2 information attributes: 1 universality 2 objectivity 3 intermediation 4 infinity 5 diffusion 6 knowability 7 storability 8 * * enjoyment
3 knowledge: knowledge is the understanding and crystallization of the essence of things obtained by human beings in the social practice of understanding and transforming the world. It is human's understanding and generalization of the law of jade movement in nature, human society and way of thinking through information. It is the systematic information that the human brain recombines through thinking, and it is the most valuable part of the information.
4 Attribute of knowledge: 1 Consciousness 2 Informativeness 3 Practicality 4 Regularity 5 Permeability 6 Inheritance
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5 intelligence: it is valuable knowledge or information that people search for for a certain purpose.
What are the basic attributes of intelligence?
1: knowledge and information 2: pertinence 3: competitiveness 4: timeliness 5: confidentiality
7 Literature: All are material carriers for recording knowledge and information.
Basic elements of literature: 1 knowledge information content 2 information symbols 3 carrier materials 4 carrier forms 5 modes of production
9 Document Features: 1 There are many documents, and the growth rate is fast. 2. Diversified carriers; 3. Complex literary types; 4. Complex language types; 5. Widely dispersed and overlapping content. 6. The literature knowledge cycle is shortened and the literature is effective. 7 Fast propagation speed
White literature: White literature is all literature published and circulated among members of society, including books, newspapers and periodicals. This kind of literature is distributed through publishing houses, bookstores, post offices and other formal channels. Open to all members of society. The information contained in it is widely known and accessible to everyone, and it is the most used document in today's society.
Black documents: first, documents whose information has not been deciphered or recognized; Second, documents whose contents are confidential or unwilling to be made public, such as declassified files, personal diaries and private letters.
Grey literature: refers to internal literature that has not been publicly released or literature with restricted circulation.
Primary literature: refers to the first published literature, also known as original literature. Generally speaking, it is a document created or written with the author's own scientific research and production achievements as the basic material. The original document is the document in which the author first published his discovery or invention.
Secondary literature: it is a systematic or organized literature formed by processing, sorting, simplifying, compressing and organizing various forms of primary literature on the basis of primary literature according to certain principles. It is a tool document edited, published and accumulated for the management and utilization of documents.
Three documents: also known as references. It is based on second-hand literature. A document written by inserting a first-class document into a second-class document, selecting the contents of the first-class document and the second-class document, and summarizing, synthesizing, researching and commenting.
10 information resources: an organic collection of various media information collected, developed and arranged by human beings.
According to the degree of development, it is divided into potential information resources and realistic information resources.
Four types 1 1 information resources: 1 generalized type 2 narrow type 3 eclectic type 4 information ontology.
12 characteristics of information resources: 1 intangible 2 unlimited 3 timeliness 4 liquidity 5 pertinence 6 renewability 7 value-added 8 * * enjoyment.
13 classification of literature information resources
According to the depth of document processing and its characteristics: 1 zero document; Features: high value, novelty, and difficult to obtain without public communication. ② Primary literature; Features: 1 creativity 2 advanced 3 value 4 dispersion. ③ Secondary literature; Features: 1 convergence 2 instrumental 3 comprehensive 4 systematic. 4 Three documents; Features: comprehensive, centralized, referential, systematic and wide in knowledge. 5. Advanced literature; Features: strong reference and high practical value.
According to the form and characteristics of file carrier: 1 print type; Features: its advantages are easy to carry, easy to read, widely spread and cheap, especially in line with human long-standing reading habits. Its disadvantages are low storage density, large space occupation, heavy weight, inconvenient for fast storage, management and transmission of information, efficient access and high-density storage of document information. ② Miniaturization; Features: Its advantages are large information storage capacity, small volume, light weight, low cost, low price and long storage period. In addition, it is easy to retrieve, copy, enlarge and convert the abstract into other forms. Its shortcomings are non-intuitive, not in line with people's reading habits, and it requires special equipment to read. ③ machine-readable type; Features: Its advantages are high information storage density, fast access speed, fast information transmission, long service life, integration of multimedia information such as words, images and sounds, good information enjoyment and easy copying. Its disadvantage is that it needs a computer to read, and the corresponding equipment is expensive, so it is difficult to update in a short time. 4 audio-visual type; Features: Its advantages are intuitive, vivid and lifelike, especially suitable for recording complex information and natural laws that are difficult to describe with words and negative signs, but its production and reading require special equipment. 5 multimedia type; Features: Information resources that record sounds, images, words, data, etc. into CDs and realize playback or retrieval through computers mainly include various data CDs, etc.
