1939. There are also private European news agencies and Rogos news agencies.

The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television is in charge of radio and television. There are more than 200 radio stations in China, mainly Spanish National Radio, private Spanish Broadcasting Company, Intercontinental Radio and Spanish People's Broadcasting Station.

Television: Spanish television is a state-owned national television station with two channels. There are also local TV stations in Andalusia, Catalonia, Galicia, Basque and Madrid. 1989, the government approved the establishment of three private TV stations: multi-channel, antenna -3 and TV 5. 1997 two digital TV stations began to operate.

Diet: the variety varies from place to place, but most dishes should be added with olive oil.

physical geography

Climate: Meseta Plateau in the middle has a continental climate, the coastal areas in the north and northwest have a maritime temperate climate, and the southern and southeast have a Mediterranean subtropical climate. The northwest is humid, and the inland and southeast are dry. Average monthly temperature from north to south:1October 65438+9.4-10.3℃; July19.1-28.1℃. The annual precipitation is generally 350-500mm, and the mountain area is as high as 1, 500mm. The central part of Madrid has a plateau climate, with dry heat in summer and dry cold in winter. Barcelona in the northeast is the most typical Mediterranean climate, which is mild and humid all the year round, hot and dry in summer, and the precipitation is mainly in winter, which can guarantee sunshine for more than 250 days a year.

Mineral resources: Mercury reserves rank first in the world, including coal, iron, bauxite, molybdenum, pyrite and oil. The forest area is vast, including European oak, oak, chestnut and Chinese fir. Rich in sardines and lobsters.

Location: Iberian Peninsula in southwest Europe. It borders the Bay of Biscay in the north, Portugal in the west, Morocco in Africa across the Strait of Gibraltar in the south, France and Andorra in the northeast, and the Mediterranean Sea in the east and southeast. The total length of Spanish coastline is 792 1km, of which the Mediterranean coastline is 2058km, the Atlantic coastline 1.728km, the northern coast of Cantabria Sea 1.086km, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea 1.428km and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean1. The territory is mountainous and is one of the alpine countries in Europe. Plateau and mountains alternate with each other, with the national average elevation of 660m, 35% of the country's areas are above 1000m, and the plains only account for 1 1%, making it one of the highest countries in Europe. The main mountain ranges are Cantabria and Pyrenees in the north and morena and Andalusia in the south. The Mullah Peak in the south is 3478 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in China.

Border: Spain's land border is 20 13km, including 720km with France and Andorra, 0/292km with Portugal, and 0/km with Gibraltar.

Spain is located in the southwest of Europe and shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal. Spain lies between 36 and 44 degrees north latitude, 9 degrees west longitude 18 minutes and 3 degrees east longitude 19 minutes. It is 840 kilometers long from north to south and 1000 kilometers long from east to west. With a land area of 504,750 square kilometers, the Spaniards say that their country is shaped like a cooked cowhide. After Russia, Ukraine and France, Spain ranks fourth in Europe, equivalent to one twentieth of the total area of Europe. Outside the peninsula, Spain's territory includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean.

The northern coast of Spain is the Bay of Biscay, and the northeast borders France and Andorra. The towering Pyrenees mountains separate these countries. Facing the Mediterranean Sea in the east and southeast, you can reach Morocco in Africa by crossing the Strait of Gibraltar, which is only 14 km wide. Rectangular Portugal is Spain's neighbor to the west. The Strait of Gibraltar is the main route from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean, and its strategic position is extremely important. Spain and Britain have long been fighting for sovereignty here.

Excluding Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, the Spanish coastline surrounded by the sea on three sides is about 3,904 kilometers long, but the coast is relatively flat, and the real natural harbors are concentrated in the north, such as ferrol, Ponte Vidra and Vigo. Cartagena is the only natural port in the Mediterranean. The coastline in the southeast is not a port, but a beautiful beach resort. The famous bays in Spain are Cadiz Bay and Valencia Bay.

