Original works:
Excerpts from Xue Ji
Lezheng Ke [Pre-Qin]
If it is sent and then banned, it will be overwhelming; If you study outside your time, you will work hard and it will be difficult to achieve anything; Miscellaneous giving without grandchildren, bad and chaotic without repair; Studying alone without friends is ignorant; Yan Peng betrayed his teacher; Yan Bi abandoned school. These six things are all taught and abandoned.
A gentleman knows both teaching and being taught, and then he can be a teacher. Therefore, the teaching of a gentleman is figurative. Tao leads, strong and restrained, open and far-reaching. Tao leads to harmony, strength leads to restraint and opening leads to thinking. Harmony with Louise is a good metaphor.
Scholars have four mistakes, and teachers must know them. People learn too much, or lose too little, or lose too easily, or stop. These four hearts are different. Know his heart, and then save his loss. Teachers should also learn to be good and save the lost.
Vernacular translation:
Things have already happened, and it is bound to be contradictory and unbearable to ban them again; Learning after the passage of time is bound to redouble our efforts and it is difficult to achieve results; Disordered teaching without order is bound to be bad and will not succeed; Learning alone without friends, not learning from each other's strengths, is bound to be ignorant and difficult to learn; Forming cronies and protecting each other's privacy will inevitably violate the teacher's teaching; Behaviour perverse, misconduct is bound to be a theory of neglect of study and humiliation. These six aspects are the reasons for the decline of education.
A gentleman can understand the reasons why education is so prosperous and why education is so declining, and then he can be a teacher. Gentleman's education is guidance rather than pulling, encouragement rather than contusion, and encouragement rather than empty talk. Guide without pulling, there will be harmony between teachers and students; Students will find it easy to accept if they are encouraged and not discouraged; Enlightening without sorting can promote students' thinking. Harmony between teachers and students, reassuring study and promoting thinking can be said to be a perfect education.
Students often make four kinds of mistakes, and teachers must understand them. When people study in Ming Dow, some people are too greedy for perfection, some people are too ignorant, some people are too careless and some people are too complacent. In these four situations, everyone's mood is different. Only when the teacher understands the students' ideas can he make up for his shortcomings. Education is to cultivate and develop students' strengths, and to remedy and avoid students' shortcomings.
Comment on words and phrases:
"Han" case: conflict. Victory: victory.
Repair: renovation.
Yan: Hit, hit. Reverse: violation.
Yan Bi (P): Talking about abnormal things with bad friends. The monarch is evil and eccentric.
Waste: failure.
Yu: Xiao Yu, enlighten me.
Tao (): guidance and induction.
Strong: encourage, encourage.
Open: indicates the diameter of the door.
Harmony: Harmony.
Yi: Yi, not confused.
Thinking: Promote thinking.
Then: Yu. More: greedy for perfection, doing things for the flood.
Widowed: Ignorance, inability to think clearly.
Yi: Easy to neglect.
Stop: stop.
Heart: mind, mood.
Salvation: help overcome.
Zh?ng: Cultivate and develop students' advantages.
Appreciation of works:
Learning records advocate the combination of in-class and out-of-class, and the combination of textbook learning and practical training, which not only expands the knowledge, but also cultivates noble moral sentiments and good living habits. Xue Ji attaches importance to heuristic teaching ("if you have enlightenment, you must think") and gradual teaching ("if you are not strict, you are called grandson"), and emphasizes stimulating students' intrinsic learning motivation and cultivating students' learning consciousness. Attach importance to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude; It is advocated that the basis of inspiration and induction is to understand the difficulty of students' learning and the beauty and evil of talent; It advocates the teaching order from shallow to deep, from easy to difficult, from simple to complex, and puts forward positive educational principles, that is, to guide students to develop in a good way before their bad behavior occurs; It is also pointed out that students should learn from each other in the learning process.
Xue Ji is a summary of China's ancient educational theory, teaching principles and teaching methods. Its language is often compared, discussed from both positive and negative aspects, and a concise conclusion is drawn, rather than an argument, but its argument can still be perceived. For example, in the paragraph "University methods ... then you can be a teacher", the problem is explained in a comparative way at the beginning, and the last sentence is summarized in an orderly way, which makes people clear at a glance.
In the discussion of Xue Ji, many questions were put forward, analyzed by parallelism, and then drawn a conclusion, which was concise and clear. For example, in "although there are good dishes ... teaching and learning learn from each other", we first draw out the points that need to be clarified by analogy and emphasize the relationship between learning and teaching. Finally, it is concluded that teaching and learning complement each other, with clear thinking and smooth writing style, which gives people a sense of unity.
Creative background:
The Book of Learning is one of the Book of Rites, which was written from the 4th century BC to the 3rd century BC. According to Guo Moruo's textual research, its author may be Ke, a student of Mencius.
Gu Shusen supported Guo Moruo's view that Xue Ji was written by Le Zhengzi, a Confucian scholar, at the end of the Warring States Period, and borrowed ideas from the school, probably by Ke, a disciple of Mencius. Gao Shiliang also agrees with this view, thinking that Xueji is a work of the Warring States period, and the specific time is in the late Warring States period. Its author should be Ke, because Ke is Mencius' favorite pupil and deeply influenced by Mencius' thought. Secondly, Le Zhengzi also studied under Zeng Shen, "Le Zhengzi said that I had heard of Ceng Zi". Third, the original music is a scholar, and the Book of Rites says:' Music is advocating four skills and establishing four religions. The descendants of academic officials all have family origins in education. "
However, academic circles also have different views. Some people think it may be the work of Xunzi and Confucianism, while others think it is difficult to find out who the author of Xue Ji is.
About the author:
Ke, whose surname is Ke, was a native of Shandong during the Warring States Period and an important figure of the school. Guo Moruo considers himself a disciple of Mencius. According to the Book of Rites, Wang Zhi said, "Yue Zheng worships four techniques and establishes four religions". His surname is occupation, and his ancestors were academic officials. His main contribution is to write a monograph on teaching, Xue Ji.