14 what are the specific contents of information literacy or quality?
Information literacy refers to the consciousness, attitude and concept that users gradually form by using modern science and technology represented by computer and its network technology in the process of learning and growing up, and the ability to obtain, identify, process, transmit and create information and use it to solve practical problems. It includes strong information consciousness, systematic information concept and comprehensive information ability.
15 what does it mean that information literacy is the basic quality that innovative talents should have?
A: Innovative ability is a psychological state, a personality characteristic and a comprehensive quality. Innovative talents refer to creative talents with innovative spirit and talents with innovative consciousness, innovative thinking and innovative ability, the core of which is innovative thinking. Innovative consciousness and innovative ability must be based on creative thinking. Without creative thinking, innovative consciousness will become unrealistic empty talk. Without creative thinking, the production of spiritual products or material products will become passive capital. Therefore, creative thinking is the foundation and core of innovative consciousness and ability, and the core of cultivating innovative talents is to cultivate creative thinking. There are five aspects to cultivate creative thinking, namely divergent thinking, intuitive thinking, image thinking, logical thinking and dialectical thinking. Constructivism, which is popular all over the world at present, is the latest theoretical basis of modern educational technology and a strong support for six links. With the increasing popularity of multimedia computer network applications, constructivism believes that knowledge is not acquired through teachers' teaching, but learners' independent discovery and exploration in a certain situation and social background, and instilling teachers in students, opposing superstitious books and authority, is conducive to the cultivation of divergent thinking, thinking what you think and thinking what you are different. It can be seen that the cultivation of talents' ability to use information resources is particularly important, which will directly affect the cultivation effect of innovative talents and the realization of their goals. Information education is to improve learners' creative thinking and cultivate their means and ability to turn creative thinking into reality. Therefore, following numbers is the basic quality that innovative talents should have.
Information resources, material resources and energy resources constitute the three pillars of modern social and economic development.
16 the relationship between information, literature, knowledge and intelligence: things send out information and are processed into knowledge by the human brain. Only by upgrading the information of natural phenomena and social phenomena to the understanding of the laws of natural and social development can this regenerated information constitute knowledge. And intelligence is the transfer of knowledge with specific utility. Knowledge information is recorded on a carrier to form a file. Literature and knowledge are different concepts, but they are closely related. Literature must contain knowledge, and knowledge can only become literature if it is recorded on the material carrier. Documents are transmitted, disseminated and applied to theory and practice to generate information.
Four famous American reports: PB AD, NASA DOE
chapter two
What does 1 document information retrieval mean?
A: It is divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Literature information retrieval in a broad sense includes two processes: information storage and information retrieval. In a narrow sense, it is a process of finding the required literature information only by using the arranged retrieval tools and retrieval systems.
2. Types of (literature) information retrieval: 1 bibliographic information retrieval 2 full-text information retrieval 3 data information retrieval 4 factual information retrieval.
3 What are the elements of a document information retrieval system?
1 information database 2 Equipment for storing retrieval information 3 Methods for storing retrieval information 4 Information workers 5 Information users
Generally, there are several retrieval tools. How to divide them? P23
Answer: 1 is divided into comprehensive retrieval tools, specialized retrieval tools, single retrieval tools, book retrieval tools, card retrieval tools, micro retrieval tools, machine-readable retrieval tools, catalogs, titles, abstracts, indexes, abstracts, retrieval means or equipment.
Summary: The abbreviation of comprehensive review, which focuses on narration and comments in narration, is a refined comprehensive description and analysis of the development of a certain subject after studying a large number of documents about it.
Classification method: it is a method to find documents according to their contents in the classification system.
Subject method: it is a method of searching according to the subject content of literature information.
Type of abstract: P26 1 indicative abstract 2 reportable abstract 3 brief abstract.
Literature retrieval tools, also known as retrieval tools, refer to tools used to store and retrieve literature clues or reports, accumulate and find literature retrieval.
7. Main manual retrieval tools at home and abroad: P28-32 1 domestic: national newspaper retrieval; China Renmin University photocopies newspaper materials; New national bibliography; Xinhua bibliography; Citation index of Chinese social sciences; Abstracts of academic journals in China; Foreign countries: American engineering index; Scientific citation index.
8 Manual retrieval steps: 1 Analyze the retrieval theme, 2 formulate the retrieval strategy, 3 modify the retrieval strategy, 4 collate the retrieval results or request the original document.
Nine functions of retrieval language: 1 indexing function, 2 centralized related literature information function, 3 organization function and 4 matching function.