Spain has not only beautiful coasts, but also towering mountains. In Europe, she is the tallest country except Switzerland. Most of Spain is an ancient plateau. The famous Central Plateau stands in the middle of Spain, accounting for about 60% of the national area, with an altitude of 600-700 meters. The central plateau is surrounded by mountains on three sides: the Cantabria Mountains in the north and the Morena Mountains in the south, and the Iberian Mountains in the east separate the central plateau from the Aragon Plain. The west side of the plateau slowly extends, the terrain gradually flattens, and finally disappears along the Atlantic coast. If you drive around Spain, you will see snow-capped peaks and rolling hills from time to time.

Spain can be roughly divided into five geographical regions:

Northern mountainous area: There is the famous Pyrenees in Europe, and the whole mountain range stretches for thousands of miles with picturesque scenery. Throughout the year, whether on the mountains or on the plains, green is everywhere. Especially in asturias, the mountains are continuous, the pines are boundless, and the forests are gloomy.

Mount Cantabria, near the Pyrenees, is more than 2,000 meters above sea level, facing the endless Bay of Biscay in the north, with lush trees and charming scenery. There are many wide valleys between them, and the lake is as clear as a mirror. What's more worth mentioning is that there are countless waterfalls, which pour down from a height and are filled with water mist all day long, which is spectacular. It is not only an important cork producing area, but also a pastoral and industrial area where cattle and sheep are everywhere.

Central Plateau: The Cordillera Mountains in the middle of the plateau divide the Meseta Plateau into the old Castilla Plateau in the north and the new Castilla Plateau in the south. There are many famous olive groves and animal sanctuaries on this rolling mountain. The northwest of the central plateau and the northern coast of the Atlantic Ocean are mostly mountainous areas and mountainous areas. The mountain road is connected end to end, and the car sometimes travels in the mountain for a long time, as if it were still in its original position.

Aragon Plain: Aragon Plain is located in the Ebro River valley in the southeast of the Pyrenees, and it is a roughly triangular wavy plain. In the paleogeological period, it used to be a vast inland lake. Later, the lake flowed into the Mediterranean Sea and gradually became a dry land. Aragon Plain enjoys a pleasant climate, abundant rainfall and fertile soil all year round. Known as the "land of abundant water", it is not only a natural granary in Spain, but also an important producing area of grapes, oranges and other fruits.

Mediterranean coastal mountains: The coastal mountains extend from Andalusia in the southeast to Catalonia in the northeast, with a total length of 1.500 km. Walking on the soft beach, the sea and the sky are the same, and tourists are like a tide. Murata in the southern Andalusian Mountains is steep and towering, with an altitude of 3,478 meters. It is the highest point of Iberian Peninsula and is known as the "national backbone" of Spain. This mountain is full of mist and breezes all year round, and it is a good place for summer vacation.

Andalusian Plain: Located between the Mo Leneutre Mountains and the Andalusian Mountains. Here is a Ma Pingchuan, open and honest; Gwadar Keevil River runs through the whole plain from west to east, irrigating ten million mu of fertile land. Because the towering Andalusian mountains block the humid air from the ocean, the climate here is dry and the summer sun is like fire.

spanish bullfights

Bullfighting is the quintessence of Spain, which is popular all over the country and enjoys a world-renowned reputation. Although it is controversial from the perspective of animal protection, it is still preserved as an ancient tradition unique to Spain and is welcomed by many people. The bullfighting season is from March to 10. During the bullfighting season, two races are held every Thursday and Sunday. If there are holidays and national day celebrations, you can watch them every day.

history

brief history

Celts immigrated from Central Europe in the 9th century BC. Since the 8th century BC, Iberian Peninsula has been invaded by foreigners and ruled by Romans, Visigoths and Moors for a long time. The Spaniards fought against foreign aggression for a long time and won the "Recovery Movement" in 1492. 15 16, Juana, Queen of Castilla, and Charles (Spanish name: Carlos), son of Wang Fu Philip I, as grandchildren of the family of Trastamara, inherited the throne of Castilla, Leon, Aragon, Wagner and other countries for Carlos. Established the earliest country in Europe where the * * * main federation unified the central kingship. /kloc-was a maritime power in the 0 th and 6 th centuries, and then gradually declined. 1837, Isabella ii formally merged it into a country after passing the constitutional monarchy bill, and decided to use the Spanish word "Espa? The name "A" (Phoenician, meaning "Hare") ended the * * * main federal model more than 300 years later.

193 1 year, the dynasty was overthrown and the Republic was established. 1936, the coalition government led by the People's Front was established. Franco launched a civil war in 1936, seized power in 1939, and declared the monarchy in 1947.

1492 In June, Columbus discovered the West Indies. Since then, Spain has gradually become a maritime power with colonies in Europe, America, Africa and Asia. 1588, the "Armada" was defeated by Britain and began to decline. 1873, the bourgeois revolution broke out and the first Republic was established. 1874 65438+ February Dynasty Restoration. In the Spanish-American War of 1898, the last colonies in America and Asia-Pacific-Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines were lost. Remain neutral in the first world war. 193 1 In April, the dynasty was overthrown and the Second Republic was established. 1936 In February, a coalition government with the participation of the Socialist Party and the Producer Party was established. In July of the same year, Franco launched a rebellion. After three years of civil war, he seized power in April of 1939 and practiced dictatorship for 36 years. 1943 In February, it entered into a military alliance with Germany and participated in the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. 1947 In July, Franco declared Spain a monarchy and became a lifelong head of state. 1in July, 966, Juan Carlos, grandson of the last king Alfonso XIII, was appointed as the heir.

1975 1 1 Franco died of illness, Juan Carlos I ascended the throne and the monarchy was restored. 1in July, 976, the king appointed the former secretary-general of the National Movement, A Suarez, as prime minister, and began the transition to western parliamentary democracy.

Prehistoric history

The earliest archaeological remains of human beings found in Spain can be traced back to around 30,000 BC to 50,000 BC. The prehistoric rock paintings of Neanderthals provide us with the life scenes of prehistoric civilization in Iberian Peninsula. The most important relics found in Spain include dark caves and pine caves, and of course the famous Alta Milla cave.

Celtic Spain

According to the latest theoretical research, Iberians came to the peninsula from North Africa. They mainly settled in the Mediterranean coast and further south, where Iberians created many different cultures, which are of great significance to archaeology. In the history of ancient Greece, the most important one was recorded, and the Greeks called it "Turdog". They are a tribe of Iberians, and have established a splendid kingdom in Gwadar Keevil Valley.

In 1200 BC, Celts from Central and Northern Europe entered the peninsula from the north. Blonde Celts intermarried with dark-skinned Iberians and spread to the whole peninsula. The only area in the history of Iberian Peninsula that has not been invaded by any foreign forces is probably the northern mountainous area where Basques live. Historians and sociologists have not yet figured out the origin of Basques, who are not related to any neighboring ethnic groups. However, some people have found similarities between Basque and Japanese. The only thing they know now is that the Basques are a very old ethnic group.

Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians

In 1 100 BC, the Phoenicians, a powerful maritime nation, established colonies on the peninsula, the most important of which was Gadir, which is today's Cadiz. At the same time, the Greeks established their own rule in the south and the Mediterranean coast.

During the Punic War, the Carthaginians took the opportunity to occupy most of Spain's land, leaving famous cities including Cartagena, which means "New Carthage".