10 retrieval language classification and concepts P33.34.39.40
Answer: the retrieval language is an artificial language created according to the retrieval needs, and it is the same language used by the information retrieval system for storage and retrieval.
1 According to the principle of structure, it is divided into: ① classified retrieval language ② topic retrieval language ③ code language ④ citation retrieval language ② grouping language ① grouping language ② grouping language ②.
3. According to the characteristics of literature, it can be divided into retrieval languages that express the appearance characteristics of abstracts and retrieval languages that express the content characteristics of abstracts.
1 1 What are the main indicators to measure retrieval efficiency? What is the relationship between them?
There are recall, precision, missed detection, false detection and response time. Recall and omission detection are complementary.
The relationship between precision and false detection is complementary, and the recall rate and precision are mutually restricted, that is, improving the recall rate will reduce the precision, and improving the precision will reduce the recall rate.
Search path p4 1
What are the common literature information retrieval methods under the condition of 12 manual retrieval?
1: direct retrieval method 2: tool retrieval method 3: retrospective retrieval method 4: comprehensive retrieval method
chapter three
1 computer information retrieval: the process of storing and retrieving information by computer.
The characteristics of computer information retrieval are: ① simple operation, fast retrieval speed, wide retrieval range, unlimited by time and space, ④ novel retrieval information and perfect retrieval function.
⑥ There are various ways to output retrieval results.
The composition of computer information retrieval system: ① computer hardware ② computer software ③ database.
4 Definition of database: According to ISO/DIS5 127, a database is a data set consisting of at least one document, which can meet the needs of data processing systems with specific functions.
Database type: ① Reference database ② Source database ③ Mixed database.
The main basic field of the database: the classification number of the topic abstract descriptor.
Auxiliary fields of the database: record number, author, unit, periodical name, publication year, publication country and documentary language.
The basic technologies of computer information retrieval: 1 Boolean logic retrieval, 2-word retrieval, 3-position retrieval, 4-restricted retrieval and 5-weighted retrieval.
Basic procedures of computer retrieval: 1 analysis of retrieval subject, selection of retrieval system and database, determination of retrieval approach and terminology, construction of retrieval formula, formulation and adjustment of retrieval strategy, and output of retrieval results.
10 The role of inline documents and inverted documents in retrieval: Generally speaking, in order to realize random retrieval, the database of an information system includes at least one inline document and one inverted document. An inline document is an information collection that arranges all records in the database according to the size of the record number. It constitutes the main content of the database. However, due to the disorder of parallel documents, such as subject words, this storage method determines that records can only be accessed according to serial numbers when they are directly used for retrieval. Reverse documentation is written to solve this problem. In reverse documents, the characteristic identification of records is used as the basis of arrangement, and then the record numbers with secondary identification are listed, or all records with the same attributes are listed according to the attributes of information. That is, documents obtained by organizing searchable fields in records in a specific order. Organized into different inverse document according to different fields, the establishment of inverse document greatly facilitates people to quickly retrieve the required information according to the attribute characteristics of information, which greatly improves the retrieval efficiency.
There are usually multiple databases in reverse documents. This is because different signs need to create different reverse files. The main difference between sequential documents and reverse documents is that sequential documents take complete information records as the unit of retrieval and processing, while reverse documents take the attributes of information as the unit of processing and retrieval.
2 Concept explanation
1, information storage: the process of collating document information into a document collection according to certain requirements, that is, the process of compiling retrieval tools and establishing retrieval systems.
10, information resources: (in a narrow sense) refers to the collection of useful information accumulated through processing in a large number of human social and economic activities. Broadly speaking, information resources are a collection of information, information producers and information technology.
1 1, internationalization of talents: first, internationalization of talent composition, second, internationalization of talent quality, and third, spatialization of talent activities.
12, characteristics of American engineering index: 1 covers a wide range of disciplines, involving almost all fields of engineering technology. (2) The number of reported documents is large and the coverage is wide; High quality.
13. Retrieval language: it is an artificial language created according to the needs of retrieval, and it is the same language used by information retrieval systems for storage and retrieval.
14, concept explanation (***3 questions)
1: Literature: Literature is the carrier of recording knowledge and information.
2. Black literature: this kind of literature includes two aspects: one is literature in which people have not yet deciphered or realized the information; Second, documents that are confidential or unwilling to disclose their contents.
3. Summary: the abbreviation of comprehensive evaluation is mainly narrative, and there are comments in the narrative. It is a concise and comprehensive description and analysis of the development of a subject in a period of time after the author has studied a large number of documents about the subject.