Romans and Goths

After the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in the Punic War, they also extended their colonies to Spain and soon occupied the whole peninsula. The famous heroic story of Numancia was born in the process of Iberian resistance to Roman invasion. Since then, the peninsula has existed as the "Spanish province" of the Roman Empire on the Megatron Sea. The Spanish province is very important in the empire. Two Roman emperors, Tragano and Adrian, and Seneca, the great Stoic philosopher, were born here. Spain completely absorbed Roman culture, including Greek Latin and Jewish Christian politics, law, family, religion and customs, and Roman began to be used on the peninsula. Merida is the most complete Spanish city that preserves the remains of ancient Rome today. In segovia, you can also see ancient Roman canals passing through the city from mid-air. A unified civilization appeared on the peninsula for the first time.

In 409 AD, powerful Gothic barbarians invaded the declining Roman Empire, and in 4 19 AD, they established their own kingdom in Iberia, with Toledo as its capital. But the Goths did not make much contribution to the development of Spanish civilization.

Muslim Spain and the Renaissance War

The visigoths ruled until 7 1 1. At that time, 50,000 Muslim soldiers crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, defeated the Gothic soldiers who frightened the Romans with machetes, and won the great victory in the Battle of Guadalet. Four years later, Arabs swept across the peninsula, turning her into an Emir country and a part of the huge Arab empire, known as "Andalus country". In ancient China, it was called "green food". Although the resistance movement in the northern part of the peninsula never stopped, from the eighth century to the eleventh century, the strength of the Muslim empire continued to be amazingly consolidated. Spain absorbed splendid Arab culture during this period, but gradually broke away from the central rule of Damascus.

Abdullah III finally turned Spain into an independent caliphate. Under his rule, Spain ushered in an unprecedented cultural prosperity. Great progress has been made in urban construction and commodity economy, which has even promoted the development of Europe as a whole. Arabs brought the most advanced knowledge in medicine, mathematics and astronomy, and left a deep impression on Spanish music, art, literature and architecture. Alhambra Palace is the pinnacle of Arab art, at the same time, Arabic has left many words in Spanish. The most important cities at that time were Valencia, Zaragoza, Seville and Có rdoba. With 500,000 residents and a huge library, Có rdoba was the largest city and cultural center in western Europe in the tenth century.

However, in the 1 1 century, the constant infighting among the royal families (39 princes) led to the disintegration and decline of the Muslim empire, and the recovery movement intensified. The king of the north won one victory after another. By the14th century, only Granada was the last stronghold of Muslims in Spain, and they persisted for nearly a hundred years until the "Catholic King" incorporated her into the territory of the Kingdom of Castilla.

heritage

In 2008, Spain had 37 World Heritage Sites, ranking first among countries.

The Alhambra Palace in Granada, the historical center of Có rdoba, and the Burgos Cathedral in Henelali Garden.

Burgos Cathedral Escurial Monastery, Barcelona's Gul Park, Gul Palace, and Alta Milla Cave of Milla Building.

Segovia Ancient Town and Elevated Canal Santiago de Compostela Ancient Town, a parish during the kingdom of Asturias.

The ancient town of Avila and the churches outside the city, the historic Muldhal building in teruel, and the Galahonay National Park in Toledo.

Alcazar, Seville Cathedral, Ancient Town of caceres, Monastery of Salamanca Poblet, Ancient Archives City of the West Indies.

Archaeological site of Merida, Royal Monastery of Santa Maria in Guadalupe, Santiago de Compostela Donina National Park.

The walls of Cuenca, the Silk Market in Valencia, Las Madras, the Catalonia Concert Hall in Barcelona and St. Paul's Hospital.

Yuso in San Milan and Su Suo Monastery, Iberian Peninsula University's rock painting art in the Mediterranean basin, the historical area of Al Calad Henares University and the historical area of Alcala.

Ibiza scenery: the archaeological site of Sancristobal Ata Pilca in Laguana and the Romanesque church of Wildbury in Catalonia.

The ancient ruins of Tarakoko and Ersh, the Roman wall of Lugo, Pamela, and the cultural landscape of Alan Huisz.

(2) (2) the Renaissance masterpiece Beida and baeza.