What types of information and information resources include?
1) Types of information: According to the nature of the objects that generate information, it can be divided into natural information (instantaneous sound, light, heat, electricity, various weather changes, slow crustal movement, celestial evolution, etc. ) and biological information (various forms and behaviors of organisms for reproduction and survival, such as genetic information, information exchange within organisms and information exchange within animal populations). According to the carrier to which information is attached, it can be divided into document information, oral information, electronic information, biological information and so on.
Types of information resources: According to different storage media, information resources can be divided into printed information resources, electronic information resources, digital information resources and multimedia information resources.
5. What is the type of database? What are the characteristics of network resources?
What are the characteristics of network resources: huge quantity and rapid growth; Rich in content and diverse in forms; Frequent changes and different values; The structure is complex and widely distributed; Information is scattered, out of order, etc.
6. What is a "core journal"? What are the core journals of this major?
The definition of core journals is that in a certain discipline, a few journals cover most of the literature of the discipline, while most journals only contain a small amount of literature of the discipline, and these few journals are the core journals of the discipline.
The core journals of this major are: politics and law, global law review, contemporary law and law.
7. What is information retrieval? What types are there?
Definition: It is a process of comparing the characteristics of users' questions with the characteristics of data sources through certain methods and means, and then extracting consistent or relatively consistent information for users to use.
Type: literature retrieval, data retrieval and fact retrieval.
8. Briefly describe the principle of information retrieval.
The essence of information retrieval is a matching process, that is, the process of matching the subject concept or retrieval expression needed by information users with the system language of an information system. If there is a match, the required information will be checked, otherwise the retrieval will fail.
9. What is a computer information retrieval system? It consists of several parts.
Computer information retrieval system is a retrieval method that uses computers and certain communication equipment to find needed information. The retrieval system is a system that combines human design operation and computer automation processing.
Components: CD retrieval system, online retrieval system and network retrieval system.
10. What are the computer information retrieval technologies?
Boolean retrieval, vector space retrieval, fuzzy set retrieval, probability retrieval and full-text retrieval have developed into hypertext retrieval and are developing towards intelligence.
1 1. Why do you want to create a retrieval language? What types does it have? Compare the advantages and disadvantages of classified language and topic language.
1) retrieval language refers to a special language used to describe the content characteristics and external characteristics of information in information systems and to express users' information problems in order to facilitate the retrieval of documents.
2) Type: according to whether the retrieval language is controlled or not, it can be divided into artificial language and natural language, according to the implementation of retrieval, it can be divided into the first group and the second group, and according to the different characteristics of information, it can be divided into the retrieval language describing the external characteristics of information and the retrieval language describing the content characteristics of documents.
12. Briefly describe the characteristics and functions of special documents and the structure of academic papers.
Features: Special distribution channels and different forms have special value that other documents can't replace.
Function: transmitting scientific and technological information
Structure: Generally speaking, an academic paper consists of eight necessary components, of which the front part includes title, author, abstract and keywords, and the main part includes introduction, text, conclusion and references.
13, how many patent contribution numbers does China patent document numbering system contain? How to solve it?
Six kinds. Application number, patent number, publication number, approval number, announcement number and authorization announcement number.
22, the characteristics of patent documents, the structure of the patent specification
Features: novelty, creativity and practicality.
Structure: Generally, a patent specification includes: patent document description, patent claim, specification, drawings and abstract. Some patent specifications are accompanied by search reports. .
27. What are meeting documents? What retrieval tools should I use to find the information of various foreign academic conferences?
1. Meeting documents are an extremely effective and important channel for transmitting and obtaining scientific and technological information.
2. Retrieval tools: China Knowledge Network, full-text database of important conference papers in China, Wan Fang data, China academic conference abstract database, online Internet conference preview of China academic conference, European research conference, preview of ISO standardization conference, and medical conference query.
35. Methods to judge the advancement, reliability and applicability of literature information Literature analysis is usually a process of analyzing the pertinence, applicability, authenticity, reliability, advancement and typicality of materials by means of checking, comparing and analyzing.
36. Consult relevant documents and write "standard documents, patent documents, dissertations and research reports" as a reference for labeling formats.
(1) patent documents: serial number, patent applicant, patent country, patent document type, patent number and publication date.
(2) Technical bid: the person responsible for drafting the serial number. Standard Code Standard Serial Number-The standard name of the release year. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.
(3) Dissertation: serial number author. Title: [Paper]. Save location: save, year.
(4) Conference paper: serial number, author, title, conference name, conference place and conference year.